INTRODUCTION

The main importance of this project is to make each and every vehicle smart for the "smart
city". We implemented using PIC microcontroller and RF Module.

To drive a vehicle the rules should be followed correctly and efficiently by the drivers but in
some cases we fail to follow. To stop these problems we made “a smart vehicle " system. It helps
to drive the vehicle according to the rules system. The engine will start only if we wore the seat
belt. Using the RF module speed of the vehicle is controlled at the speed break areas, school
zones and horn sound is also controlled in hospital zone. . Nowadays people are driving very fast;
we lost our valuable life by making small mistake while driving (school zone, hills area, and
highways). So in order to avoid such kind of accidents and to alert the drivers and to control their
vehicle speed in such kind of places the highway department have placed the signboards.

The project focused in designing a system which can provide the high security monitoring and
controlling for particular busy zones with wireless communication. This system automatically
controls the vehicle speed at particular. Whenever the RF receiver receives signals from RF
transmitter which is placed at the school zone then it sends the information to the
microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that it gives a beep sound
indicating that the vehicle has entered the school zone and then the vehicle speed is reduced
based on the zone and accident will be prevents in the school and hospital zones.

2.BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 RF receiver

PIC16F877A

Buzzer

Relay Motor 1

Relay Motor 2

Driver 2003
Relay Horn

FIGURE 1:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMART VEHICLE

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCREPTION

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This ‘Smart Zone Sensing System with Automatic Control’ system works like
this. Each monitoring zones are fitted with RF Transmitter units with unique
Identity Code. All the vehicles must be fitted with RF Receiver and respective
circuitry on their vehicle’s number plate. Display will be fitted on the dash
board for visual representation of the alert messages sent by respective zone
Transmitters.

When vehicle with 70 Kmph speed enters the school zone, it receives the alert
message”School Zone, Please go slowly. Speed limit it 30 KiloMeterPerHour”.
Also receiver checks the speed limit of the vehicle and found above 30 kmph
then reduces it until crosses the School Zone area.

When the same vehicle enters the Hospital Zone, it receives the alert message
“Hospital Zone, Please do not blow Horn”, and reduces the supply voltage to
minimum level such that horn should blow in low pitch.

3 HARDWARE SECTION
3.1PIC MICROCONTROLLER

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 PIC microcontroller

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology,

derived from the PIC1640. Originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics
Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Programmable Interface Controller".

PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide
availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or
free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory)
capability.

Microchip announced on February 2008 the shipment of its six billionth PIC processor.

Core architecture

The PIC architecture is characterized by the following features:

 Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture) for devices other than PIC32, which has a
Von Neumann architecture.
 A small number of fixed length instructions
 Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles), with one delay cycle on branches
and skips
 One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the
opcode)
 All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and other
functions.
 A hardware stack for storing return addresses
 A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes), extended through banking
 Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers

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 The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to implement
indirect jumps).

There is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM serves the
job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or
simply as the registers.

Data space (RAM)

PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose RAM. Special purpose control
registers for on-chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The addressability
of memory varies depending on device series, and all PIC devices have some banking
mechanism to extend addressing to additional memory. Later series of devices feature move
instructions which can cover the whole addressable space, independent of the selected bank. In
earlier devices, any register move had to be achieved via the accumulator.

To implement indirect addressing, a "file select register" (FSR) and "indirect register" (INDF)
are used. A register number is written to the FSR, after which reads from or writes to INDF will
actually be to or from the register pointed to by FSR. Later devices extended this concept with
post- and pre- increment/decrement for greater efficiency in accessing sequentially stored data.
This also allows FSR to be treated almost like a stack pointer (SP).

External data memory is not directly addressable except in some high pin count PIC18 devices.

Code space

The code space is generally implemented as ROM, EPROM or flash ROM. In general, external
code memory is not directly addressable due to the lack of an external memory interface. The
exceptions are PIC17 and select high pin count PIC18 devices.

Word size

The word size of PICs can be a source of confusion. All PICs handle (and address) data in 8-bit
chunks, so they should be called 8-bit microcontrollers. However, the unit of addressability of

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the code space is not generally the same as the data space. For example, PICs in the baseline and
mid-range families have program memory addressable in the same wordsize as the instruction
width, i.e. 12 or 14 bits respectively. In contrast, in the PIC18 series, the program memory is
addressed in 8-bit increments (bytes), which differs from the instruction width of 16 bits.

In order to be clear, the program memory capacity is usually stated in number of (single word)
instructions, rather than in bytes.

Stacks

PICs have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware stack is
not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 18 series devices.

Hardware support for a general purpose parameter stack was lacking in early series, but this
greatly improved in the 18 series, making the 18 series architecture more friendly to high level
language compilers.

Instruction set

A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the low-end PICs to over 80 instructions
for the high-end PICs. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety of operations
on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as
well as for conditional execution, and program branching.

Some operations, such as bit setting and testing, can be performed on any numbered register, but
bi-operand arithmetic operations always involve W (the accumulator) ; writing the result back to
either W or the other operand register. To load a constant, it is necessary to load it into W before
it can be moved into another register. On the older cores, all register moves needed to pass
through W, but this changed on the "high end" cores.

PIC cores have skip instructions which are used for conditional execution and branching. The
skip instructions are: 'skip if bit set', and, 'skip if bit not set'. Because cores before PIC18 had
only unconditional branch instructions, conditional jumps are implemented by a conditional skip

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 (with the opposite condition) followed by an unconditional branch. Skips are also of utility for
conditional execution of any immediate single following instruction.

The PIC architecture has no (or very meager) hardware support for automatically saving
processor state when servicing interrupts. The 18 series improved this situation by implementing
shadow registers which save several important registers during an interrupt.

