GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS 3(6) (2012) 789e800

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China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf

RESEARCH PAPER

Norite and charnockites from the Venda Nova Pluton, SE

Brazil: Intensive parameters and some petrogenetic
constraints
Julio Cezar Mendes a,*, Cristina M.P. De Campos b

a
Departamento de Geologia, IGEO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21910-949, Cidade Universit
aria, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
b
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, GeoCenter, Ludwig Maximillians Universit€
at, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich,
Germany

Received 2 February 2012; received in revised form 20 May 2012; accepted 30 May 2012
Available online 23 June 2012

KEYWORDS Abstract The Venda Nova Pluton (VNP) is a zoned ring structure emplaced in the southern portion of
Charnockites; the Neoproterozoic Araçuai Belt, in Esp
ırito Santo, Brazil. It is a slightly westward tilted cylinder-like
Petrology; intrusion, with an almost circular horizontal section. In the center of this structure, an off-centered
Intensive parameters; gabbro-noritic core, surrounded by syeno-monzonitic rocks, intrudes an outer ring of charnockites and
Venda Nova Pluton; norite. These envelop the syeno-monzonitic and gabbro-noritic center, as a narrow discontinuous belt.
Araçua
ı Belt; While, in the core intrusion, mingling and mixing processes are widespread and well documented in
Southeast Brazil the literature, in the outer ring, the norite and charnockite layers show predominantly homogeneous
and isotropic internal structures. Nevertheless, smaller interaction zones between charnockites and norite
denote a comparatively more restricted mingling process. The norite is a fine-grained rock with hypidio-
morphic granular to intergranular texture. The charnockites are medium-grained and made up of:
(a) orthopyroxene-tonalite, (b) orthopyroxene-quartz-diorite, and (c) orthopyroxene-granodiorite with hy-
pidiomorphic granular to porphyritic textures. In all lithotypes both ortho- and clinopyroxene are replaced
by hornblende and biotite. Two contrasting compositional sequences have been recognized, based on
whole rock geochemistry: (1) a basic, with tholeiitic affinities (norite) and, (2) an intermediate,

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: julio@geologia.ufrj.br (J.C. Mendes).
1674-9871 ª 2012, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking
University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Peer-review under responsibility of China University of Geosciences

(Beijing).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2012.05.009

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790 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800

medium-K calc-alkaline, comprising the charnockites. Estimated crystallization temperatures, which

have been calculated from micro-probe analysis of pyroxenes, range from 915
25  C to
960
50  C. Re-equilibration temperature (ilmenite-magnetite calibration) is around 600
50  C. This
indicates oxygen fugacities four order of magnitude below the FMQ-buffer and a reduced environment.
Coeval pressure conditions estimated from the Al-content in hornblende range from 5.5
0.6 kbar. Data
obtained for the norite point toward an evolution from the partial melting of an anhydrous tholeiitic
mantle magma. The charnockites may correspond to the differentiation of a calc-alkaline parental
magma. The later could be the hybrid product from the contamination and mixing between the anhydrous
tholeiitic magma with other deeper crustal sources. Further the magmatic system evolved through frac-
tionation of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and ilmenite. Our results support the hypothesis
for the evolution of the Venda Nova Pluton through a mantle-crust delamination process probably related
to the collapse of the Araçuai orogeny.
ª 2012, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The generation of anhydrous rocks can be related either to dry
metamorphism (granulite facies) or to magmatic crystallization,
whenever p(CO2) predominates over p(H2O). Hydrous and anhy-
drous (aH2O < 1) magmatic associations with different degrees of
preservation of their primary igneous characteristics have been
studied all around the globe, of different tectonic settings and
geologic ages (e.g. Hubbard and Whitley, 1979; Kaiyi et al., 1985;
Campos Neto et al., 1988; Kilpatrick and Ellis, 1992; Janasi, 2002;
Percival and Mortensen, 2002; Frost and Frost, 2008; Santosh and
Omori, 2008; Rajesh, 2012; Touret and Huizenga, 2012a, b).
Anhydrous rocks contain pyroxenes (sometimes fayalite) and have
low variance assemblages that allow estimation of their intensive
parameters (T, logf(O2), and sometimes pressure) with a greater
precision than in most other granitic rocks (Frost and Frost, 2008).
In the central-southern part of the Araçuai Belt, in Brazil
(Fig. 1; e.g. De Campos et al., 2005; Pedrosa Soares et al., 2011),

