INTRODUCTION

FREQUENCY MODULATION
For frequency modulation as used in digital coding, see Differential Manchester encoding.signal
may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave.FM has better noise (RFI) rejection than AM, as
shown in this dramatic New York publicity demonstration by General Electric in 1940. The radio
has both AM and FM receivers. With a million-volt arc as a source of interference behind it, the
AM receiver produced only a roar of static, while the FM receiver clearly reproduced a music
program from Armstrong's experimental FM transmitter W2XMN in New Jersey.
In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding
of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
In analog frequency modulation, such as FM radio broadcasting of an audio signal representing
voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, the difference between the frequency of
the carrier and its center frequency, is proportional to the modulating signal.
Digital data can be encoded and transmitted via FM by shifting the carrier's frequency among a
predefined set of frequencies representing digits – for example one frequency can represent
a binary 1 and a second can represent binary 0. This modulation technique is known
as frequency-shift keying (FSK). FSK is widely used in modems such as fax modems, and can
also be used to send Morse code.[1] Radioteletype also uses FSK.[2]
Frequency modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting. It is also used
in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring newborns for seizures via EEG,[3] two-
way radio systems, music synthesis, magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-
transmission systems. In radio transmission, an advantage of frequency modulation is that it has
a larger signal-to-noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency interference better than an
equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. For this reason, most music is broadcast
over FM radio.
Frequency modulation and phase modulation are the two complementary principal methods
of angle modulation; phase modulation is often used as an intermediate step to achieve
frequency modulation. These methods contrast with amplitude modulation, in which
the amplitude of the carrier wave varies, while the frequency and phase remain constant.
Frequency Demodulation is extracting the original information-bearing signal from a carrier
wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit (or computer program in a software-defined radio)
that is used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave. There are
many types of modulation so there are many types of demodulators. The signal output from a
demodulator may represent sound (an analog audio signal), images (an analog video signal)
or binary data (a digital signal).
These terms are traditionally used in connection with radio receivers, but many other systems
use many kinds of demodulators. For example, in a modem, which is a contraction of the
terms modulator/demodulator, a demodulator is used to extract a serial digital data stream from
a carrier signal which is used to carry it through a telephone line, coaxial cable, or optical fiber
Demodulation was first used in radio receivers. In the wireless telegraphy radio systems used
during the first 3 decades of radio (1884-1914) the transmitter did not communicate audio
(sound) but transmitted information in the form of pulses of radio waves that represented text
messages in Morse code. Therefore, the receiver merely had to detect the presence or absence
of the radio signal, and produce a click sound. The device that did this was called a detector.
The first detectors were coherers, simple devices that acted as a switch. The
term detector stuck, was used for other types of demodulators and continues to be used to the
present day for a demodulator in a radio receiver.
The first type of modulation used to transmit sound over radio waves was amplitude
modulation (AM), invented by Reginald Fessendon around 1900. An AM radio signal can be
demodulated by rectifying it to remove one side of the carrier, and then filtering to remove the
radio-frequency component, leaving only the modulating audio component. This is equivalent to
peak detection with a suitably long time constant. The amplitude of the recovered audio
frequency varies with the modulating audio signal, so it can drive an earphone or an audio
amplifier. Fessendon invented the first AM demodulator in 1904 called the electrolytic detector,
consisting of a short needle dipping into a cup of dilute acid. The same year John Ambrose
Fleming invented the Fleming valve or thermionic diode which could also rectify an AM signal