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Effect of Soil on Ground Motion Amplification of Kolkata City

Article  in  International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering · January 2014

DOI: 10.4018/ijgee.2014010101

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 1

Effect of Soil on Ground Motion

Amplification of Kolkata City
Amit Shiuly, Civil Engineering Department, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, Techno
University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, India
R. B. Sahu, Civil Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, India
S. Mandal, Civil Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake, Kolkata, India

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the ground motion amplification factors at different time period bands and fundamental
time period of soft sedimentary deposit in densely populated Kolkata city for seismic microzonation. 1D
seismic wave propagation technique SHAKE2000 is used for ground motion amplifications at different loca-
tions of Kolkata city. Fundamental time period (T0 ), amplification at fundamental time period, average
amplification and amplification at different frequency band for soil columns are computed and corresponding
contours are plotted for variety of end users. The study reveals that Kolkata may suffer severe damage even
due to moderate earthquake.

Keywords: Amplification Factors, Ground Motion, Kolkata, Sedimentary Deposit, SHAKE2000

1. INTRODUCTION Mitchell, 1997; Zeevaert, 1991; Seed et al.,

The assessment of local site effect on strong
ground motion characteristics plays an impor-
tant role in earthquake engineering. If seismic
wave travels from high velocity soil media to
low velocity soil media, velocity decreases and
amplitude of wave increases (Narayan, 2008;
Zeng, 1996; Tsuda et al., 2006). Therefore iden-
tification of soft alluvial deposit susceptible to
ground motion amplification plays an important
role for purpose of seismic microzonation.
The damage pattern during several past earth-
quakes like 1985 Mexico Earthquakes, 1989
San Franscisko Earthquake, 1995 Los Angeles
Earthquake, 2001 Bhuj Earthquake (Kayen &
1988; Dary et al., 2000; Narayan et al., 2002;
Govindaraju et al., 2004) have shown that local
site effect especially soft soil plays important
role in ground motion amplification.
Kolkata City has experienced shaking due
to near and far source earthquakes in past. The
intensity of 1964 Calcutta earthquake was VII
and 1897 Assam earthquake was VIII in MMI
scale. The city have suffered many distance
earthquake like 1918 Srimangal Earthquake,
1930 Dubhri Earthquake, 1934 Bihar Nepal
Earthquake, 2011 Sikkim Earthquake (Shiuly
& Narayan, 2012; Mohanty & Walling, 2008,
Jhingram et al., 1969; GSI, 2000). The unex-
pected shaking has raised a serious question