Figure 1 A: Geological map of the southern Araçua
ı-Ribeira Belt and cratonic surroundings, highlighting the Neoproterozoic units (modified
after De Campos et al., 2005). 1. Achaean meta-sediments; 2. TTG complexes, with greenstone belts remnants and metasedimentary units; Late
Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic: 3. Paleoproterozoic Borrachudos granitoid suite; 4. Salinas Formation metavolcanic-sedimentary unit
(correlated to Dom Silv
erio Group); 5. Juiz de Fora Complex; 6. Rio Doce Group; 7. Granulite facies domain of Para
ıba do Sul Complex. Late
Neoproterozoic to Cambrian granitoid suites: 8. I-type G3-I; 9. S-type G3-S and G2 suite. Late Cambrian to Ordovician granitoid suites: 10. I-type
G5 (black dots in plutons with mafic cores); 11. High-amphibolite facies domain of Para
ıba do Sul Complex; 12. Phanerozoic covers; 13. Oblique
to strike-slip faults or ductile shear zones; 14. Thrust and detachment faults or ductile shear zones. VNPeVenda Nova Pluton. Cities: GV e
Governador Valadares, PN e Ponte Nova. B: Simplified tectonic map of Brazil (after Almeida et al., 1973). 1. Phanerozoic basins; 2. Bambu
ı
Group; 3. Neoproterozoic orogens; 4. Cratons (A e Amazon, B e S~ao Luis, C e S~ao Francisco, D e Luis Alves, E e Rio de la Plata).
 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800
several bodies of magmatic charnockites associated with those
containing primary hydrous assemblages are known.
The Venda Nova Pluton (Fig. 2), although not yet dated, may
be correlated to post-orogenic plutonic structures with a char-
nockitic outer ring. Other examples of the same supersuite are
Mimoso do Sul (490 Ma, U-Pb in zircons; S€ollner et al., 2000) and
V
arzea Alegre (500 Ma, U-Pb in zircons; Mendes et al., 2005).
The internal core of the Venda Nova Pluton (VNP) consists of
high-K calc-alkaline rocks, including gabbro-norites, monzodior-
ites and syeno-monzonites. This core intrudes rocks of an outer
ring: norite and charnockites. In this work we focus on the noritic
and charnockitic outer ring from the Venda Nova Pluton. New
mineral chemical data are presented and discussed together with
whole rock data from the literature. Intensive parameters, like
crystallization and re-equilibration temperatures, pressure and
oxygen fugacity estimations are then calculated and analyzed
comparatively. The goal of this work is to shed some light on the
conditions of formation of the charnockites and associated norite
of the border region (Fig. 2).
2. Geological setting
The Brazilian Atlantic Coast, between southern Bahia and the
southern Esp
ırito Santo States, consists of Neoproterozoic rocks
from the Araçuai Mobile Belt (e.g. Pedrosa-Soares and
Wiedemann-Leonardos, 2000; De Campos et al., 2005; Pedrosa
Soares et al., 2011), with predominant N-S structural trends.
South of 21 S the Araçuai Mobile Belt inflects from N-S to NE-
SW and is known as the Ribeira Belt (Almeida et al., 1973;
Fig. 1). This crustal section is part of Western Gondwana and
continues in Africa as the West-Congo Belt. A complex collision
between the S~ao Francisco Craton, now in Brazil, and the Congo/
Angolan Craton, now in Africa, drove the evolution of this belt.
Figure 2 Geological map of the Venda Nova Pluton (modified after Ludka et al., 1998; Mendes et al., 2002).
791
In the central-southern part of the Araçuai Belt, several
bodies of charnockites associated with those containing primary
hydrous assemblages crop out. From the opening of the
precursor basin to the last orogenic processes, this orogeny
lasted from the beginning of the Neoproterozoic (w1 Ga) up to
CambroeOrdovician times (w480 Ma) (e.g. Pedrosa Soares
et al., 2011). In the Esp
ırito Santo region, the core of this
orogeny is disclosed. It reveals several episodes of granite
generation: (a) subduction-related (w630e585 Ma); followed by
(b) syn-collisional (w585e560 Ma); (c) late collisional
(w560e530 Ma) and (d) post-collisional, represented by the G5
Supersuite (w530e480 Ma) (e.g. De Campos et al., 2005;
Pedrosa Soares et al., 2011). The last stage corresponds to the
relaxation of convergent forces, with subsequent probable
delamination of the lithospheric mantle. This process is coeval
with the intrusion of numerous granitic plutons of the G5
supersuite (for more details, see references in De Campos et al.,
2005; Pedrosa Soares et al., 2011). Some of those are surrounded
by noritic to charnockitic outer rings. These are normally
complexly zoned, and intruded high-grade amphibolite to gran-
ulite facies gneisses (Wiedemann et al., 2002). They clearly cut
and disturb the regional tectonic trend and, correspond to the last
regional magmatic episode in the region, preceding the Creta-
ceous rifting and opening of the South Atlantic Ocean.
3. Geology of the Venda Nova Pluton e a summary
The Venda Nova Pluton is an inversely zoned and almost perfectly
rounded structure cropping out in an area about 75 km2 (Fig. 2).
The almost circular horizontal section reveals a slightly westward
tilted cylinder-like intrusion (Wiedemann et al., 2002). The
internal core of the Venda Nova Pluton is off-centered and consists
of high-K calc-alkaline rocks, including alkali-gabbro and norite
792 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800
in the center, enveloped by syeno-monzonite, monzonite and
granite at the border. The presence of microgranular enclaves,