In general, PIC instructions fall into 5 classes:

1. Operation on W with 8-bit immediate ("literal") operand. E.g. movlw (move literal to W), andlw
(AND literal with W). One instruction peculiar to the PIC is retlw, load immediate into W and
return, which is used with computed branches to produce lookup tables.
2. Operation with W and indexed register. The result can be written to either the W register (e.g.
addwf reg,w). or the selected register (e.g. addwf reg,f).
3. Bit operations. These take a register number and a bit number, and perform one of 4 actions: set
or clear a bit, and test and skip on set/clear. The latter are used to perform conditional branches.
The usual ALU status flags are available in a numbered register so operations such as "branch on
carry clear" are possible.
4. Control transfers. Other than the skip instructions previously mentioned, there are only two: goto
and call.
5. A few miscellaneous zero-operand instructions, such as return from subroutine, and sleep to
enter low-power mode.

Performance

The architectural decisions are directed at the maximization of speed-to-cost ratio. The PIC
architecture was among the first scalar CPU designs,[citation needed] and is still among the simplest
and cheapest. The Harvard architecture—in which instructions and data come from separate
sources—simplifies timing and microcircuit design greatly, and this benefits clock speed, price,
and power consumption.

The PIC instruction set is suited to implementation of fast lookup tables in the program space.
Such lookups take one instruction and two instruction cycles. Many functions can be modelled in

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 this way. Optimization is facilitated by the relatively large program space of the PIC (e.g. 4096 x
14-bit words on the 16F690) and by the design of the instruction set, which allows for embedded
constants. For example, a branch instruction's target may be indexed by W, and execute a
"RETLW" which does as it is named - return with literal in W.

Execution time can be accurately estimated by multiplying the number of instructions by two
cycles; this simplifies design of real-time code. Similarly, interrupt latency is constant at three
instruction cycles. External interrupts have to be synchronized with the four clock instruction
cycle, otherwise there can be a one instruction cycle jitter. Internal interrupts are already
synchronized. The constant interrupt latency allows PICs to achieve interrupt driven low jitter
timing sequences. An example of this is a video sync pulse generator.

Limits

The PIC architectures have several limits:

 Only one accumulator

 A small instruction set
 Operations and registers are not orthogonal; some instructions can address RAM and/or
immediate constants, while others can only use the accumulator
 Memory must be directly referenced in arithmetic and logic operations, although indirect
addressing is available via 2 additional registers
 Register-bank switching is required to access the entire RAM of many devices

The following limitations have been addressed in the PIC18, but still apply to earlier cores:

 Conditional skip instructions are used instead of conditional jump instructions used by most
other architectures
 Indexed addressing mode is very rudimentary
 Stack:
o The hardware call stack is so small that program structure must often be flattened
o The hardware call stack is not addressable, so pre-emptive task switching cannot be implemented

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o Software-implemented stacks are not efficient, so it is difficult to generate reentrant code and
support local variables
 Program memory is not directly addressable, and thus space-inefficient and/or time-consuming
to access. (This is true of most Harvard architecture microcontrollers.)

With paged program memory, there are two page sizes to worry about: one for CALL and
GOTO and another for computed GOTO (typically used for table lookups). For example, on
PIC16, CALL and GOTO have 11 bits of addressing, so the page size is 2048 instruction words.
For computed GOTOs, where you add to PCL, the page size is 256 instruction words. In both
cases, the upper address bits are provided by the PCLATH register. This register must be
changed every time control transfers between pages. PCLATH must also be preserved by any
interrupt handler.

Compiler development

These properties have made it difficult to develop compilers that target PIC microcontrollers.
While several commercial compilers are available, in 2008, Microchip finally released their C
compilers, C18 and C30, for their line of 18f 24f and 30/33f processors. By contrast, Atmel's
AVR microcontrollers—which are competitive with PIC in terms of hardware capabilities and
price, but feature a more traditional instruction set—have long been supported by the GNU C
Compiler.

Also, because of these properties, PIC assembly language code can be difficult to comprehend.
Judicious use of simple macros can make PIC assembly language much more palatable, but at
the cost of a reduction in performance. For example, the original Parallax PIC assembler
("SPASM") has macros which hide W and make the PIC look like a two-address machine. It has
macro instructions like "mov b, a" (move the data from address a to address b) and "add b, a"
(add data from address a to data in address b). It also hides the skip instructions by providing
three operand branch macro instructions such as "cjne a, b, dest" (compare a with b and jump to
dest if they are not equal).

Family core architectural differences

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Baseline core devices

These devices feature a 12-bit wide code memory, a 32-byte register file, and a tiny two level
deep call stack. They are represented by the PIC10 series, as well as by some PIC12 and PIC16
devices. Baseline devices are available in 6-pin to 40-pin packages.

Generally the first 7 to 9 bytes of the register file are special-purpose registers, and the remaining
bytes are general purpose RAM. If banked RAM is implemented, the bank number is selected by
the high 3 bits of the FSR. This affects register numbers 16–31; registers 0–15 are global and not
affected by the bank select bits.

The ROM address space is 512 words (12 bits each), which may be extended to 2048 words by
banking. CALL and GOTO instructions specify the low 9 bits of the new code location;
additional high-order bits are taken from the status register. Note that a CALL instruction only
includes 8 bits of address, and may only specify addresses in the first half of each 512-word
page.

The instruction set is as follows. Register numbers are referred to as "f", while constants are
referred to as "k". Bit numbers (0–7) are selected by "b". The "d" bit selects the destination: 0
indicates W, while 1 indicates that the result is written back to source register f.