DOI: 10.4018/ijgee.2014010101

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2 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014
about the safety of Kolkata during earthquake
and needs seismic microzonation.
Seismic microzonation of Delhi was car-
ried out by Mukhopadhyay et al. (2002) by H/V
ratio method. Anbazhagan and Sitharam (2007)
conducted seismic hazard analysis for Banga-
lore City using deterministic and probabilistic
approach and also developed peak ground accel-
eration map and hazard curves. They developed
3-D subsurface modeling of the geotechnical
data using SPT test and borehole information.
Measurement of shear wave velocity and
evaluation of dynamic properties of soil in Ban-
galore was done using multi channel analysis
of surface wave (MASW). Site amplification
was computed by both by MASW result and
one dimensional wave propagation technique
SHAKE 2000. Site specific analysis for a seismi-
cally vulnerable site near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
was evaluated out by Boominathan and Krishna
Kumar (2010). In this study the seismic hazard
analysis was carried out by DSHA approach and
the ground response analysis was carried out by
equivalent linear approach using SHAKE2000.
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and response
spectra considering the local site effects of
Bangalore city was evaluated by Sitharam and
Vipin (2010). Shear wave velocity investigation
for ten representative sites of national capital
territory, New Delhi was carried out by Maha-
jan et al. (2011). A new site classification for
India, China and Australia based on average
soil thickness, shear wave velocity up to engi-
neering bedrock was proposed by Anbazhagan
and Sheikh (2012). Seismic ground response
analysis of some typical sites of Guwahati City
using one dimensional equivalent–linear ground
response analyses were performed by Kumar
and Murali Krishna (2013).
Ground motion amplification scenario in
Kolkata megacity was carried out by Shiuly
et al. (2013) using 4th order finite difference
algorithm. They evaluated ground motion
amplification of soil column at 44 locations
in the city due to soft deep sedimentary soil
deposit. Deterministic seismic microzonation of
Kolkata city has been carried out by Shiuly and
Narayan (2012). The PGA at bed rock obtained
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was 0.077g. The amplification due to soil was
computed by 2D fourth order finite differ-
ence method at 44 locations in the City. Large
variations of PGA (0.12 g to 0.6 g) at surface
level were obtained. Site specific ground mo-
tion parameter for seismic microzonation was
computed by Roy and Sahu (2012). SMSIM was
used for computing synthetic ground motion at
bed rock level and SHAKE2000 was used for
computation of site amplification due to soil.
Site specific SH and SV wave was simulated
by Vaccari et al. (2011) by neo-deterministic
approach along metro rail soil profile. Gov-
indaraju and Bhattacharya (2012) conducted
site specific earthquake response study using
wavelet based computer program WAVEGEN
and SHAKE2000 for four locations in Kolkata
city. All the previous studies indicate that the
deep thick sedimentary soft soil deposit may
cause high amplification during earthquake.
So, to evaluate earthquake risk of low to high-
rise buildings in Kolkata megacity, it becomes
necessary to evaluate soil amplification at
fundamental frequency and also amplification
in different frequency band corresponding to
buildings of different heights.
In this paper, site amplification due to soil
above engineering bedrock has been obtained
for 144 borehole locations (BH) in Kolkata city
using 1D seismic wave propagation software
SHAKE-2000. The bedrock (engineering) is
considered at 50m depth below ground surface.
Different kinds of maps like fundamental period
of soil deposit, amplification at fundamental
frequency, amplification in different frequency
band (0.25-1 Hz, 1-2 Hz, 2-5 Hz, 5-10 Hz) have
been generated by IDW method using ArcGIS
packages.
2. GEOTECHNICAL DATA
144 borehole (See Figure 1) data collected from
some unpublished report, like, Jadavpur Uni-
versity data bank project, ITD Cementation for
Calcutta Metro, several soil testing agencies
like C. E. Testing, S. Ghosh and Associates,
R.C.E Group etc. were used in the present
 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 3
analysis. The latitude and longitude of the
boreholes are given in Table 1. Typical soil
profile at BH130 is shown in Figure 2 along
with soil properties at different depths. Field
‘N’ values for BH-130 were corrected for
overburden correction, hammer energy correc-
tion, borehole diameter correction, rod length
correction and finer content correction (Youd
et al., 2000) and are given in Table 2. Cor-
rected ‘N’ values have been used for estimation
of shear wave velocity using formula
Vs = 51.5N 0.516 , applicable for alluvial soil,
(Iyisan, 1996) and are also presented in Table
2 upto a depth of 50.8m. Below this field ‘N’
value is >100. Corresponding shear wave veloc-
ity is greater than 700 m/s and so, the engineer-
ing bedrock was considered to be at a depth of
50m from surface.
3. COMPUTATION OF
SPECTRAL AMPLIFICATION
DUE TO SOIL
The recorded acceleration time history of
Chamoli earthquake, occurred on 14th De-
cember 2005, has been used as input motion
at engineering bedrock level. The epicenter
of the earthquake was 30.9ºN and 79.3ºE and
recording station was 30.412º N and 79.320º E.
The time history is filtered at cut off frequency
35 Hz and base line correction was made using
software package seismosignal. The corrected
time history is shown in Figure 3a. The Vs of
soil layer at recording station was >750 m/s
and the recorded PGA was 0.0635g. Seismic
response of stratified soil deposit at different
borehole locations were, then, computed using
the software package SHAKE2000. The time
history at surface level for BH130 location is
shown in Figure 3b. The PGA obtained at sur-
face level is 0.099 g. The spectral amplification
caused by sediments above basement has been
computed by taking the ratio of Fourier spectra
of motion at surface level to Fourier spectra of
motion at bedrock level. The Fourier spectra of
bedrock level motion and surface level motion
of BH130 are shown in Figure 3c. Figure 3d
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shows the variation of spectral amplification
factor with frequency. The frequency cor-
responding to the first largest amplification
signifies the fundamental frequency and the
corresponding amplification is the amplification
at fundamental frequency. The Figure 3d reveals
that fundamental frequency and corresponding
amplification at fundamental frequency are 1.69
Hz and 3.1 respectively. The average amplifica-
tion factors in the frequency band 0.25-1 Hz,
1-2.0 Hz, 2-5 Hz, 5-10 Hz and also over the
total range of 0.25-10 are computed. These
are 1.2, 2.64, 1.5, 1.03 and 1.35 respectively.
The amplification in different frequency band
signifies that displacement of the buildings in
the mentioned frequency range will increase
during earthquake. Average amplification factor
varies in different frequency range and highest
in the range 1.0-2.0 Hz. The same technique for
estimation of amplification factor was adopted
for all the boreholes.
3.1. Fundamental Period
of Soil Column
The large amplification of bed rock motion by
the soft soil deposit may occur due to resonance
and further amplification of soil motion also
may occur by the buildings having similar
fundamental period. This is known as double
resonance. This phenomenon was observed
during 1994 Northridge Earthquake, where as
all the building 5 to 10 storied were severely
damaged (Shiuly & Narayan, 2012; Govin-
daraju & Bhattacharya, 2012). The variation
of fundamental period of sediment deposit in
Kolkata city is shown in Figure 4 and also in
Table 1. The time period of soil column above
engineering bedrock in the Kolkata city varies
from 0.35 sec to 0.7 sec. Lower range of fun-
damental period (0.35-0.57 sec) is obtained at
BH15, BH38, BH77, BH122 and BH123. This
may due to soft thin surficial layer in these
locations. Higher value of fundamental period
(0.63-0.7 sec) is obtained in southern part of
the city in form of small patches like BH85,
BH86, BH95, BH127, BH128, BH143 and
BH144. This high fundamental period may be
4 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Figure 1. Map showing important features, places and bore hole locations in Kolkata city