xenocrysts and pillow-like structures, at the contact between the
alkali-gabbro/norite and the syeno-monzonite is a strong field
evidence of mingling. Mixing is also evidenced by whole rock
geochemical data (Ludka et al., 1998). One of the most striking
geochemical features of the core intrusion is the enrichment in
incompatible elements such as Ba, Sr and REE (Ludka et al.,
1998).
A narrow (ca. 10 km2) and irregular ring of norite and char-
nockites encloses the core intrusion. The outermost western ring
consists of a continuous norite layer. Toward the center, different
discontinuous orthopyroxene (Opx)-bearing layers grade from
tonalitic, granodioritic, monzodioritic to dioritic compositions. In
this work they are summarized under charnockites (Fig. 2).
The charnockites have light green colors and are fine to medium-
grained, contrasting with the fine-grained and dark green colored
norite. They are normally isotropic and locally slightly foliated,
highlighting the igneous flow. In the charnockites syn-magmatic
ductile shear zones (cf. Marre, 1982) can be observed. These are
intruded by late pegmatitic veins. Rounded to lenticular micro-
granular mafic enclaves are found in the charnockites (Fig. 3).
Together with the presence of syn-intrusive dykes of norite, they
suggest a coeval emplacement. The contact region between the
outer ring and the core intrusion is poorly seen. Two small regions
have been mapped at the northern- and southernmost borders of the
intrusion (Fig. 2), which shows interlayering between the char-
nockites and the syeno-monzonite. At the contact finger-like
schlieren of syeno-monzonite occurs into the charnockite (Fig. 4),
denoting relatively low viscosity contrast, typical for this crustal
depth (De Campos et al., 2005).
4. Petrography
The norite presents color index ranging from 44% to 54%, and
intergranular to hypidiomorphic granular texture (Fig. 5A).
Corroded plagioclase phenocrysts are common in this lithotype.
Such features are clear signs of crystallization in disequilibrium.
The primary flow structure is locally marked by the parallel
orientation of plagioclase crystals. Strongly zoned plagioclase
crystals, with compositions ranging from An54 to An87, together
with orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, amphibole, magnetite,
ilmenite, pyrite, apatite, zircon and, seldom, biotite and quartz,
Figure 3 Outcrop sketch of charnockite (Charn.) showing micro-
granular enclaves (ME). The charnockite is crosscut by syn-intrusive
dykes of syeno-monzonite (Syeno).
Figure 4 Outcrop sketch of charnockite showing syeno-monzonite
(Syeno) schlieren containing K-feldspar (Fd) phenocrysts. Feldspar
crystals from the syeno-monzonite are further sparsely distributed in
the charnockite as partially corroded xenocrysts.
consist the common paragenesis of the norite. A sub-solidus subtle
ductile deformation is evidenced by wavy extinction of twin
lamellae and polygonal contacts. Although rich in hornblende, this
mineral phase is predominantly secondary, overgrowing pyrox-
enes (Fig. 5B). However, isolated crystals may show euhedral
shapes. Magnetite is another common secondary product from the
sub-solidus exsolution, after pyroxenes, and can also replace
ilmenite.
The charnockites rocks consist of orthopyroxene-tonalite,
orthopyroxene-quartz-diorite and orthopyroxene-granodiorite.
They are leucocratic, eventually mesocratic, medium-grained
with hypidiomorphic granular to porphyritic texture (Fig. 5C).
In this case, phenocrysts are prismatic, up to 1 cm plagioclase and,
rarely, pyroxene. The proportions of phenocrysts to groundmass
are up to 30%. When present, the flow structure is marked by the
orientation of both prismatic plagioclase and biotite blades.
Similar features of ductile deformation, such as, those described
for the norite, are also observed in the charnockites. In this case,
stronger signs of grain recovery and deformation have been
observed: (1) outstanding undulose extinction; (2) deformation
lamellae and grain boundary migration in quartz; (3) bending of
cleavage planes and twin lamellae in plagioclase; and (4) kinking
or folding in biotite crystals.
In the charnockites, plagioclase range in composition from
An30 to An45. Orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite,
alkali feldspar, quartz, ilmenite, magnetite, apatite and zircon are
the common paragenesis in this lithotype. At least two plagioclase
generations can be distinguished. Minor unaltered plagioclase
crystals, with or without well developed twining, contrast with
those larger, more altered, fractured and zoned, in which inclu-
sions of different minerals are hosted as poikilitic phenocrysts.
Orthopyroxene (Opx) and clinopyroxene (Cpx) are anhedral,
fractured and commonly replaced by biotite, amphibole and
chlorite (Fig. 5D). Local rims of clinopyroxene involving ortho-
pyroxene are evidence of the previous crystallization of the last
(Fig. 5D). Magmatic corrosion may be envisaged by the rounded
edges of pyroxene grains. As already described for the norite,
hornblende and, mainly, biotite, are also found locally as isolated
euhedral crystals, suggesting a primary magmatic generation. All
these mafic minerals are rich in inclusions of acicular apatite,
zircon and opaque minerals.
 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800 793