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PIN out Diagram

FIGURE 2: PIN OUT DIAGRAM OF PIC MICROCONTROLLER

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3.2RF MODULE

Receiver Module

It is an ideal for short-range remote control applications where cost is a primary concern.
The receiver module requires no external RF components except for the antenna. It generates
virtually no emissions, making FCC and ETSI approvals easy. The super-regenerative design
exhibits exceptional sensitivity at a very low cost.

PIN DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 3:PIN DIAGRAM OF RF RECEIVER MODULE

PIN DESCRIPTION:

ANT:

Antenna input.

GND:

Receiver Ground. Connect to ground plane.

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VCC (5V):

VCC pins are electrically connected and provide operating voltage for the Receiver. VCC
can be applied to either or both. VCC should be bypassed with a .1μF ceramic capacitor. Noise
on the power supply will degrade receiver sensitivity.

DATA:

Digital data output. This output is capable of driving one TTL or CMOS load. It is a
CMOS compatible output.

Operation:

Super-Regenerative AM Detection:

The RF Receiver module uses a super-regenerative AM detector to demodulate the

incoming AM carrier. A super regenerative detector is a gain stage with positive feedback
greater than unity so that it oscillates. An RC-time constant is included in the gain stage so that
when the gain stage oscillates, the gain will be lowered over time proportional to the RC time
constant until the oscillation eventually dies. When the oscillation dies, the current draw of the
gain stage decreases, charging the RC circuit, increasing the gain, and ultimately the oscillation
starts again. In this way, the oscillation of the gain stage is turned on and off at a rate set by the
RC time constant. This rate is chosen to be super-audible but much lower than the main
oscillation rate. Detection is accomplished by measuring the emitter current of the gain stage.
Any RF input signal at the frequency of the main oscillation will aid the main oscillation in
restarting. If the amplitude of the RF input increases, the main oscillation will stay on for a
longer period of time, and the emitter current will be higher. Therefore, we can detect the
original base-band signal by simply low-pass filtering the emitter current. The average emitter
current is not very linear as a function of the RF input level. It exhibits a 1/ln response because of
the exponentially rising nature of oscillator start-up. The steep slope of a logarithm near zero
results in high sensitivity to small input signals.

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Data Slicer

The data slicer converts the base-band analog signal from the super-regenerative detector
to a CMOS/TTL compatible output. Because the data slicer is AC coupled to the audio output,
there is a minimum data rate. AC coupling also limits the minimum and maximum pulse width.
Typically, data is encoded on the transmit side using pulse-width modulation (PWM) or non-
return-to-zero (NRZ).

The most common source for NRZ data is from a UART embedded in a micro-controller.
Applications that use NRZ data encoding typically involve microcontrollers. The most common
source for PWM data is from a remote control IC such as the HC-12E.

Data is sent as a constant rate square-wave. The duty cycle of that square wave will
generally be either 33% (a zero) or 66% (a one). The data slicer on the STR-433 is optimized for
use with PWM encoded data, though it will work with NRZ data if certain encoding rules are
followed.

Power Supply:

The STR-433 is designed to operate from a 5V power supply. It is crucial that this power
supply be very quiet. The power supply should be bypassed using a 0.1uF low-ESR ceramic
capacitor and a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. These capacitors should be placed as close to the
power pins as possible. The STR- 433 is designed for continuous duty operation. From the time
power is applied, it can take up to 750mSec for the data output to become valid.

Antenna Input:

It will support most antenna types, including printed antennas integrated directly onto the
PCB and simple single core wire of about 17cm. The performance of the different antennas

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varies. Any time a trace is longer than 1/8th the wavelength of the frequency it is carrying, it
should be a 50 ohm microstrip.

3.3. Transmitter Module

433 MHz RF Transmitter is an ideal for remote control applications where low cost
and longer range is required. The transmitter operates from a 1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for
battery-powered applications. The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring
accurate frequency control for best range performance. Output power and harmonic emissions
are easy to control, making FCC and ETSI compliance easy.

PIN DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 4: PIN DIAGRAM OF RFTRANSMITTER MODULE

PIN DESCRIPTION

ANT

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 50 ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power and harmonic
emissions. An L-C low-pass filter may be needed to sufficiently filter harmonic emissions.
Antenna can be single core wire of approximately 17cm length or PCB trace antenna.

VCC

Operating voltage for the transmitter. VCC should be bypassed with a .01uF ceramic
capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power supply will degrade
transmitter noise performance.

DATA

Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be driven with CMOS
level inputs.

GND

Transmitter ground. Connect to ground plane.

Operation

Theory

OOK (On off Keying) modulation is a binary form of amplitude modulation. When a
logical 0 (data line low) is being sent, the transmitter is off, fully suppressing the carrier. In this
state, the transmitter current is very low, less than 1mA. When a logical 1 is being sent, the
carrier is fully on. In this state, the module current consumption is at its highest, about 11mA
with a 3V power supply.

On-off keying (OOK) is a type of modulation that represents digital data as the presence
or absence of a carrier wave. In its simplest form, the presence of a carrier for a specific duration

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represents a binary one, while its absence for the same duration represents a binary zero. Some
more sophisticated schemes vary these durations to convey additional information.

OOK is the modulation method of choice for remote control applications where power
consumption and cost are the primary factors. Because OOK transmitters draw no power when
they transmit a 0, they exhibit significantly better power consumption than FSK transmitters.

OOK data rate is limited by the start-up time of the oscillator. High-Q oscillators which have
very stable center frequencies take longer to start-up than low-Q oscillators. The start-up time of
the oscillator determines the maximum data rate that the transmitter can send.

