Analog signal

Outline

 Communication Systems
 Multiplexing
 Analog communication Types
 of Analog Modulation Noise

 Communication Systems
 Communication system aims to transmit information signals
(baseband signals) through a communication channel.

 The term baseband is used to designate the band of

frequencies representing the original signal as delivered by the
input transducer

 For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband

signal ,and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz.
 Baseband Communications
•Signal strength attenuates with distance. Needs repeaters to amplify the
signals in stages
• Received signal is corrupted by noise
– R(t)=A S(t)+ n(t)
•Received signal quality depends on channel noise and noise between
repeaters.
•To transmit a signal with bandwidth B, we need >= B Hz in channel
bandwidth
•If the signal is low-pass (0-B), must the channel operate at 0-B range of
frequency?
• How do we send multiple signals over the channel?
 Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a
communication channel such as air using electromagnetic
waves, an appropriate procedure is needed to shift the
range of baseband frequencies to other frequency ranges
suitable for transmission, and a corresponding shift back to
the original frequency range after reception. This is called
the process of modulation and demodulation.
 Why do we need “modulation”
 A communication channel only operates at a certain frequency range.
 telephone cables, terrestrial (over the air broadcast), Ethernet, optical fiber, etc.

 Modulation translates a signal from its baseband to the operating range of the
channel

 In other words we can say that modulation is used because the some data signals
are not always suitable for direct transmission, but the modulated signal may be
more suitable.

 By modulating different signals to different frequency bands, they can be

transmitted simultaneously over the same channel.
frequency division multiplexing
Modulation = Frequency Shifting
 Multiplexing
 When required to transmit several signals on the same
channel, Baseband transmission fails.

 To encounter this problem Multiplexing is

employed.

 Multiplexing is a way of sending multiple signals or

streams of information over a communications link at the
same time in the form of a single; the receiver recovers the
separate signals, in a process called demultiplexing.
 Tow types of Multiplexing:

 Frequency Deviation Multiplexing (FDM) : is the

method of transmitting several channels simultaneously

 Time Deviation Multiplexing (TDM) : is the method

of allotting a time slot for each signal and it gets
repeated cyclically.
Analog communication
Information is encoded in a continuous
amplitude, continuous time signal.

 Analog systems are less tolerant to noise.

 make good use of bandwidth.

 easy to manipulate mathematically.

 However, analog signals require hardware receivers and
transmitters that are designed to perfectly fit the particular
transmission. If you are working on a new system, and you decide
to change your analog signal, you need to completely change your
transmitters and receivers.
Types of Analog Modulation

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

 Frequency Modulation (FM)

 Phase Modulation (PM)

The choice of the type of modulation is based on
several factors, such as :

 the amount of bandwidth allocated.

 the types of noise and interference that the signal

encounters in transmission over the channel.
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

 In AM, the information signal varies with the

amplitude of the carrier sine wave.

 The instantaneous value of the carrier amplitude changes

in accordance with the amplitude and frequency
variations of the modulating signal.

 The carrier frequency remains constant during the

modulation process, but its amplitude varies in accordance
with the modulating signal.
 An increase in the amplitude of the modulating signal
causes the amplitude of the carrier to increase.
Normal (Am) modulation
Single-Sideband (SSB) Modulations
Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) Modulations
 Frequency Modulation
 (FM)modulation is a form of analog angle
Frequency
modulation in which the baseband information
carrying signal, typically called the message or
information signal m(t), varies the frequency of a
carrier wave.
 the frequency of the carrier, varies in a continuous
manner. Thus, there are infinitely many possible carrier
frequencies.

 The amount by which the signal frequency varies is very

important. This is known as the deviation and is normally
quoted as the number of kiloHertz deviation.
 AM vs. FM
 AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to
generate.

 It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short

wave broadcasting.

 The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM

(longer wavelengths) (lower frequencies) are
utilized.

 However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static

and other forms of electrical noise.
 AM vs. FM
 The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and
immunity to noise. Most forms of static and electrical noise
are naturally AM, and an FM receiver will not respond to
AM signals.

 The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency

deviation increases (deviation from the center frequency), which
is why FM broadcast stations use such large deviation.

 The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it

requires.
 Phase Modulation
 Frequency modulation (FM) and Phase modulation (PM) have
much in common and they are usually concluded as angle
modulation, i.e., it is impossible to tell them apart without
knowledge about the modulation function.

 Phase modulation is the process of varying the of a carrier wave in

proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The amplitude of
the carrier remains constant .

 A strong motivation for FM and PM is that the amplitude is

constant and the transmitter’s power amplifier can work at a
constant high amplification level.
 Noise
 Noise is unwanted signal that affects wanted signal.
 Noise is random signal that exists in communication
systems

 Noise:

 Internal:
 due to random movement of electrons in electronic
circuits
 Major sources are resistors, diodes, transistors etc.
 Thermal noise or Johnson noise for e.g shot noise .
 External
 Man- made and natural resources .
 Sources over which we have no control .
Examples are Motors, generators, atmospheric sources.

 Noise level in system is proportional to:

 Temperature and bandwidth

 Amount of current
 Gain of circuit

 Resistance of circuit Effect of noise

 Degrades system performance (Analog and digital)

 Receiver cannot distinguish signal from noise
 Efficiency of communication system reduces
Thank you