Figure 5 A: Intergranular to hypidiomorphic granular texture in the Venda Nova norite; B: Hornblende replaces pyroxene, from the border
toward crystal cores; C: Hypidiomorphic granular texture in the Venda Nova charnockite; D: A clinopyroxene rim involves orthopyroxene in the
Venda Nova charnockite. To the left of the picture, a hornblende crystal replaces pyroxene. Cpx e Clinopyroxene; Opx e Orthopyroxene; Hnb e
Hornblende; Plg e Plagioclase; Bt e Biotite; Kfd e K-feldspar.

Sub-solidus textures such as: amphibole and biotite replace-
ment of pyroxenes with associated exsolution of opaque phases,
are common in both the norite and charnockites, as well as
magnetite coronae around ilmenite. Occasional apatite-bearing
mafic aggregates up to 9 mm leads to the formation of a glomer-
oporphyritic texture in both rock types.
Magnetite grains consist over 97% of Fe3O4, with minor
amounts of TiO2, MgO, Al2O3, Cr2O3 and NiO (Table S8).
Ilmenite shows relatively low proportions of the FeTiO3 molecule,
with w(Fe2O3) values ranging from 4.4% to 20.7% (Table S7).

5. Mineral chemistry

Micro-probe analysis of pyroxenes, feldspars, amphibole, biotite,

ilmenite and magnetite was carried out at the University of S~ao
Paulo, using a JEOL Superprobe JXA-8600 with five spectrome-
ters. The accelerating voltage was 15 kV, the beam current around
20 nA and the counting time ranged from 5 to 10 s. Results are
presented in Tables S1eS8. They present representative analyses
of the analyzed mineral phases, with respective structural formula
and calculated end members.
In this section we will start presenting the data from the norite.
Orthopyroxene crystals may be zoned and vary in composition in the
following range: Wo0.812.37, En50.5759.58, Fs39.1647.63 (Table S1).
The compositional variation of the clinopyroxene is more restricted
than that of the orthopyroxene: Wo44.1248.97, En34.4439.34,
Fs14.6019.26 (Table S2 and Fig. 6). Amphibole compositions
(Table S3 and Fig. 7) mostly vary from Mg-hornblende to hastingsitic
Mg-hornblende. The compositional range of biotite in the norite is
more restricted, showing similar Mg/(MgþFe) ratios (Table S4). In
counterpart plagioclase crystals are zoned and range in composition Figure 6 Wo-En-Fs classification diagram for pyroxenes from
from An54 to An87 (Table S5). norite and charnockites of the Venda Nova Pluton.
794 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800

a larger Mg-Fe exchange than those detected in the norite (Tables

Figure 7 TSi-Mg/(MgþFe2þ) classification diagram for calcic
amphiboles from norite and charnockites from the Venda Nova Pluton.
In the charnockites the compositional variation of some
mineral phases is more restricted than in the norite. Orthopyrox-
ene compositions, for example, range in the interval Wo1.173.28,
En58.9464.62, Fs33.3439.62. On the other hand, clinopyroxene
consists of Wo44.0748.15, En29.1140.53 and Fs12.9324.48, denoting
S1 and S2). In the amphibole, the increase in the Fe-content
changes the main variation trend toward the pargasitic Fe-
hornblende field (Table S3 and Fig. 7). Plagioclase has equally
more restricted compositions, ranging from An30 to An45, as ex-
pected for intermediate and evolved rocks (Table S5). Alkali
feldspar ranges from Or87.9 to Or92.8 (Table S5). As for the norite,
compositional range of biotite in the charnockites is also
restricted, with lower Mg/(MgþFe) ratios (Table S4). Magnetites
are quite similar to those of the norite and, ilmenite grains have
higher FeTiO3-molecule contents and w(Fe2O3) values ranging
from 3.1% to 11.5% (Tables S7 and S8).
For better understanding the estimated temperatures to be
presented later in this section, it is important to note that, in the
charnockites, XMg values of the mafic phases are higher than in
norite. Small oscillations in the Ca:Fe:Mg ratios of pyroxenes may
also indicate a restricted solvus. They may be the result from sub-
solidus re-equilibration, magnetite exsolution and, therefore
increase in the total Mg-content of the phase.
This process is depicted in Fig. 6, where the compositional
variation of the pyroxenes is displayed along tie-lines, joining
coexisting ortho- and clinopyroxenes. Tie-lines mark possible
crystallization of pyroxene pairs in equilibrium with each other.
However, it is evident that, while those from the norite show
similar narrow compositions, the ones from the charnockites fall
along very contrasting compositions: one more enriched in En,
and therefore Mg, and the second enriched in Fs and, therefore Fe.
This strong Mg-enrichment in the charnockites is depicted by
higher XMg. In magmatic pyroxene pairs, the range of XMg ratios
of the orthopyroxene is smaller than in the clinopyroxene side of