due to higher S wave velocity at surficial layer
(Kumar & Narayan, 2008). This indicates that
construction of buildings of fundamental period
in the abovementioned range should be avoided
as they may undergo double resonance during
earthquake.
Figure 5 and Table 1 reveal variation of
spectral amplification factor corresponding to
their fundamental period in Kolkata city. In
most of the locations spectral amplification at
fundamental period of soil column varies from
2 to 3.4. Higher value of spectral amplification
observed small patches in BH1, BH45, BH46,

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 Table 1. Shows sample N value correction at BH-130 and conversion of Vs from corrected N value

Thickness FROM Field Density T.S. E.S. CN Correction factor for FC ∆N Nc Vs

(m) Top N value kN/m^2 kN/m^2 kN/m^2 HE BHD RL N1(60) % m/s
3.20 3.20 5.00 1.98 6.34 3.99 1.70 1.20 1.05 0.80 8.57 50.00 5.61 14.18 202.33
2.80 6.00 11.00 1.57 4.40 5.58 1.70 1.20 1.05 0.85 20.03 95.00 5.50 25.53 274.04
10.80 16.80 3.00 1.80 19.44 14.22 1.64 1.20 1.05 1.00 6.20 92.00 5.51 11.70 183.25
4.20 21.00 12.00 2.12 8.90 7.10 1.73 1.20 1.05 1.00 26.17 82.00 5.54 31.71 306.48
11.90 32.90 52.00 1.81 21.54 16.74 1.61 1.20 1.05 1.00 105.41 5.00 0.00 105.42 569.67
4.10 37.00 30.00 2.06 8.45 21.09 1.56 1.20 1.05 1.00 58.94 81.00 5.54 64.48 442.05
13.80 50.80 50.00 2.03 28.01 26.29 1.50 1.20 1.05 1.00 94.74 87.00 5.52 100.27 555.14
>100 2.10 52.50 50.72 1.29 1.20 1.05 1.00 162.38 5.00 0.00 162.38 711.93
TS=Total Stress, ES=Efeective Stress, CN=Overburden Correction, HE=Hammer effect, BHD=Bore Hole Diameter, RL=Rod Length, FC=Finer Content, ∆N=Finer Content Cor-
rection, Nc=Corrected N value.
International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 5

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6 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Figure 2. Shows the soil profile of BH130 (After C.E.Testing, 2003)

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 7

Table 2. Shows the details of borehole location and amplification in different frequency band

Amp at
Average amplification in frequency
Location Long Lat band Fund Fund
BH Period Period
No .25-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 .25-10

1 4 M. M. Feedar Road, Kolkata 22.6550 88.3870 1.18 2.75 1.68 0.99 1.39 0.59 3.42

2 54/2, Sukumar Ghosh Road(Belgharia) 22.6500 88.3832 1.14 2.47 1.87 0.98 1.41 0.55 3.01