Data Rate

The oscillator start-up time is on the order of 40uSec, which limits the maximum data rate to 4.8
Kbit/sec

SAW stabilized oscillator

The transmitter is basically a negative resistance LC oscillator whose center frequency is tightly
controlled by a SAW resonator. SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) resonators are fundamental
frequency devices that resonate at frequencies much higher than crystals.

Features

 433.92 MHz Frequency

 Low Cost
 1.5-12V operation
 11mA current consumption at 3V
 Small size
 4 dBm output power at 3V

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Applications

 Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)

 Remote Lighting Controls
 On-Site Paging
 Asset Tracking
 Wireless Alarm and Security Systems
 Long Range RFID
 Automated Resource Management

3.4 ENCODER

An encoder can be a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or data into a
code. The code serves any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for
transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from
one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any
part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry.

ENCODER HT12E:
The HT12E encoder is a CMOS IC built especially for remote control system
applications. It is capable of encoding 8 bits of address (A0-A7) and 4 bits of data (AD8-AD11)
information. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states, 0 or 1. Grounding
the pins is taken as a 0 while a high can be given by giving +5V or leaving the pins open (no
connection). Upon reception of transmit enable (TE-active low), the programmed address/data
are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF medium.

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PIN DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 5: PIN DIAGRAM OF ENCODER

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PIN DESCRIPTION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6:CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ENCODER

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 ENCODER OPERATION FLOWCHAR

FIGURE 7: OPERATION FLOW CHART OF ENCODER

Encoder operation can be represented by a flowchart as shown in Fig .As an illustration

of the way the data is sent serially, if all the 8 address lines were left open (no connection) and
all 4 data lines were grounded, then the serial output would look like all open circuit address
lines will be read as logic high and all 4 data bits will be read as 0 since they were grounded.

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 3.5 DECODER

A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding
so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just
reversed in order to decode. In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-
input, multiple-output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs. Enable inputs
must be on for the decoder to function, otherwise its outputs assume a single "disabled" output
code word. Decoding is necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display
and memory address decoding.

HT12D:
The HT12D is a decoder IC made especially to pair with the HT12E encoder. It is a
CMOS IC made for remote control system application. The decoder is capable of decoding 8 bits
of address (A0-A7) and 4 bits of data (AD8-AD11) information. For proper operation, a pair of
encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The
decoders receive serial addresses and data from programmed encoders that are transmitted by a
carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three
times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input
data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to
indicate a valid transmission. The decoders are capable of decoding information that consists of
N bits of address and 12_N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8
address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is used to decode 12 bits of address information.

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PIN DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 8:PIN DIAGRAM OF DECODER

PIN DESCRIPTION:

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OPERATION FLOWCHART:
The oscillator is disabled in the standby state and activated when a logic
highsignal applies to the DIN pin. That is to say, the DIN should be kept low if there is no signal
input.


FIGURE 9: OPERATION FLOW CHART OF DECODER

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3.6 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current

flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field
which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil Circuit symbol for a relay
current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown
in the diagram.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be

completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage
battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains
circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay
between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically Relays

30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for
relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs
(chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually
used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum
output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils
directly without amplification.

Relays are usuallly SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for
example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.

The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief
high voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the
circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil.

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The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is
on.
 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is
off.

Choosing a relay

You need to consider several features when choosing a relay:

1. Physical size and pin arrangement

If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you will need to ensure that its
dimensions and pin arrangement are suitable. You should find this information in the
supplier's catalogue.

2. Coil voltage
The relay's coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit powering the
relay coil. Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but 5V and 24V relays are also
readily available. Some relays operate perfectly well with a supply voltage which is a
little lower than their rated value.
3. Coil resistance

The circuit must be able to supply the current required by the relay coil. You can
use Ohm's law to calculate the current:

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 supply voltage
Relay coil current =
coil resistance

For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400 Ohm passes a
current of 30mA. This is OK for a 555 timer IC (maximum output current 200mA), but it
is too much for most ICs and they will require a transistor to amplify the current.

4. Switch ratings(voltage and current)

The relay's switch contacts must be suitable for the circuit they are to control. You
will need to check the voltage and current ratings. Note that the voltage rating is usually
higher for AC, for example: "5A at 24V DC or 125V AC".

5. Switch contact arrangement(SPDT,DPDT etc)

Most relays are SPDT or DPDT which are often described as "single pole
changeover" (SPCO) or "double pole changeover" (DPCO).

Protection diodes for relays

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief

high voltage produced when a relay coil is switched
off. The diagram shows how a signal diode (eg
1N4148) is connected 'backwards' across the relay
coil to provide this protection.

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Current flowing through a relay coil creates a magnetic field which collapses suddenly when the
current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the magnetic field induces a brief high voltage
across the relay coil which is very likely to damage transistors and ICs. The protection diode
allows the induced voltage to drive a brief current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic
field dies away quickly rather than instantly. This prevents the induced voltage becoming high
enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs.

Relays and transistors compared

Like relays, transistors can be used as an electrically operated switch. For switching small DC
currents (< 1A) at low voltage they are usually a better choice than a relay. However, transistors
cannot switch AC (such as mains electricity) and in simple circuits they are not usually a good
choice for switching large currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a
low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil! The main
advantages and disadvantages of relays are listed below:

RELAY PCB LAYOUT

FIGURE 10:PCB LAYOUT OF RELAY

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3.7BATTERY

Battery Cells
Battery Cells are the most basic individual component of a battery. They consist of
a container in which the electrolyte and the lead plates can interact. Each lead-acid cell fluctuates
in voltage from about 2.12 Volts when full to about 1.75 volts when empty. Note the small
voltage difference between a full and an empty cell (another advantage of lead-acid batteries
over rival chemistries).