Table 1 Major (wB%) and trace elements (ppm) selected analyses of norite and charnockites from the Venda Nova Pluton.
Samples Norite Charnockite
VN22 VN7 VN26 VN6 VN14 VN11 VN38 VN17 VN23 VN19 VN16 VN13 VN2 VN27 VN31
SiO2 42.41 43.84 44.95 46.45 46.57 48.88 54.46 55.24 56.77 57.43 59.06 61.13 65.17 66.24 67.12
TiO2 1.99 1.53 1.42 1.69 0.99 1.19 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.81 0.77 0.90 0.71 0.53 0.50
Al2O3 18.64 18.29 19.04 19.16 18.44 17.69 18.03 17.79 16.28 17.23 16.59 16.92 15.67 15.64 15.49
Fe2O3 15.38 13.66 12.21 13.37 10.91 12.97 8.57 8.79 8.84 8.15 7.50 7.15 6.77 5.21 4.81
MnO 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.21 0.18 0.22 0.21 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12
MgO 5.95 6.80 7.11 4.86 7.79 5.85 4.27 4.08 4.21 3.94 3.34 2.44 1.34 1.28 1.22
CaO 12.41 13.36 12.76 10.80 13.28 10.20 8.01 7.92 7.53 6.99 6.80 5.26 5.80 4.47 3.79
Na2O 1.21 0.67 1.04 2.25 0.66 1.56 3.67 3.36 3.02 3.29 3.06 3.72 2.73 3.96 3.88
K2O 0.29 0.11 0.22 0.28 0.13 0.43 1.00 0.66 0.96 0.96 1.59 1.43 0.76 1.35 1.85
P2O5 0.70 0.39 0.27 0.48 0.16 0.32 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.27 0.22 0.21 0.20
LOI 0.47 0.41 0.52 0.39 0.51 0.26 0.61 0.23 1.09 0.35 0.86 0.56 0.39 0.37 0.49
Total 99.69 99.27 99.73 99.94 99.62 99.57 99.94 99.33 99.97 99.49 99.89 99.92 99.69 99.38 99.47
Cr 19 22 19 11 24 33 41 38 42 41 26 20 29 71 60
Ni 14 29 21 18 22 23 41 33 34 31 28 20 18 41 31
V 290 377 330 278 292 240 202 188 189 165 154 113 46 55 46
Rb <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 19 17 26 26 62 37 20 34 50
Ba 64 35 53 159 62 284 436 338 428 554 445 883 196 849 679
Sr 475 439 419 554 391 453 561 557 495 513 436 371 533 358 315
Nb 9 6 8.10 12.2 6 9 16 9.5 9 10 9 11 11 14 10
Zr 57 39 71 149 38 139 144 113 125 126 121 210 377 196 158
Y 22 12 21 31 11 22 22 21 20 19 24 19 12 15 20
A/CNK 0.75 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.73 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.83 0.90 0.87 0.98 0.99 0.97 1.01
XMg 0.43 0.50 0.54 0.42 0.59 0.47 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.47 0.40 0.28 0.33 0.33
K/Rb e e e e e 356.8 436.7 322.1 306.4 306.4 212.8 320.7 315.3 329.4 307
Rb/Sr e e e e e 0.022 0.034 0.030 0.052 0.051 0.14 0.10 0.037 0.095 0.16
 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800 795

the quadrilateral. As a consequence, tie-lines will be projected to

the left of the diagram (Brown, 1961).
Compositions of the amphiboles from the Venda Nova Pluton
are displayed in Fig. 7, where one can observe similar composi-
tions for norite and charnockites, but with the last presenting
higher XMg values are comparable to those found in other calc-
alkaline suites (Czamanske et al., 1981). Their AlIV and AlVI
concentrations are considerably variable. As observed for the
pyroxenes and amphiboles, biotites of the charnockites are also
richer in Mg than the norite. They are both Ti-enriched and the
variation of their AlIV contents is one more similar. They have up
to 60% and 55% of the phlogopite molecule, respectively. The
total Al- and Ti-contents tend to reduce with increasing XFe.
Although the short compositional variation of amphibole and
biotite in the same sample do not permit to clear separate possible
primary and secondary crystals, as pointed out by the petrography,
the range of their compositions and, specially the Mg-enrichment
in the charnockites, may also be resultant from sub-solidus re-
equilibration, magnetite exsolution and, therefore increase in the
total Mg-content of the phase.
Figure 8 AFM-diagram for norite and charnockites from the Venda
6. Determination of intensive parameters Nova Pluton. Source of data: Mendes et al., 2002.

Using the data from Tables S1 and S2, we first calculated the
average igneous crystallization temperatures. The calibration
method followed that of Wood and Banno (1973). Pairs of
coexisting Opx-Cpx yielded average igneous crystallization
temperatures of 908  C for the norite and 958  C for the char-
nockites. Confirmation for these values has been additionally
obtained from calculations based on the geothermometer
proposed by Andersen et al. (1993). These yielded average
temperature values of 915
25  C for the norite and
967
50  C for the charnockites.
Sub-solidus temperatures were estimated from the magnetite-
ilmenite re-equilibration equation (Andersen et al., 1993; Frost
and Lindsley, 1992). Values range from 580 to 600  C. Such
temperatures are linked to logf(O2) of ca. 1975.84
65.86 kPa
for the norite and 1874.51
121.59 kPa for the charnockites. It
points toward reducing conditions, approximately 4 order of
magnitude (4 log units) below the FMQ buffer, for equal p and T
conditions.
Estimation of the pressure prevailing during the crystallization
of the Venda Nova charnockites was obtained by the Al-in-
hornblende geobarometer (Schmidt, 1992). Although the use of
this calibration is constrained by a particular mineral association,
this is exactly the one described and measured in the
studied charnockites: plagioclase-hornblende-biotite-quartz-sphene-
orthoclase-ilmenite. This way, we believe that the pressure esti-
mated for the crystallization of the Venda Nova Pluton varies from
5.5 to 6.0 kbar. These values correspond to depths of 18 to 20 km,
indicating deep crustal intrusion levels and further re-equilibration
of paragenesis under metamorphic conditions.