3 Baranagar (Post Office) 22.6441 88.3700 1.15 2.62 1.89 1.02 1.46 0.59 3.24

4 Prop. M.B.D.Airport Hotel 22.6413 88.3821 1.18 2.55 1.71 0.80 1.28 0.59 3.02

5 Baranagar Isi 22.6404 88.3720 1.16 2.37 1.70 1.04 1.39 0.59 2.78

6 Dum Dum 22.6300 88.4199 1.05 1.83 1.82 1.69 1.70 0.46 2.80

Cossipure Railway Yard(Police

7 Station) 22.6192 88.3795 1.08 2.15 1.82 1.31 1.54 0.50 3.00

8 Beerpara Pump House 22.6164 88.3909 1.38 2.32 1.32 1.05 1.28 0.76 3.02

9 8, Mall Road, Kolkata 22.6150 88.3940 1.10 1.96 1.50 1.76 1.65 0.59 2.24

10 Belgachia Dutta Bagan 22.6059 88.3863 1.14 2.19 1.65 1.52 1.60 0.59 2.52

11 Parashnath Mandir 22.6057 88.3827 1.01 1.47 2.08 2.25 2.02 0.40 2.06

12 Beside Belgachia Road Over Bridge 22.6047 88.3814 1.16 2.46 2.11 1.48 1.74 0.59 2.91

Inside The Compound Of Veternary

13 College 22.6042 88.3921 1.12 2.23 1.99 1.48 1.68 0.55 2.64

14 Belgachia Bridge East Side Of Canal 22.6031 88.3775 1.12 2.33 2.11 1.88 1.93 0.53 2.86

15 Bank Officer’s Quarter At Ultadanga 22.6009 88.3802 1.00 1.49 1.71 1.11 1.32 0.37 2.37

16 Subas Bag 22.6009 88.3686 1.20 2.66 1.81 1.47 1.67 0.62 3.15

17 Shyam Bazar Tram Depot 22.6008 88.3740 1.10 2.22 2.12 1.29 1.62 0.52 2.97

18 G.N.Park 22.5997 88.3662 1.21 2.75 2.20 1.65 1.89 0.62 3.24

19 N.K.Deb Park 22.5968 88.3615 1.13 2.29 1.81 2.02 1.92 0.59 2.72

20 Sector 1 Salt Lake City 22.5963 88.4440 1.15 2.52 1.99 1.43 1.69 0.53 3.11

21 Nimtala Burning Ghat 22.5946 88.3549 1.18 2.30 1.60 1.86 1.77 0.64 2.66

22 Sector 1 Salt Lake 22.5936 88.4231 1.18 2.68 1.83 1.42 1.65 0.59 3.23

23 Jatindra Mohan Park 22.5929 88.3648 1.05 1.63 1.43 1.06 1.23 0.50 1.94

24 C.I.T. Manik Tala 22.5908 88.3750 1.17 2.49 1.80 1.08 1.45 0.59 2.94

25 Ultadanga 22.5900 88.3857 1.27 2.53 1.73 1.10 1.44 0.67 2.91

26 Maniktala 22.5900 88.3700 1.11 2.12 2.14 1.23 1.58 0.52 2.55

27 Ramdulal Sarkar Street 22.5893 88.3802 1.23 2.61 1.65 1.09 1.42 0.64 3.05

28 V.I.P. Road Ultadanga 22.5882 88.3930 1.19 2.53 1.82 1.13 1.49 0.64 2.95

29 Substation New Town 22.5878 88.4448 1.31 3.15 1.50 0.99 1.38 0.67 3.82

30 Girish Park 22.5874 88.3630 1.18 2.45 1.82 1.34 1.58 0.59 2.84

31 Inside Mutty Lal Seal School 22.5840 88.3619 1.10 2.33 2.04 1.37 1.65 0.52 3.19

32 Salt Lake Sector Ii (Karunamaye) 22.5837 88.4208 1.13 2.23 1.93 1.07 1.46 0.53 2.61

33 Salt Lake 22.5823 88.4161 1.17 2.57 1.93 1.36 1.64 0.59 3.10

34 41 & 46, Canal Circular Rd. 22.5822 88.3948 1.17 2.65 1.91 1.30 1.61 0.59 3.20

35 Sector 3 Fc 22.5801 88.4096 1.24 2.45 1.51 1.02 1.33 0.67 2.78

36 22, Cit Road 22.5800 88.3905 1.19 2.40 1.77 1.18 1.48 0.64 2.76

continued on following page

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8 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Table 2. Continued

Amp at
Average amplification in frequency
Location Long Lat band Fund Fund
BH Period Period
No .25-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 .25-10

37 Narkeldanga 22.5775 88.3809 1.19 2.61 1.78 1.09 1.46 0.59 3.07

38 Dn-1, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kol 22.5772 88.4313 1.07 2.10 2.16 1.25 1.60 0.46 3.57

39 Salt Lake Sector Iii 22.5760 88.4219 1.12 2.50 1.94 1.30 1.61 0.52 3.51

40 Narkeldanga Main Road 22.5760 88.3755 1.10 2.18 2.06 1.19 1.55 0.52 2.82

41 33/1a, Upendra Banerjee Road 22.5752 88.3886 1.18 2.60 1.83 1.09 1.47 0.59 3.11

42 Tiretta Bazar 22.5751 88.3561 1.13 2.16 1.78 1.22 1.48 0.59 2.51

43 Inside Medical College 22.5733 88.3603 1.13 2.34 1.87 1.41 1.62 0.55 2.80

44 Sealdah,Ultadanga 22.5729 88.3641 1.12 2.16 1.97 1.08 1.46 0.59 2.53

45 Ib Salt Lake 22.5727 88.4144 1.29 3.15 1.85 1.31 1.65 0.67 3.84

46 Kadapara Calcutta 22.5724 88.3997 1.13 2.60 1.48 1.03 1.34 0.53 3.41

47 Salt Lake Sector Ii 22.5720 88.4365 1.15 2.43 1.85 1.19 1.51 0.59 2.89

48 Nicopark 22.5705 88.4216 1.16 2.65 1.46 1.12 1.38 0.59 3.30

49 22 / 1 Counsil House St. 22.5700 88.3473 1.23 2.83 1.59 1.19 1.48 0.64 3.46

Crossing Of New Cit Road And

50 C.R.Avenue 22.5685 88.3575 1.24 2.51 1.57 1.23 1.46 0.67 2.89

51 18, British India Street, Kolkata 22.5683 88.3510 1.16 2.69 1.78 1.31 1.58 0.59 3.36

