4/4/2019 Amazon Web Services - Wikipedia

Amazon Web Services

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-
Amazon Web Services, Inc.
demand cloud computing platforms to individuals, companies and
governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. In aggregate, these cloud
computing web services provide a set of primitive, abstract technical
infrastructure and distributed computing building blocks and tools. One of
these services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, which allows users to have at
their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, available all the time, through the
Type of site Subsidiary
Internet. AWS's version of virtual computers emulate most of the attributes of
Key people Andy Jassy (CEO)[1]
a real computer including hardware (CPU(s) & GPU(s) for processing,
local/RAM memory, hard-disk/SSD storage); a choice of operating systems; Industry Web service, cloud
networking; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers, computing
databases, CRM, etc. Revenue $25.6 billion
(2018)[2]
The AWS technology is implemented at server farms throughout the world,
Operating $7.2 billion
and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary. Fees are based on a combination of
income (2018)[3]
usage, the hardware/OS/software/networking features chosen by the
subscriber, required availability, redundancy, security, and service options. Parent Amazon
Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS computer, a dedicated physical Subsidiaries Annapurna Labs
computer, or clusters of either. As part of the subscription agreement,[6] AWS Elemental
Amazon provides security for subscribers' system. AWS operates from many
Website aws.amazon.com (htt
global geographical regions including 6 in North America.[7]
ps://aws.amazon.co
In 2017, AWS comprised more than 90 services spanning a wide range m/)
including computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application Launched March 2006[4][5]
services, deployment, management, mobile, developer tools, and tools for the
Internet of Things. The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service
(S3). Most services are not exposed directly to end users, but instead offer functionality through APIs for developers to use
in their applications. Amazon Web Services' offerings are accessed over HTTP, using the REST architectural style and
SOAP protocol.

Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than
building an actual physical server farm.[8] All services are billed based on usage, but each service measures usage in
varying ways. As of 2017, AWS owns a dominant 34% of all cloud (IaaS, PaaS) while the next three competitors Microsoft,
Google, and IBM have 11%, 8%, 6% respectively according to Synergy Group.[9][10]

Contents
History
Growth and profitability
Customer base
Significant service outages

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Availability and topology

Pop-up lofts
Charitable work
Key people
See also
References
External links

History
The AWS platform was launched in July 2002. [5] In its early stages, the
platform consisted of only a few disparate tools and services. Then in late
2003, the AWS concept was publicly reformulated when Chris Pinkham and
Benjamin Black presented a paper describing a vision for Amazon's retail
computing infrastructure that was completely standardized, completely
automated, and would rely extensively on web services for services such as
storage and would draw on internal work already underway. Near the end of
their paper, they mentioned the possibility of selling access to virtual servers as
AWS Summit 2013 event in NYC.
a service, proposing the company could generate revenue from the new
infrastructure investment.[11] In November 2004, the first AWS service
launched for public usage: Simple Queue Service (SQS).[12] Thereafter Pinkham and lead developer Christopher Brown
developed the Amazon EC2 service, with a team in Cape Town, South Africa.[13]

Amazon Web Services was officially re-launched on March 14, 2006,[5] combining the three initial service offerings of
Amazon S3 cloud storage, SQS, and EC2. The AWS platform finally provided an integrated suite of core online services, as
Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black had proposed back in 2003,[11] as a service offered to other developers, web sites,
client-side applications, and companies.[4] Andy Jassy, AWS founder and vice president in 2006, said at the time that
Amazon S3 (one of the first and most scalable elements of AWS) "helps free developers from worrying about where they
are going to store data, whether it will be safe and secure, if it will be available when they need it, the costs associated with
server maintenance, or whether they have enough storage available. Amazon S3 enables developers to focus on innovating
with data, rather than figuring out how to store it.".[5] In 2016 Jassy was promoted to CEO of the division.[14] Reflecting
the success of AWS, his annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly $36 million.[15]

To support industry-wide training and skills standardization, AWS began offering a certification program for computer
engineers, on April 30, 2013, to highlight expertise in cloud computing.[16]

James Hamilton, an AWS engineer, wrote a retrospective article in 2016 to highlight the ten-year history of the online
service from 2006 to 2016. As an early fan and outspoken proponent of the technology, he had joined the AWS
engineering team in 2008.[17]

In 2016 AWS partnered with Digital Currency Group to create a laboratory environment allowing companies to
experiment with blockchain technologies.[18]

In January 2018, Amazon launched an autoscaling service on AWS.[19][20]

In November 2018, AWS announced customized ARM cores for use in its servers. [21] Also in November 2018, AWS is
developing ground stations to communicate with customer's satellites. [22]

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Growth and profitability

In November 2010, it was reported that all of Amazon.com's retail sites had migrated to AWS.[23] Prior to 2012, AWS was
considered a part of Amazon.com and so its revenue was not delineated in Amazon financial statements. In that year
industry watchers for the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over $1.5 billion.[24]

In April 2015, Amazon.com reported AWS was profitable, with sales of $1.57 billion in the first quarter of the year and
$265 million of operating income. Founder Jeff Bezos described it as a fast-growing $5 billion business; analysts described
it as "surprisingly more profitable than forecast".[25] In October 2015, Amazon.com said in its Q3 earnings report that
AWS's operating income was $521 million, with operating margins at 25 percent. AWS's 2015 Q3 revenue was $2.1 billion,
a 78% increase from 2014's Q3 revenue of $1.17 billion.[26] 2015 Q4 revenue for the AWS segment increased 69.5% y/y to
$2.4 billion with 28.5% operating margin, giving AWS a $9.6 billion run rate. In 2015, Gartner estimated that AWS
customers are deploying 10x more infrastructure on AWS than the combined adoption of the next 14 providers.[27]