Table 2 REE analytical data (in ppm) for norite and charnockites from the Venda Nova Pluton.
Samples Charnockite Norite
VN27 VN13 VN16 VN19 VN23 VN17 VN38 VN6 VN26 VN7 VN22
La 18.47 16.06 19.21 3.68 29.09 16.44 18.98 8.44 11.18 8.71 18.15
Ce 39.27 35.12 45.44 8.17 69.90 39.23 40.95 23.12 29.41 22.13 49.89
Nd 17.03 16.62 21.22 3.16 30.13 19.44 18.85 15.40 18.14 13.33 28.95
Sm 3.19 3.37 4.26 0.64 5.24 3.62 3.60 3.64 4.05 2.94 5.51
Eu 0.88 0.99 0.93 0.17 1.13 0.94 0.88 1.06 1.02 0.89 1.54
Gd 2.73 2.65 3.36 0.47 3.77 2.71 2.80 3.06 3.03 2.39 3.91
Dy 2.84 2.16 3.65 0.54 3.95 2.78 2.41 2.70 2.59 2.22 2.91
Ho 0.57 0.40 0.76 0.10 0.80 0.55 0.46 0.49 0.48 0.43 0.55
Er 1.57 0.93 2.19 0.24 2.21 1.48 1.13 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.31
Yb 1.44 0.67 1.96 0.25 2.02 1.32 0.93 0.76 0.76 0.80 0.99
Lu 0.19 0.11 0.25 0.04 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.12
Total 88.18 79.08 103.23 17.46 148.49 88.69 91.11 59.82 71.83 54.99 113.83
(Ce/Yb)N 7.05 13.56 6.00 8.45 8.95 7.69 11.39 7.87 10.01 7.16 13.03
(Dy/Yb)N 1.28 2.09 1.21 1.40 1.27 1.37 1.68 2.31 2.21 1.80 1.91
(Eu/Eu*)N 0.89 0.98 0.73 0.91 0.74 0.88 0.82 0.95 0.85 1.00 0.97
SiO2 66.24 61.13 59.06 57.43 56.77 55.24 54.46 46.45 44.95 43.84 42.41
796 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800

7. Review of lithogeochemical data
Chemical data from norite and charnockites allow a separation
into two distinct suites: a tholeiitic and a medium-K calc-alkaline
(Mendes et al., 2002). Selected analyzes of major and trace
elements, including REE, are displayed in Tables 1 and 2. The
norites show a tholeiitic signature, with samples plotting as
clusters in different geochemical diagrams (e.g. Figs. 8 and 9).
This geochemical behavior was interpreted as a sign of the
cumulate nature of this rock unit (Mendes et al., 2002). Another
explanation could simply be the homogeneity of the original
magma batch. The noritic magma is enriched in total Fe, with high
Fe2 Ot3 and contrasting with relatively low MgO values (Fig. 9),
resulting in XMg varying from 0.41 to 0.59. w(SiO2) contents range
from 42.17% to 48.88% (Table 1).
The charnockites are intermediate to acid and define an
expanded calcic to calc-alkaline suite, with w(SiO2) contents
ranging from 54.46% to 67.12% (Figs. 8 and 9; Table 1). They
have a typical medium K, high Ca metaluminous nature (Fig. 10),
and according to the parameters considered by Frost et al. (2001)
they are calcic, magnesian type rocks (Fig. 11). The norites also
show Fe-enrichment, resulting in XMg values ranging from 0.28 to
0.49 (Table 1).
Both sequences show similar fractionated REE pattern, with
(Ce/Yb)N ratios ranging from 7.16 to 13.03 in the norite and 6.00
to 13.56 in the charnockites (Fig. 12). Total values are, however,

Figure 9 Harker-diagrams for norite and charnockites from the Venda Nova Pluton. Source of data: Mendes et al., 2002.
 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800 797

Figure 10 A/CNK-A/NK-diagram for norite and charnockites from

the Venda Nova Pluton. Source of data: Mendes et al., 2002.

not high, with La reaching up to 100 and 70 times the chondrite in

charnockites and norite, respectively. From the norite to the
charnockites, REE-patterns vary only slightly, with the develop-
ment of a discrete negative Eu-anomaly in only two samples
(tonalite and quartz-diorite). While Sm/Eu ratios increase toward
the more acidic rocks, there is a tendency of decrease in the total
REE- and Eu-contents.

Figure 12 REE-diagrams for the norite (A) and charnockites (B)

from the Venda Nova Pluton normalized to the chondrite (Boynton,
1984). Source of data: Mendes et al., 2002.

To explain this tendency, Ormaasen (1977) points out the

importance of the plagioclase fractionation in the differentiation
process. Oscillation in the total REE in calc-alkaline suites has
been generally attributed to fractional crystallization of basic
magmas and/or partial melt of mafic source (Condie et al., 1982;
Cullers and Graf, 1984). Since new experimental data also
revealed that, to the production of highly heterogeneous volumes
of melts, with depletion and enrichment of trace elements, espe-
cially the REE, may also be the result of chaotic magma mixing in
the system (Perugini et al., 2008), results presented here may just
represent the complexity of processes expected to be operating
during the mixing of magmas. This is due to the development
of chaotic advection/diffusion processes in the system (e.g.
De Campos et al., 2008, 2011; Perugini et al., 2008). Nevertheless,
low values of HREE in the studied rocks (Fig. 12) may be related
to residual garnet, even hornblende, in the magma source.
The summarized data reveal homogeneity of elemental distri-
bution (Fig. 13) and may depict an alternative major process, like
magma mixing and hybridization, followed by fractional crystal-
lization in this system.