Lead acid battery

A lead-acid battery is an electrical storage device that uses a reversible chemical reaction to store
energy. It uses a combination of lead plates or grids and an electrolyte consisting of a diluted
sulphuric acid to convert electrical energy into potential chemical energy and back again. The
electrolyte of lead-acid batteries is hazardous to your health and may produce burns and other
permanent damage if you come into contact with it.

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Characteristics
Lead acid batteries were invented in 1859 by Gaston Planté and first demonstrated to the French
Academy of Sciences in 1860. They remain the technology of choice for automotive SLI
(Starting, Lighting and Ignition) applications because they are robust, tolerant to abuse, tried and

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tested and because of their low cost. For higher power applications with intermittent loads
however, Lead acid batteries are generally too big and heavy and they suffer from a shorter cycle
life and typical usable power down to only 50% Depth of Discharge (DOD). Despite these
shortcomings Lead acid batteries are still being specified for PowerNet applications (36 Volts 2
kWh capacity) because of the cost, but this is probably the limit of their applicability and NiMH
and Li-Ion batteries are making inroads into this market. For higher voltages and cyclic loads
other technologies are being explored.

Lead-acid batteries are composed of a Lead-dioxide cathode, a sponge metallic Lead anode and a
Sulphuric acid solution electrolyte. This heavy metal element makes them toxic and improper
disposal can be hazardous to the environment. The cell voltage is 2 Volts

Discharge
During discharge, the lead dioxide (positive plate) and lead (negative plate) react with the
electrolyte of sulfuric acid to create lead sulfate, water and energy.
Charge
During charging, the cycle is reversed: the lead sulfate and water are electro-chemically
converted to lead, lead oxide and sulfuric acid by an external electrical charging source.

Many new competitive cell chemistries are being developed to meet the requirements of the auto
industry for EV and HEV applications.

Even after 150 years since its invention, improvements are still being made to the lead acid
battery and despite its shortcomings and the competition from newer cell chemistries the lead
acid battery still retains the lion's share of the high power battery market.

Gassing is the production and release of bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen in the electrolyte
during the charging process, particularly due to excessive charging, causing loss of electrolyte. In
large battery installations this can cause an explosive atmosphere in the battery room. Sealed
batteries are designed to retain and recombine these gases.

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Sulphation may occur if a battery is stored for prolonged periods in a completely discharged state
or very low state of charge, or if it is never fully charged, or if electrolyte has become
abnormally low due to excessive water loss from overcharging and/or evaporation. Sulphation is
the increase in internal resistance of the battery due to the formation of large lead sulphate
crystals which are not readily reconverted back to lead, lead dioxide and sulphuric acid during
re-charging. In extreme cases the large crystals may cause distortion and shorting of the plates.
Sometimes sulphation can be corrected by charging very slowly (at low current) at a higher than
normal voltage. Completely discharging the battery may cause irreparable damage.

Shedding or loss of material from the plates may occur due to excessive charge rates or excessive
cycling. The result is chunks of lead on the bottom of the cell, and actual holes in the plates for
which there is no cure. This is more likely to occur in SLI batteries whose plates are composed
of a Lead "sponge", similar in appearance to a very fine foam sponge. This gives a very large
surface area enabling high power handling, but if deep cycled, this sponge will quickly be
consumed and fall to the bottom of the cells.
Decomposition of the Electrolyte Cells with gelled electrolyte are prone to deterioration of the
electrolyte and unexpected failure. Such cells are commonly used for emergency applications
such as UPS back up in case of loss of mains power. So as not to be caught unawares by an
unreliable battery in an emergency situation, it is advisable to incorporate some form of regular
self test into the battery.

Lead Antimony Batteries

Lead acid batteries with electrodes modified by the addition of Antimony providing the
following advantages:
Improved mechanical strength of electrodes - important for EV and deep discharge
applications
Reduced internal heat and water loss.
Longer service life than Calcium batteries.
Easier to recharge when completely discharged.

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 Lower cost.
Lead Antimony batteries have a higher self discharge rate of 2% to 10% per week compared with
the 1% to 5% per month for Lead Calcium batteries.

Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Batteries

Also called Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) batteries.
This construction is designed to prevent electrolyte loss through evaporation, spillage and
gassing and this in turn prolongs the life of the battery and eases maintenance. Instead of simple
vent caps on the cells to let gas escape, VRLA have pressure valves that open only under
extreme conditions. Valve-regulated batteries also need an electrolyte design that reduces
gassing by impeding the release to the atmosphere of the oxygen and hydrogen generated by the
galvanic action of the battery during charging. This usually involves a catalyst that causes the
hydrogen and oxygen to recombine into water and is called a recombinant system. Because
spillage of the acid electrolyte is eliminated the batteries are also safer.

AGM Absorbed Glass Mat Battery

Also known as Absorptive Glass Micro-Fibre
Used in VRLA batteries the Boron Silicate fibreglass mat which acts as the separator between
the electrodes and absorbs the free electrolyte acting like a sponge. Its purpose is to promote
recombination of the hydrogen and oxygen given off during the charging process. No silica gel is
necessary. The fibreglass matt absorbs and immobilises the acid in the matt but keeps it in a
liquid rather than a gel form. In this way the acid is more readily available to the plates allowing
faster reactions between the acid and the plate material allowing higher charge/discharge rates as
well as deep cycling.
This construction is very robust and able to withstand severe shock and vibration and the cells
will not leak even if the case is cracked.
AGM batteries are also sometimes called "starved electrolyte" or "dry", because the fibre glass
mat is only 95% saturated with Sulfuric acid and there is no excess liquid.
Nearly all AGM batteries are sealed valve regulated "VRLA".
AGM's have a very low self-discharge rate of from 1% to 3% per month