Infront Of Jabakususm And Opposite

52 Of Indian Airlines 22.5674 88.3565 1.19 2.60 1.74 1.24 1.52 0.64 3.09

53 Sealdah North Station 22.5672 88.3705 1.25 2.52 1.84 1.29 1.57 0.67 2.90

54 Sealdah Station 22.5669 88.3732 1.25 2.52 1.84 1.29 1.57 0.67 2.90

55 134b, Beliaghata Road,Kolkata 22.5654 88.3988 1.17 2.60 1.86 1.18 1.53 0.55 3.18

56 Infront Of Victoria House 22.5653 88.3514 1.27 2.34 1.54 1.58 1.62 0.73 2.73

57 Prop.Topsel Toyota At Kolkata 22.5634 88.3534 1.26 2.76 1.59 0.97 1.36 0.64 3.21

58 36 Benarasi Ghosh Road 22.5616 88.4064 1.03 1.42 1.48 1.24 1.31 0.59 1.51

59 Ici House 22.5600 88.3540 1.24 2.75 1.74 1.31 1.58 0.64 3.27

60 Opposite To Meuseum 22.5580 88.3510 1.28 2.73 1.57 1.14 1.44 0.67 3.20

61 Mayo Road 22.5550 88.3507 1.34 2.69 1.60 1.29 1.53 0.73 3.25

62 7, Russel Street Calcutta 22.5525 88.3509 1.34 2.48 1.54 1.12 1.40 0.76 3.03

63 Opposite Tata Building 22.5508 88.3540 1.16 2.44 2.07 1.29 1.63 0.59 2.90

64 Circular Gardenreach Road 22.5480 88.2890 1.14 2.54 1.72 1.12 1.45 0.55 3.17

65 15 Mayfair Road 22.5478 88.3487 1.25 2.42 1.69 1.10 1.42 0.67 2.80

66 170, A.J.C. Bose Road, B.K. Motors. 22.5473 88.3611 1.24 2.82 1.84 1.37 1.64 0.64 3.32

67 8 Camac Street 22.5469 88.3530 1.17 2.54 1.86 1.22 1.54 0.59 3.04

Between Birla Planatarium And And

68 Calcutta Racket Club 22.5458 88.3472 1.12 2.18 1.97 1.58 1.72 0.55 2.56

69 41a Acharya Jagadish Bose Rd. 22.5452 88.3609 1.21 2.47 1.65 1.12 1.42 0.64 2.88

70 3a Upper, Wood St. Kol. 22.5442 88.3533 1.18 2.58 1.97 1.45 1.70 0.59 3.08

71 Nilamber 28, Theater Road 22.5438 88.3605 1.20 2.66 1.72 1.09 1.45 0.59 3.15

continued on following page

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 9

Table 2. Continued

Amp at
Average amplification in frequency
Location Long Lat band Fund Fund
BH Period Period
No .25-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 .25-10

72 1/3, Mahendra Roy Lane, Kolkata 22.5437 88.3812 1.13 2.24 1.74 1.05 1.39 0.59 2.65

73 3, Pretoria Street 22.5434 88.3511 1.17 2.57 1.63 1.16 1.44 0.59 3.11

74 3, Loudon Street 22.5428 88.3577 1.16 2.37 1.98 1.12 1.51 0.59 2.79

Lower Circular Road And Chowrangee

75 Road Crossing 22.5417 88.3469 1.19 2.32 1.66 1.44 1.57 0.64 2.68

76 20, Lee Road, Kolkata 22.5416 88.3494 1.16 2.59 1.83 1.11 1.48 0.59 3.15

77 91, Park Street, Kolkata 22.5413 88.3679 1.06 1.82 2.27 1.29 1.62 0.46 2.55

S.S,K.M. Hospital (Harish Mukherjee

78 Rd.) 22.5406 88.3438 1.28 2.88 1.62 1.04 1.42 0.67 3.50

79 Garden Reach Workshop 22.5400 88.3030 1.24 2.73 1.58 1.16 1.45 0.64 3.27

In The Campus Of Shambhunath

80 Pandit Hospital 22.5394 88.3472 1.21 2.64 1.88 1.50 1.71 0.64 3.10

81 E.M.Bypass, Kolkata 22.5387 88.3978 1.27 2.65 1.60 1.19 1.46 0.67 3.18

82 King Gearge’s Dock(Taj Bengal) 22.5381 88.3432 1.08 1.86 1.92 1.18 1.46 0.52 2.20

83 D N Mitra Park 22.5376 88.3464 1.14 2.26 1.69 1.24 1.47 0.59 2.66

84 83/3 & 84/3 At Topsia Road, Kolkata 22.5376 88.3800 1.22 2.65 1.71 1.26 1.53 0.64 3.11