8. Petrogenetic constraints and discussion

The studied rocks show unequivocal signs of primary magmatic

Figure 11 A: w(SiO2)-FeO/(FeOþMgO) and B: w(SiO2)- paragenesis characterized by orthopyroxene þ clinopyroxene þ
w(Na2OþK2OeCaO) diagrams. Charnockites from the Venda Nova plagioclase þ ilmenite
quartz
K-feldspar. This assemblage
Pluton plot in the calcic and magnesian fields in the diagrams proposed points toward anhydrous high temperature conditions. On the
by Frost et al. (2001). Source of data: Mendes et al., 2002. other hand, primary amphibole and, mainly, primary biotite is
798 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800
Figure 13 Spidergrams for the norite (A) and charnockites (B)
from the Venda Nova Pluton normalized to the N-MORB (Sun and
McDonough, 1989). Source of data: Mendes et al., 2002.
evidenced by petrographic observation and restricted mineral
chemistry. Thus, at pressures over 0.5 kbar, small percentages of
water dissolved in the magma may lead to phlogopite stabilization
(Wendlant, 1981). It is also known that, in late magmatic stage of
crystallization of charnockitic suites, H2O saturation levels may
increase (Martignole, 1979). Taking into account additional
experimental studies (Hewitt and Wones, 1984), the early crys-
tallization of phlogopite from anhydrous magmas is possible,
when the magma contains more than 0.2% of w(MgO), sufficient
K2O and minor water activity. When compared to the stability of
hornblende, biotite may equally crystallize under minor water
availability, if the K-availability in the system is high enough
(Nany, 1983). Calculated values for Kd(Fe-Mg) for biotite and
hornblende from Venda Nova charnockites are around 1.0. This is
close to the results obtained for other charnockites (Saxena, 1968)
and for granitoids (Mason, 1985). Such values suggest re-
equilibration in sub-solidus conditions and are in agreement
with our results from the magnetite-ilmenite geothermometry.
Crystallization temperatures estimated for pyroxenes pairs
range from 915  C (norite) to 960  C (charnockites). These may
be interpreted as local thermal constraints (low temperatures)
since sub-solidus re-equilibration was also reported in the system.
Our data are nevertheless in accordance with the temperature
range obtained from distinct lithotypes of the charnockitic series
around the world (Frost and Frost, 2008). Fe-Ti oxides provide an
additional low temperature re-equilibration calibrated at 580 to
600  C and, point toward oxygen fugacity values, 4 orders of
magnitude below the FMQ buffer. This result is consistent with
low proportions of the hematite molecule, which have been
measured and calculated in most analyzed ilmenite grains, sug-
gesting strong reduction conditions for the magmatic and post-
magmatic system.
Estimated values for the pressure (between 5.5 and 6.0 kbar)
are interpreted as final intrusion and crystallization depths.
A last, but not least, question to be addressed, concerns the
relation between the core intrusion and the norite and charnock-
ites, from the outer ring of the Venda Nova Pluton, focused in this
work. Previous geochemical studies from the younger inner
intrusion (e.g. Horn and Weber-Diefenbach, 1987; Ludka et al.,
1998) highlight the extremely high contents in incompatible
trace elements, such as Ba (>3000 ppm), Zr (>100 ppm), Sr
(>1000 ppm) and LREE, especially in olivine-gabbro. These,
together with additional isotopic data, are signs of an enriched
alkaline primitive parental magma. Furthermore, widespread
evidence of mixing and hybridization, between syeno-monzonites
and gabbros, are thought to be the source of intermediate rocks.
The mostly evolved rocks have even higher concentrations in
incompatible elements (>5000 ppm for Ba, >1000 ppm for Zr,
>1900 ppm for Sr).
When we compare these geochemical features with data ob-
tained from the outer intrusive ring (focus of this present work), it
does not seem possible to produce a depleted tholeiitic norite, or
even the medium-K calc-alkaline charnockites, from the same
parental magma as the one generating the younger olivine-
gabbros. More primitive rock types from the inner core intru-
sion, like the olivine-gabbros, contain incompatible elements
contents, which are several times the amount of the same
elements, measured for samples from the norite from the outer
ring (Ludka et al., 1998; Mendes et al., 2002). Although nowadays
cropping out in the same structure, both intrusions do not seem to
be related to the same parental batch.
9. Conclusions
The Venda Nova Pluton is an inversely zoned and almost perfectly
rounded structure, which intruded high grade to granulitic
gneisses of the Neoproterozoic Araçuai Belt, in Brazil, in a late
magmatic phase of the orogeny. The almost circular horizontal
section reveals a slightly westward tilted cylinder-like intrusion,
which point toward a plutonic root or conduit in the deep crust
(w20 km depth). The internal core of the Venda Nova Pluton is
off-centered and consists of high-K calc-alkaline to alkaline rocks,
including alkali-gabbro and norite, which are enveloped by syeno-
monzonite, monzonite and granite at the border. This internal and
younger magmatic system intrudes a narrow ring of norite and
charnockites, from an apparent earlier magmatic pulse.
When compared to other high-K charnockite bodies of the same
age and from the same Araçuai Belt (e.g. Padre Para
ıso and V
arzea
Alegre plutons in Mendes et al., 2005; Pedrosa Soares et al., 2011),
the charnockite suite from the Venda Nova Pluton presents
considerable textural and geochemical differences. Those are
mostly porphyritic, with feldspars phenocrysts up to 5 cm and
markedly enriched in LIL- and HFS-elements. Charnockites pre-