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Gel Cell
This is an alternative recombinant technology to also used in VRLA batteries to promote
recombination of the gases produced during charging. It also reduces the possibility of spillage
of the electrolyte. Prone to damage if gassing is allowed to occur, hence charging rates may be
limited. They must be charged at a slower rate (C/20) to prevent excess gas from damaging the
cells. They cannot be fast charged on a conventional automotive charger or they may be
permanently damaged.
Used for UPS applications.
SLI Batteries (Starting Lighting and Ignition)
This is the typical automotive battery application. Automotive batteries are designed to be fully
charged when starting the car; after starting the vehicle, the lost charge, typically 2% to 5% of
the charge, is replaced by the alternator and the battery remains fully charged. These batteries are
not designed to be discharged below 50% Depth of Discharge (DOD) and discharging below
these levels can damage the plates and shorten battery life.

Deep Cycle Batteries

Marine applications, golf buggies, fork lift trucks and electric vehicles use deep cycle batteries
which are designed to be completely discharged before recharging. Because charging causes
excessive heat which can warp the plates, thicker and stronger or solid plate grids are used for
deep cycling applications. Normal automotive batteries are not designed for repeated deep
cycling and use thinner plates with a greater surface area to achieve high current carrying
capacity.
Automotive batteries will generally fail after 30-150 deep cycles if deep cycled, while they may
last for thousands of cycles in normal starting use (2-5% discharge).
If batteries designed for deep cycling are used for automotive applications they must be
"oversized" by about 20% to compensate for their lower current carrying capacity.

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3.8LCD

INTRODUCTION:

Liquid crystal cell displays (LCDs) are used in similar applications where LEDs are used.
These applications are display of display of numeric and alphanumeric characters in dot matrix
and segmental displays.
The construction of a dynamic scattering liquid crystal cell:
The liquid crystal material may be one of the several components, which exhibit optical
properties of a crystal though they remain in liquid form. Liquid crystal is layered between
glass sheets with transparent electrodes deposited on the inside faces.
When a potential is applied across the cell, charge carriers flowing through the liquid
disrupt the molecular alignment and produce turbulence. When the liquid is not activated, it
is transparent. When the liquid is activated the molecular turbulence causes light to be
scattered in all directions and the cell appear to be bright.
This phenomenon is called dynamic scattering.
The construction of a field effect liquid crystal display is similar to that of the dynamic
scattering type, with the exception that two thin polarizing optical filters are placed at the
inside of each glass sheet. The liquid crystal material in the field effect cell is also of
different type from employed in the dynamic scattering cell. The material used is twisted
numeric type and actually twists the light passing through the cell when the latter is not
energised.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into a

thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals
and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-
powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power. LCD has
material, which continues the properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a
melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as
they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered from similar to a crystal.

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 LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal materials sandwiched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates is coated with transparent electrodes which
define in between the electrodes and the crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to
maintain a defined orientation angle. When a potential is applied across the cell, charge carriers
flowing through the liquid will disrupt the molecular alignment and produce turbulence.
When the liquid is not activated, it is transparent. When the liquid is activated the
molecular turbulence causes light to be scattered in all directions and the cell appears to be
bright. Thus the required message is displayed. When the LCD is in the off state, the two
polarizer’s and the liquid crystal rotate the light rays, such that they come out of the LCD
without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.

WORKING

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes the liquid crystal molecules would be
aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the
polarizer, which would result in activating/highlighting the desired characters. The power supply
should be of +5v, with maximum allowable transients of 10mv. To achieve a better/suitable
contrast for the display the voltage (VL) at pin 3 should be adjusted properly. A module should
not be removed from a live circuit.
The ground terminal of the power supply must be isolated properly so that voltage is
induced in it. The module should be isolated properly so that stray voltages are not induced,
which could cause a flicking display. LCD is lightweight with only a few, millimeters thickness
since the LCD consumes less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and
can be powered for long durations. LCD does not generate light and so light is needed to read the
display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. LCDs have long life and a wide
operating temperature range. Before LCD is used for displaying proper initialization should be
done.
LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket
calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external dedicated circuit
supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more
than a few display elements. Small monochrome displays such as those found in personal

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organizers, or older laptop screens have a passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted
nematic (STN) or double-layer STN (DSTN) technology—the latter of which addresses a color-
shifting problem with the former—and color-STN (CSTN)— wherein color is added by using an
internal filter. Each row or column of the display has a single electrical circuit.
The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column addresses. This type of display
is called passive-matrix addressed because the pixel must retain its state between refreshes
without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly,
columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less feasible.
Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical of passive matrix addressed
LCDs. High-resolution color displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions
use an active matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the polarizing
and color filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access
one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels
and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines.
The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines
are activated in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look
"brighter" and "sharper" than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally
have quicker response times, producing much better images. A general purpose alphanumeric
LCD, with two lines of 16 characters. So the type of LCD used in this project is16 characters * 2
lines with 5*7 dots with cursor, built in controller, +5v power supply, 1/16 duty cycle.

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 FIGURE 11:LCD

PIN DESCRIPTION FOR LCD:

PIN SYMBOL FUNCTION

NO
1 Vss Ground terminal of Module
2 Vdd Supply terminal of Module, +
5v
3 Vo Power supply for liquid crystal drive
4 RS Register select
RS=0…Instruction register
RS=1…Data register
5 R/W Read/Write
R/W=1…Read
R/W=0…Write
6 EN Enable

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7-14 DB0-DB7 Bi-directional Data Bus.
Data Transfer is performed once ,thru DB0-DB7,incase of interface data
length is 8-bits;and twice, thru DB4-DB7 in the case of interface data
length is 4-bits.Upper four bits first then lower four bits.