85 22 / 1 Alipore Road Calcutta 22.5352 88.3334 1.18 1.90 1.04 1.37 1.30 0.73 2.16

86 Khiderpore 22.5351 88.3202 1.29 2.59 1.48 1.12 1.39 0.73 3.06

87 72, Tiljala Road, Kolkata-700 046 22.5342 88.3745 1.17 2.36 1.82 1.12 1.46 0.59 2.73

88 52, Ballygunge Circular Road. 22.5334 88.3569 1.15 2.61 1.87 1.13 1.51 0.53 3.27

89 Garden Reach Calcutta 22.5333 88.2900 1.15 2.66 1.80 1.25 1.55 0.55 3.36

90 18b, Ashutosh Mukherjee Rd, Kolkata 22.5332 88.3460 1.27 2.62 1.61 1.10 1.42 0.67 3.07

91 1/2, Harish Mukherjee Road. 22.5323 88.3434 1.21 2.70 1.58 1.01 1.37 0.59 3.17

92 Hazra Park 22.5308 88.3545 1.21 2.69 1.64 1.32 1.55 0.62 3.14

93 Harish Park 22.5304 88.3437 1.13 2.18 1.96 1.32 1.58 0.59 2.52

94 Mizoram House, Ballygunge 22.5300 88.3649 1.17 2.48 1.81 1.04 1.43 0.59 2.94

95 19b Ritchie Road Calcutta 22.5281 88.3555 1.28 2.53 1.67 0.87 1.31 0.73 2.94

96 P – 48 (Hide Road) Extension. 22.5278 88.3066 1.18 2.64 1.78 1.19 1.51 0.59 3.19

97 Tiljala 22.5277 88.3888 1.15 2.36 1.85 1.12 1.47 0.59 2.78

98 Bhowani Pore Police Station 22.5264 88.3461 1.10 2.12 2.27 1.48 1.76 0.53 2.84

161a,S.P. Mukherjee Road

(Chittaranjan National Cancer
99 Institute) 22.5250 88.3472 1.20 2.57 1.61 1.13 1.42 0.62 2.98

100 4, New Road, Alipore 22.5249 88.3276 1.12 2.04 1.81 0.82 1.26 0.59 2.34

101 Hazra Park 22.5247 88.3461 1.15 2.41 1.81 1.35 1.58 0.59 2.87

102 42/197/1, Bediadanga 2nd Lane 22.5237 88.3808 1.17 2.65 1.93 1.13 1.53 0.59 3.22

103 Garden Reach 22.5270 88.2900 1.28 2.92 1.85 1.21 1.57 0.67 3.54

104 14/1b, Manohar Pukur Road, Kol. 22.5218 88.3492 1.17 2.61 1.60 1.26 1.49 0.59 3.16

105 Gariahat Road Calcutta 22.5213 88.3651 1.16 2.34 1.82 1.14 1.47 0.59 2.74

continued on following page

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10 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Table 2. Continued

Amp at
Average amplification in frequency
Location Long Lat band Fund Fund
BH Period Period
No .25-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 .25-10

106 Ballygunge Kasba Over Bridge 22.5209 88.3722 1.12 2.17 1.94 1.10 1.46 0.53 2.60

107 51 / D Gariahat Road Calcutta 22.5195 88.3653 1.24 2.91 1.70 0.99 1.42 0.64 3.44

108 20/1, Chetla Road, Kolkata 22.5191 88.3400 1.07 1.84 1.75 1.25 1.45 0.52 2.23

109 Kalighat Park 22.5189 88.3465 1.20 2.71 1.36 1.20 1.40 0.64 3.32

110 15b/1a Raja Santosh Road 22.5182 88.3269 1.13 2.20 1.95 1.18 1.51 0.59 2.57

111 121, Rash Bihari Avenue Kolkata 22.5176 88.3568 1.15 2.26 1.78 1.15 1.46 0.59 2.61

112 68, Hindusthan Park, Kolkata 22.5176 88.3642 1.11 2.03 1.95 1.59 1.71 0.53 2.37

113 E.M.Bypass,Plot No.3794 22.5174 88.4051 1.17 2.28 1.70 1.26 1.49 0.62 2.60

114 20/2 Hestings Sarani 22.5640 88.3330 1.37 2.70 1.28 0.91 1.23 0.76 3.65

115 2h Alipore Avenue Calcutta 22.5171 88.3296 1.25 2.48 1.44 1.06 1.33 0.67 2.91