sented here are calcic, metaluminous and Mg-rich types, in accor-
dance with those parameters found in Frost et al. (2001). Differing
from the C (charnockitic)-type magma (Kilpatrick and Ellis, 1992),
these rocks are CaO-rich and are not enriched in incompatible
elements. Geochemical and mineralogical variations are in accor-
dance with a larger compositional range and comparable to recent
 J.C. Mendes, C.M.P. De Campos / Geoscience Frontiers 3(6) (2012) 789e800
data from charnockite series around the world (Frost and Frost,
2008).
Estimated crystallization temperatures, which have been
calculated from micro-probe analysis of pyroxenes, range from
915
25  C to 960
50  C. Re-equilibration temperature
(ilmenite-magnetite calibration) of around 600
50  C supports
oxygen fugacities four order of magnitude below the FMQ-buffer,
suggesting strong reduction conditions for the magmatic and post-
magmatic system. Coeval pressure conditions estimated from the
Al-content in hornblende range from 5.5
0.6 kbar, which
correspond to depths of 18 to 20 km. The deeper crustal depth of
the Venda Nova Pluton intrusion may be an explanation for the
extreme f(O2) values obtained in this work, when compared to
those from the literature (Frost and Frost, 2008).
The calculated pressure is here interpreted as corresponding to
the final intrusion and crystallization depths. They contrast with
those estimated for high-grade gneissic rocks from the same region
(8.0 to 10 kbar: values from Fritzer, 1991; Geiger, 1993;
Seidensticker and Wiedemann, 1993). The estimation from the
present work is, however, in accordance with those obtained for
other plutons from the same Supersuite G5 in the region and with
those obtained from retrometamorphic reactions (e.g. Pedrosa
Soares et al., 2011). They support the interpretation that the
Venda Nova Pluton could be indeed the root of a plutonic structure
(Wiedemann et al., 2002; De Campos et al., 2005).
Previous modeling of whole rock data (Mendes et al., 2002;
major, minor and rare earth elements), together with mineral
chemistry and comparison of Kd values from the literature, support
the idea that the evolution of charnockites from Venda Nova was
mainly driven by fractional crystallization from a calc-alkaline
magma. The most evolved rocks can be obtained from the frac-
tional crystallization from an intermediate calc-alkaline magma
batch, by differential extractions of Opx, Cpx, plagioclase and
ilmenite (Mendes et al., 2002). The calculated proportions were:
around 22% Opx, 11% Cpx, 62% plagioclase and 5% ilmenite,
when taking into account around 32% of crystallization from the
source melt. However, this modeling and related conclusions do
not take into account the behavior of the REE in the previous
sections of this work. Further geochemical modeling is needed in
order to solve this question.
At the moment we may consider two hypotheses: (1) the
charnockites evolved from the fractional crystallization of calc-
alkaline anhydrous mantle magma trapped at the base of the
crust; (2) the charnockites evolved from the fractional crystalli-
zation of a tholeiitic magma trapped at the base of the crust. For
the second case, the high temperature of the noritic magma
induces partial melting of the crust. Both batches mix and
hybridize to generate a calc-alkaline batch, which is then further
fractionated. Considering the geochemical signature of the
studied rocks, the most primitive magma was probably extracted
from a normal or depleted mantle. Concerning the melt source,
low HREE contents may suggest the presence of garnet as
a residual mineral for the probable mantle source. The main
fractionated minerals were then, in decreasing proportion:
plagioclase, Opx, Cpx and ilmenite. Initial magma mixing due to
induced crustal melt is therefore a probable scenario. If, on the
one hand, high anorthite contents, in the plagioclase of the norite,
may reinforce the cumulate nature of this rock, the range of
compositions presented in this work can also be interpreted as
clear signs of crystallization in disequilibrium. Additional
evidence of disequilibrium textures are Cpx-rims involving Opx,
magmatic corrosion of pyroxene grains and inclusions of acicular
799
apatite and zircon in pyroxenes. The assemblage of such features
can be, therefore, further signs of mixing between contrasting
magmas: a mantle-derived tholeiitic magma with melts generated
at the base of the crust. At least some of the chemical disequi-
librium may equally be related to late to post-magmatic (sub-
solidus) stages. This is evidenced by re-equilibrium temperatures
and secondary mineral associations.
Results from this work, although preliminary, point toward the
uniqueness and importance of the Venda Nova Pluton. This
structure can be a key, for unraveling the delamination and
mantle-crust interaction process at the end stage of the orogenic
evolution, in the Araçuai Belt. Further detailed work in this area
will certainly bring new light to the open questions.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Isabel P. Ludka and Silvia R.
de Medeiros for valuable discussion during field and lab work.
Geoff Grantham and an unknown reviewer greatly helped
improving a first version of this work and, we also thank them.
Special thanks to Dr. Rajesh Hariharan for further useful
suggestions and careful review of the manuscript. This work was
supported by the following universities: UFRJ (Federal University
of Rio de Janeiro) and LMU (Ludwig Maximillians University in
Munich, Germany) and several bilateral research projects.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data related to this article can be found online at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2012.05.009.
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