15 LAMP-(L-) LED or EL lamp power supply terminals

16 LAMP+(L+) Enable
(E2)

LCD PIN DESCRIPTIONS:

The function of each pins of LCD is described below VCC, VSS and VEE while v and v provide
+5v and ground, respectively, v is used for controlling LCD contrast.

RS, register select

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their
selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction code register is selected, allowing the user to send a
command such as clear display, cursor at home,etc.if RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing
the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.

R/W, read/write
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.
R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

E, enable

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 The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented on its data pins. When
data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD
to latch in the data present at the data pins.

D0 - D7
The 8-bit data pins, D0 – D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read contents of
the LCD’S internal registers. There are also instruction codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear
the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. RS=0 is used to check the
busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be
read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as follows: if R/W=1, RS=0.when D7=1, the LCD is busy taking
care of internal operation and will not accept any new information, when D7=0, the LCD is
ready to receive new information.

LCD INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER:

FIGURE 12: INTERFACING LCD WITH PIC

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3.9 .MOTOR

10.MOTOR

FIGURE 13: DC MOTOR

30, 45, 60,100 RPM 12V DC

Geared motors for robotics applications. Very easy to use and available in standard size.
Nut and threads on shaft to easily connect and internal threaded shaft for easily connecting it to
wheel.

Features

 60RPM 12V DC motors with Gearbox

 6mm shaft diameter with internal hole
 125gm weight
 Same size motor available in various rpm
 2kgcm torque
 No-load current = 60 mA(Max), Load current = 300 mA(Max)

3.10BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows.

It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that
determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a
light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a
continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an

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electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which
makes the ringing noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the
ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices
was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a
loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to
use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone.
Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed
the sound on and off.

In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system," because when one person signals ("buzzes
in"), all others are locked out from signalling. Several game shows have large buzzer buttons
which are identified as "plungers".

The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were
electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles.
Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep.

4. SOFTWARE TOOLS

4.1MP LAB X

MPLAB X Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software program that

runs on a PC (Windows®, Mac OS®, Linux®) to develop applications for Microchip
microcontrollers and digital signal controllers. It is called an Integrated Development
Environment because it provides a single integrated "environment" to develop code for
embedded microcontrollers.

MPLAB X IDE brings a host of features to enhance the debug experience during the design
phase of your project. Based on the open source NetBeans IDE from Apache Software
Foundation, Microchip has been able to add many frequently requested features very quickly and
easily, while also providing a much more extensible architecture to bring you even more new
features fast – including added support for PIC®, dsPIC®, AVR®, CEC and SAM
microcontrollers and digital signal controllers.

HI TECH PIC C COMPILER

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HI-TECH Software has provided this freeware HI-TECH PICC-Lite compiler as a tool for
hobbyists and students, but the licence allows its use for commercial purposes as well. It is ideal
as a teaching tool for an introduction into the 'C' language and embedded programing on a
Microchip device. The selected processors were chosen for this compiler due to their popularity.

The HI-TECH PICC-Lite compiler is a freeware version of industrial-strength HI-TECH PICC™

STD compiler available for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. The HI-TECH PICC-Lite compiler
is the same in every respect as the full HI-TECH PICC STD compiler, except that it has support
for only a limited subset of processors, there are some limitations on the amount of memory that
can be used and source code for the standard libraries is not provided. The supported processors
and their limitations (if any). Due to program memory constraints, support for printing floating-
point and long data types via printf family functions is not included.

Writing Code using C language

The PIC microcontroller can be programmed in different languages. Use a higher level language
– C language - to program microcontroller.

Ease to use relative to ASSEMBLY

Ease to manipulate I/O and memory

C “allows” ASSEMBLY language code to be embedded within it

The errors can be handled more easily

Its efficiency

Compiling, Linking, and Debugging the code

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C compiler “translates” the source code into object code. In addition, the compiler will perform
error and syntax checking. The object code is then linked with other object modules to form
machine code (op-code “HEX-CODE”). After linking, the program can be run and test using
debugger.

The debugger can display program variables, examine and modify the PIC microcontroller's on-
chip registers, and it allows you to control program execution.

For example: pausing or stopping program, single-stepping execute of the code.

4.2 CODING

#include<pic.h>

#include<htc.h>

#include"lcd.h"

__CONFIG(0X3F72);

#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000

unsigned int temp,val,i,j,flag=0;

int loop=0,loop1=0,loop2=0,loop3=0;

void adc_display()

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cmd(0xcb);

data(((temp/100)+0x30));

data((((temp%100)/10)+0x30));

data((((temp%100)%10)+0x30));

cmd(0xce);

data('%');

void adc_data1()

ADCON0=0x05;

if(ADGO==1)

while(ADGO==1);

i=ADRESH<<8;

j=ADRESL;

val=i+j;

temp=val/2.05;

__delay_ms(10);

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 adc_display();

void main()

ADCON1=0x82;

TRISA=0xff;

PORTA=0x00;

TRISB=0xff;

PORTB=0x00;

TRISC=0x00;

PORTC=0x00;

lcd_init();

__delay_ms(10);

cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

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cmd(0xc0);

display("Wear sheet belt.");

while(RB4==0);

__delay_ms(500);

cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

cmd(0xc0);

display("Happy journey...");

__delay_ms(500);

cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

cmd(0xc0);

display("TEMPATURE: ");

RC1=1;

while(1)

adc_data1();

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if(RB4==0)

