BHARAT STAGE EMISSION

STANDARDS

By -
Shrinivas Kampelli
15071A2440

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Contents :-
 Introduction

 Emission Standard

 Emission Norms

 Emission Control Technologies

 Classification of Automotive Standard

 Electronic Fuel Injection Systems

 Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BS)

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 European Standard

 BS vs. EURO

 BS III & IV

 EURO I & II

 Application

Reference

 Conclusion

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1 Introduction:-

BS is claimed to be first mobile emission testing vehicle in the rail sector

enabling Indian Railway to frame emission standards for long
diesel/organization Director General V. Ramachandran said this is the first
step of Indian railway towards controlling emission on par with international
standards.
The aim of using the BS is to test exhaust emission level analyze engine
performance improve fuel efficiency and reduce environment pollution.
The BS will help measure Oxides of nitrogen, particular matters total
hydrocarbon methane, carbon mono oxide and carbon dioxide in locomotives

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1.1 Emission Standards:-
Emission Standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount
of pollutants that can be released in to the environment. Many emissions
standards focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles (motor
cars) and other powered vehicles but they can also regulate emissions from
industry, power plant, small equipment such as lawn mowers and diesel
generators.
Vehicle emission performance standard: An emission performance
standard is a limit that sets thresholds above which a different type of
emission control technology might be needed.

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1.2 Emission Norms:-

It was in 1991 that first time emission norms were introduced in
India for petrol cars, diesel cars followed in 1992.
Emission norms means some rules (which has specified
quantity) decided by the govt for control of air pollution.
Implementation of mandatory catalytic converters in 1995 for
the 4 Metro cities, thus reducing pollution further.
From 2000,India introduced strict Emission standards modeled
on the European ones. This means the birth of Bharat Norms, with
the first set of norms known as Bharat stage II, followed by BS
III, and BS IV (BS I was the earlier, Indian standard)
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2 Emission Control Technologies:-

 Electronic Fuel Injection Systems

• Multi point Fuel Injection system (MPFI)

• Air Assisted Fuel Injection System

• Gasoline Direct Injection System

• Common Rail Direct Injection System

(CRDI)

 Catalytic Converters

Nano Fuel Additives

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2.1 Electronic Fuel Injection Systems :-
 Inherent parts an Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
•Fuel Injection- The fuel injector sprays the appropriate
amount of fuel as directed by the vehicles on-board computer
(ECU)
•Fuel pump- The fuel pump sends the fuel from the gas tank
through the fuel lines and to the throttle body or fuel rail for
delivery to the combustion chamber via the fuel injectors.
•Engine Control Unit (ECU)- determines the amount of fuel
needed according to the driving conditions .The engine
control unit, located within the engine compartment, follows

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a program that gives the criteria for how much fuel is delivered in
various situations. Programming of ECU is basically called engine
tuning.
•Sensor- Sensor located within the vehicles fuelling system help the
engine control unit to determine when certain functions need to
happen, Crank and Cam position sensor, Airflow Sensor and Exhaust
Gas Oxygen Sensor are important.

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3 Classification of Automotive Standard :-

1. Euro 1/BS 1 came in effect from

2000

2. Euro 2/BS II from 2001

3. BS III from April 2005

4. BS IV from April 2010

5. BS V from 2016

6. BS VI norms adopt in 2020.

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3.1 Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BS) :-

Bharat stage emission standards introduced in 2000 are emission

standards that have been set up by the central government. To
regulate the output of the air pollutants from Internal combustion
engine. The Bharat Stage norms are based on European
regulations. In 13 major cities Bharat Stage IV emission Standards
were put in the place in APRIL 2010.

Why is it important?
upgrading to stricter Fuel Standards helps tackle air pollution.
Global auto marks are betting big on India as vehicles penetration
is still low here, when compared to developed countries.
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For Passenger vehicles:-
Norms CO (g/km) HC (Hydro RSPM Sulphur
carbon Carbon)+NOx (respirable content in
monoxide Nitrogen Oxide suspended Diesel
(g/km) particulate
matter)
BS I 2.72 0.97 0.14 NA

BS II 2.2 0.5 0.08 500 PPM

BS III 2.3 0.35 (combined) 0.050 100 PPM

BS IV 1.0 0.18 (combined) 0.025 50 PPM

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Diesel Emission Norms (All Figures
in g/km) :-
Emission Norms CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM

BS-III 0.64 -------- 0.50 0.56 0.05

BS-IV 0.50 -------- 0.25 0.30 0.025

Euro 6 0.50 -------- 0.06 0.17 0.005

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Petrol Emission Norms (All Figures in
g/km) :-
Emission Norms CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM

BS-III 2.30 0.20 0.15 ---------- ---------

BS-IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 ----------- ------------

Euro 6 1.00 0.10 0.06 --------- 0.005

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3.2 European Standard :-

European emission standards

define the acceptable limits
for exhausts emission of new
vehicle sold in EU and EEA
member states. The emission
standards are defined in a
series of European union
directives staging progressive
introduction of increasingly
stringent standards .
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European Emission Standards for passenger
Car :-
a) Diesel

X X

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b) Petrol

X X

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 4 BS & EURO :-

 BS stage are of same standards as euro stages in terms of causing

pollution
 i.e. a EURO IV car makes same pollution as that BS IV
 Differences are in terms of testing conditions
• Atmospheric temperature
• Sub zero temp in Europe and avg24-28 degree Celsius in India
• Car speed during testing
• Max 120 km/h in Europe and max 90 km/h in India
• Road Conditions
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 4.1 BS III & IV:-
1. BS III is compulsory all India, while BS IV is compulsory for all
metro Cities.
2. Most petrol Powered passenger cars in India have already converted to
BS IV years ago

3. BS is basically the emission standards given by Government of India to

regulate the air pollutants coming from internal combustion engine.

4. BS IV vehicles is costly than BS III.

5. BS means Bharat stage. BS III and IV are environmental

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6. Bharat stage III norms have been enforced across the country since
October 2010. From April 2010 Bharat stage IV emission norms are in
place 13 major cities in India.
7. BS IV has turbocharger with intercooler. Also it has common rail
injection systems controlled by electronic control unit. BS III has rotary
type injection system. Intercooler is optional.
8. BS IV engine is very good and less polluting compare to BS III.

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 4.2 EURO I & II :-

WHAT ARE THE EURO I AND EURO II NORMS?

The Euro norms require manufactures to reduce the existing polluting

emission levels in a more efficient manner by making certain
technical changes in their vehicles.

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4.3 Application:-

•Heavy penalties for vehicles not obeying the Emission

Norms.

•Fuel Categorization to control Degradation of the Air

Quality.

•Advance modules to the Giants in the Automobile

Sector.

•Skipping BS V a good move.

•Introduction of Electric Concept Cars.

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Reference:-

 BS Norms, by Ganeshan, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers.

 Engine fundamentals by John B. Haywood, McGraw Hill Publishers.
 Fundamentals of Engine Emission by H.N. Gupta, Prentice Hall of
India.
 Norms of Combustion Engines, By Mathur & Sharma, Dhanpat Rai
& Sons.
www.irfca.comwww.
sciencedirect.com

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 Conclusion

The aim of using the RDSO is to test exhaust emission levels analyze engine
performance improve fuel efficiency and reduce environment pollution. The
machine will also be used to set emission standards on a par with European and
BS Standards and with the US norms. This will help to measure oxides of
nitrogen, particular matters total hydrocarbon methane, carbon mono oxide and
carbon oxides in locomotives. It will also measure the performance of the engine
improve the fuel efficiency and reduce environmental problems.

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Thank you

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