Crossing Of Rashbehari Aveneu And

116 Sp Mukherjee Road 22.5169 88.3459 1.20 2.45 1.82 1.15 1.49 0.64 2.80

117 1, Taratala Road 22.5165 88.3050 1.17 2.47 1.56 1.61 1.64 0.59 2.93

Crossing Of Sp Mukherjee Road And

118 Southern Avenue 22.5153 88.3461 1.15 2.35 1.70 1.49 1.61 0.59 2.78

119 12 Gobindapur Road, Calcutta 22.5151 88.3365 1.22 2.72 1.74 1.19 1.51 0.62 3.17

53 Haraprasad Shastri Sarani, New 22.5144 88.3252

120 Alipore 1.09 1.95 2.02 1.32 1.58 0.52 2.36

121 Opposite Of Southern Market 22.5136 88.3461 1.28 2.80 1.60 1.32 1.55 0.64 3.33

122 89, Southern Avenue. 22.5134 88.3559 0.96 1.18 1.56 1.07 1.22 0.33 1.87

123 Childrens Park 22.5125 88.3458 1.02 1.61 2.03 1.66 1.72 0.40 2.65

124 112 Sarat Ghosh Garden Road 22.5101 88.3702 1.18 2.64 1.77 1.23 1.53 0.59 3.20

Gariahat Road South (Near Dhakuria

125 Bridge) 22.5091 88.3675 1.14 2.51 1.97 1.23 1.58 0.53 3.20

126 Tolly Gaungue Railway Bridge 22.5090 88.3457 1.10 1.82 1.31 1.58 1.48 0.59 2.03

127 In Front Of Tally Gaunge Post Offfice 22.5067 88.3456 1.60 2.24 1.41 0.86 1.22 0.89 3.61

Gobindapur Road, Kolkata (Near Lake

128 Garden). 22.5053 88.3595 1.32 2.43 1.71 1.34 1.56 0.76 3.01

129 45, Buroshibtala Main Road, Behala, 22.5041 88.3317 1.09 1.95 2.49 1.50 1.81 0.52 2.42

130 375, Prince Anwar Shah Road, Kolkata 22.5020 88.3565 1.20 2.64 1.49 1.03 1.35 0.59 3.10

131 Prince Anwar Saha Rd 22.5013 88.3452 1.10 2.00 1.74 2.03 1.86 0.55 2.30

132 Bangur Hospital 22.4997 88.3453 0.98 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.35 0.36 1.52

133 CPWD Quarters Behala 22.4983 88.3097 1.19 2.41 1.64 1.08 1.39 0.64 2.78

31, James Long Sarani, Behala, 22.4964 88.3210

134 Kolkata 1.25 2.92 1.45 1.11 1.41 0.64 3.48

135 New Alipore 22.4958 88.3131 1.19 2.58 1.69 1.33 1.56 0.59 3.05

136 T.V. Centre Tollygunge (Doordarshan) 22.4946 88.3598 1.25 2.63 1.43 0.83 1.23 0.67 3.06

137 Tallygaungue Tram Depot Front Gate 22.4944 88.3450 1.05 1.68 1.43 1.70 1.56 0.50 2.03

138 K.K.Roy Choudhury Rd, Behala, 22.4806 88.3084 1.15 2.40 1.80 1.37 1.58 0.59 2.85

139 8/5/1, Alipore Road, Kolkata 22.5300 88.3300 1.07 1.87 1.98 1.42 1.61 0.52 2.32

continued on following page

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 11

Table 2. Continued

Amp at
Average amplification in frequency
Location Long Lat band Fund Fund
BH Period Period
No .25-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 .25-10

140 477 Diamond Harbour Rd. 22.4751 88.3099 1.11 2.10 2.20 1.19 1.58 0.53 2.48

141 Diamond Park, Joka, Kolkata 22.4655 88.3046 1.18 2.64 1.64 1.16 1.46 0.59 3.16

142 Jadavpur Area 22.4958 88.3673 1.30 2.77 1.58 1.08 1.42 0.67 3.25

143 Bagha Jatin 22.4940 88.3780 1.39 2.70 1.54 1.02 1.37 0.76 3.40

144 Garia 22.4781 88.3876 1.39 2.70 1.54 1.02 1.37 0.76 3.40

Figure 3. A, b, c and d show the seismic response at bedrock level, seismic response at surface
level, spectral amplitude and amplification factor of location BH130 respectively

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12 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Figure 4. Map showing fundamental period of sedimentary deposit in Kolkata city at different
bore hole locations

BH49, BH78, BH103, BH103 and BH127. presence of low velocity soil layer at some depth
Lower values of spectral amplification were with considerable impedance contrast at lower
observed in BH23, BH58, BH122 and BH132. and upper interface as reported by Kumar and
Lower values in these locations may be due to Narayan (2008).