RC1=0;

cmd(0xc0);

display("Wear sheet belt.");

__delay_ms(500);

while(RB4==0);

cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

cmd(0xc0);

display("TEMPATURE: ");

RC1=1;

if((temp>0)&&(temp<=32)&&(loop==0))

loop=1;

RC3=0;

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cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

__delay_ms(1000);

if((temp>32)&&(temp<=80)&&(loop==1))

RC3=1;

loop=0;

cmd(0x80);

display("Cooling Mode On.");

if(RB7==1)

__delay_ms(500);

if((RB7==1)&&(loop1==0))

cmd(0x80);

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display("Near School Zone");

loop1=1;

RC0=1;

__delay_ms(1000);

if((RB7==0)&&(loop1==1))

__delay_ms(500);

if(RB7==0)

loop1=0;

cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

RC0=0;

__delay_ms(1000);

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}

if((RB6==1)&&(loop2==0))

__delay_ms(500);

if(RB6==1)

cmd(0x80);

display("Near Hosp Zone..");

loop2=1;

RC2=1;

__delay_ms(1000);

if((RB6==0)&&(loop2==1))

__delay_ms(500);

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if(RB6==0)

cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

loop2=0;

RC2=0;

__delay_ms(1000);

if((RB5==1)&&(loop3==0))

loop3=1;

cmd(0x80);

display("Obstacle detect ");

RC1=0;

__delay_ms(1000);

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if((RB5==0)&&(loop3==1))

cmd(0x80);

display("smart car system");

loop3=0;

RC1=1;

__delay_ms(1000);

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CONCLUSION

The speed, the speed of the vehicle can be maintained in the limited speed without the
intervention of the driver. If this can be implemented effectively rash driving and over speeding
in the speed limit zones can be reduced to a large extend, thus decreasing the total number of
road accidents in our country

In our study, we have presented a reliable model for speed control in vehicles. This system can
be easily implemented on commercial vehicles and has a large number of applications. One of its
uses is in the automobile sector where it can be used to increase road safety. We have explained
about this application in detail in the paper Other vehicular applications of this system are toll
collection systems on highways. These are being currently in countries like Norway and Italy.
This system can also be used in traffic light areas and can prevent constant monitoring of
crowded areas. So, there is a lot of scope for implementing this system in roadways not only in
developed countries but also in the developing and underdeveloped world as it is very cost
effective and requires less maintenance than other comparable systems. There is also scope for
further research and development in the system making it more convenient for commuters at
night. A clock system can be introduced which can help to bypass the automatic speed control
system at night when there are lesser chances of accidents in certain areas like schools and
hospital zones.

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 7. REFERENCES

[1]. William stalings, “wireless Communication and networks” pearson, 2nd Edition,2009.

[2]. Frank vahid, Tony Givargis, “ Embedded system Design” Wiley,

1st Edition , 2006.

[3]. Andrei Grebennikov , “ RF and Microwave Transmitter Design ” , PEASON Edition ,

2002.

[4]. Kumari Nimmi , Ruby Kumari,Pragati Bag, “Wireless Motor Speed Control Using Rf
Sensor,” Dept. Of Elect & Telecommunication, Bharath University Chennai-73.

[5]. Joshué Pérez *, Fernando Seco, Vicente Milanés, Antonio Jiménez, Julio C. Díaz And
Teresa De Pedro, “An RFID-Based Intelligent Vehicle Speed Controller Using Active Traffic
Signals”.

[6]. Preeti, Sandeep Dogra, Rashmi Jain, “DC Drives: Microcontroller Based Control”.

[7]. Sudip K. Mazumder, “Rotor Position Feedback Over An RF Link For Motor Speed
Control”, Senior Member, IEEE, Rongjun Huang, Student Member, IEEE, and Kaustuva
Acharya.

[8]. Ateeth Kumar Thirukkovulur1, Harikrishna Nandagopal2, Vigneesh Parivallal,” Intelligent

Vehicle Control Based On Identification Of Road And Traffic Signal Operated RFID
Transponders, International Conference On Advances In Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(ICAEE'2012) Penang, Malaysia

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[9]. Road Crash Statistics. Available online: www.asirt.org/initiatives/informing- [2] road-
users/road-safety-facts/road-crash-statistics

[10]. www.products.boch-mobilitysolutions.com/en/de/driving_comfort/driving_comfort_syst
ems_for_passenger_cars_1 [4] www.microwavejournal.com/articles/5271-modern-rfidreader

[11]. www.electronics.stackexchange.com

[12]. AT86RF230 data sheet. Available online: www.atmel.com/images/doc5131.pdf

[13]. Joshue Perez Rastelli, Fernando Seco, Vicente Milanes, Antonio Jimenez, Dıaz Julio C., et
al.. An RFID-Based Intelligent Vehicle Speed Controller Using Active Traffic Signals. Sensors,
MDPI, 2010. .

[14]. Nellipudi. Siva Rama Krishna Prasad, Arepalli Rajesh. RFID- based Hospital Real Time
Patient Management System. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology.
Volume 3 Issue 3- 2012.

[15]. Seda Yildirim, Kenan Aydin. A Qualitative Study on Perspectives of Retailers about RFID
System in Turkey. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology. Volume 19
Number 2-2015.

[16]. U. Jyothi Kameswari, M Satwik, A Lokesh, G Venkateswara Reddy. A design model for
automatic vehicle speed controller. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887).
Volume 35-No. 9, December 2011.

[17]. Manjunath Chincholi1, Dr. K. Chandrashekara2. Design & Analysis of Vehicle Speed
Control Unit Using RF Technology. International Advanced Research Journal in Science,
Engineering and Technology. Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015. ISSN(Online) 239

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