In 2016 Q1, revenue was $2.57 billion with net income of $604 million, a 64% increase over 2015 Q1 that resulted in AWS
being more profitable than Amazon's North American retail business for the first time.[28] In the first quarter of 2016,
Amazon experienced a 42% rise in stock value as a result of increased earnings, of which AWS contributed 56% to
corporate profits.[29]

AWS had $17.46 billion in annual revenue in 2017.[30] By end of 2018 the number had grown to $25.65 billion[31]

Customer base
On March 14, 2006, Amazon said in a press release:[5] "More than 150,000 developers have signed up to use
Amazon Web Services since its inception."
In November 2012, AWS hosted its first customer event in Las Vegas.[32]
On May 13, 2013, AWS was awarded an Agency Authority to Operate (ATO) from the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services under the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program.[33]
In October 2013, it was revealed that AWS was awarded a $600M contract with the CIA.[34]
During August 2014, AWS received Department of Defense-Wide provisional authorization for all U.S. Regions.[35]
During the 2015 re:Invent keynote, AWS disclosed that they have more than a million active customers every month
in 190 countries, including nearly 2,000 government agencies, 5,000 education institutions and more than 17,500
nonprofits.
On April 5, 2017, AWS and DXC Technology (formed from a merger of CSC and HPE) announced an expanded
alliance to increase access of AWS features for enterprise clients in existing data centers.[36]
Notable customers include NASA,[37] the Obama presidential campaign of 2012,[38] and Netflix.[39]

In 2019 it was reported that more than 80 % of Germany's listet DAX companies use AWS.[40]

Significant service outages

On April 20, 2011, AWS suffered a major outage. Parts of the Elastic Block Store (EBS) service became "stuck" and
could not fulfill read/write requests. It took at least two days for service to be fully restored.[41]
On June 29, 2012, several websites that rely on Amazon Web Services were taken offline due to a severe storm in
Northern Virginia, where AWS' largest data center cluster is located.[42]
On October 22, 2012, a major outage occurred, affecting many sites such as Reddit, Foursquare, Pinterest, and
others. The cause was a memory leak bug in an operational data collection agent.[43]
On December 24, 2012, AWS suffered another outage causing websites such as Netflix to be unavailable for
customers in the Northeastern United States.[44] AWS cited their Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) service as the
cause.[45]

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On February 28, 2017, AWS experienced a massive outage of S3 services in its Northern Virginia region. A majority
of websites which relied on AWS S3 either hung or stalled, and Amazon reported within five hours that AWS was fully
online again.[46] No data has been reported to have been lost due to the outage. The outage was caused by a human
error made while debugging, that resulted in removing more server capacity than intended, which caused a domino
effect of outages.[47]

Availability and topology

As of 2017, AWS has distinct operations in 17 geographical "regions":[7] 6 in
North America, 1 in South America, 4 in EMEA, and 6 in Asia Pacific.

AWS has announced 6 new regions that will be coming online in China,
Bahrain, France, Hong Kong, Sweden, and in the US-East region for
government usage.[7]

Each region is wholly contained within a single country and all of its data and
services stay within the designated region.[6] Each region has multiple
"Availability Zones",[48] which consist of one or more discrete data centers,
each with redundant power, networking and connectivity, housed in separate
facilities. Availability Zones do not automatically provide additional scalability
or redundancy within a region, since they are intentionally isolated from each Map showing Amazon Web
Services' availability zones within
other to prevent outages from spreading between Zones. Several services can
geographic regions around the
operate across Availability Zones (e.g., S3, DynamoDB) while others can be
world as of September 2017.
configured to replicate across Zones to spread demand and avoid downtime
from failures.

As of December 2014, Amazon Web Services operated an estimated 1.4 million

servers across 28 availability zones.[49] The global network of AWS Edge
locations consists of 54 points of presence worldwide, including locations in
the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America.[50]

In 2014, AWS claimed its aim was to achieve 100% renewable energy usage in
the future.[51] In the United States, AWS's partnerships with renewable energy
providers include Community Energy of Virginia, to support the US East Amazon Web Services in Kenya
region;[52] Pattern Development, in January 2015, to construct and operate (2017).
Amazon Wind Farm Fowler Ridge; [53] Iberdrola Renewables, LLC, in July
2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US East; EDP Renewables
North America, in November 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US Central;[54] and Tesla Motors, to
apply battery storage technology to address power needs in the US West (Northern California) region.[52]

Pop-up lofts
AWS also has "pop-up lofts" in different locations around the world.[55] These market AWS to entrepreneurs and startups
in different tech industries in a physical location. Visitors can work or relax inside the loft, or learn more about what they
can do with AWS. In June 2014, AWS opened their first temporary pop-up loft in San Francisco.[56] In May 2015 they
expanded to New York City,[57][58] and in September 2015 expanded to Berlin.[59] AWS opened their fourth location, in
Tel Aviv from March 1, 2016 to March 22, 2016.[60] A pop-up loft was open in London from September 10 to October 29,
2015.[61]

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Charitable work
In 2017, AWS launched a program in the United Kingdom to help young adults and military veterans retrain in
technology-related skills. In partnership with the Prince's Trust and the Ministry of Defence (MoD), AWS will help to
provide re-training opportunities for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and former soldiers. AWS is working
alongside a number of partner companies including Cloudreach, Sage, EDF Energy and Tesco Bank.[62]

Key people
Andrew Jassy (CEO)[15]
Werner Vogels (CTO, VP)

See also
Cloud computing comparison
Comparison of file hosting services
Category:Amazon Web Services

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External links
Official website (http://aws.amazon.com/)

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