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 13

Figure 5. Map showing the amplification factors at fundamental period

3.2. Average Amplification Factor
The average amplification factor at range 0.25-
10 Hz, 0.25-1 Hz, 1-2 Hz, 2-5 Hz and 5-10 Hz
also have been computed in the form of contour
maps for the purpose of seismic microzonation
cost effective earthquake engineering purposes.
The frequency of all the existing structures in
Kolkata lies between 0.25-10 Hz. Figure 6 and
Table 1 show the average amplification factor
in the frequency band width 0.25-10 Hz. This
signifies on the average amplification of ground
response due to soil. Lower values of average
spectral amplification obtained in north of the

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14 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Figure 6. Map showing average amplification factors in frequency range of 0.25-10 Hz

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 15

city due to old consolidated soil deposit like
BH4, BH8, BH23 etc. Higher value of average
amplifications is obtained in BH11, BH14. Rest
of the locations average amplification varies
between 1.3-1.8.
3.2.1. Average Amplification Factor
in Frequency Band 0.25-1 Hz
Figure 7 and Table 1 reveal the variation of
average amplification factor between 0.25 to
1 Hz. High rise buildings having 10-40 storey
may be affected in this frequency range. Large
value of spectral amplification in order of 1.6

Figure 7. Map showing average amplification factors in frequency range of 0.25-1 Hz

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16 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Figure 8. Map showing average amplification factors in frequency range of 1-2 Hz

is obtained in BH127 is due to unconsolidated 3.2.2. Average Amplification Factor

soft siltation at upper layers of Tollynala canal.
Distance and large earthquake can cause severe
damage of high rise building in this area. Lower
value of spectral amplification is obtained at
BH11, BH15, BH122 and BH132. High rise
building in these locations will be safe during
earthquake. Most of the locations amplification
varies 1.1 to 1.3.
in Frequency Band 1-2 Hz
Figure 8 and Table 1 depict the average amplifi-
cation factor in frequency range 1-2 Hz. In this
frequency band spectral amplification is larger
as compared to other frequency bands and 5-10
storied may be greatly affected due to double
resonance effect. Similar phenomenons were

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 17

Figure 9. Map showing average amplification factors in frequency range of 2-5 Hzy

observed in 1994 Northridge earthquake and 3.2.3. Average Amplification Factors

2001 Bhuj earthquake (Narayan et al., 2002).
In most of the locations average amplification is
1.8-3. Least amplification (<1.8) were observed
in BH1, BH15, BH23, BH58, BH122, BH-132.
Average amplification in order of greater than
three was obtained in BH29.
in Frequency Band 2-5 Hz
Figure 9 and Table 1 depict variations of aver-
age amplification factor in the frequency range
2-5 Hz. Two to four storied buildings have
natural frequency in this frequency range. In
most of the locations the average spectral

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18 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014

Figure 10. Map showing average amplification factors in frequency range of 5-10 Hz

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 International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 5(1), 1-20, January-June 2014 19
amplification varies 1.4 to 2.2. Lower values
of spectral amplification were observed in BH-
126 and BH-132.
3.2.4. Average Amplification Factors
in The Frequency Band 5-10Hz
In this frequency band average amplification
factor is lower as compared to other frequency
band and buildings having 1-2 storey may be
affected in this band. Figure 10 and Table 1
clearly reveal that in most of the locations the
average amplification varies 1 to 2. Lower
values of average amplification were observed
in BH100 and BH127. Higher values of ampli-
fication were observed in order of greater than
two in BH11.
4. CONCLUSION
Kolkata the capital of west Bengal is located in
high seismic risk area having high population
density and congested old and new building.
The Kolkata megacity was shaken unexpect-
edly during 1897 Assam earthquake, 1964 Cal-
cutta earthquake, 1918 Srimangal earthquake,
1930 Dubhri earthquake, 1934 Bihar Nepal
earthquake (Jhingram et al., 1969; Seeber &
Ambruser, 1981; GSI 2000). In this study site
amplification due to soil above engineering bed-
rock for 144 locations has been computed using
1D seismic wave propagation software SHAKE
2000. The study reveals that unexpected damage
may occur even during moderate earthquake
due to double resonance effect of high rise (5
to 7 storied) buildings. The similar phenomenon
were observed in Ahmedabad city during 2001
Bhuj Earthquake (Narayan et al., 2002) and
1985 Mexico City earthquake (Romo & Seed,
1986). Amplification at fundamental frequency
is found to be greater than 3 was observed in
Salt Lake area, Newtown area, Garden reach
area, and in south Garia-Baghajatin area due to
soft soil deposit. Construction of buildings with
fundamental period in the range of 0.35 to 0.7
seconds should be avoided in these locations
keeping in view the double resonance effect.
Thus the present study signifies that Kolkata, the
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capital of West Bengal and socio political and
economic nerve of eastern Eastern India needs
much more attention by planners, engineers,
decision makers and common people from the
earthquake point of view.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to C.E Testing India
Pvt. Ltd, S. Ghosh & Associates, and R.C. E.
Group for providing bore log data in Kolkata.
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