Section 21 - Hull Outfit C 21 - 1

Section 21

Hull Outfit

A. Partition Bulkheads ceiling is to be fitted from board to board. The thickness

1. General
Spaces, which are to be accessible for the service of the
ship, hold spaces and accommodation spaces are to be
gastight against each other.
2. Partition bulkheads between engine and boiler
rooms
2.1 General
2.1.1 Boiler rooms generally are to be separated from
adjacent engine rooms by bulkheads. Unless these bulkheads
are watertight or tank bulkheads according to Section 11
or 12, the scantlings according to 2.2 are sufficient.
2.1.2 The bilges are to be separated from each other in
such a way that no oil can pass from the boiler room bilge
to the engine room bilge. Bulkhead openings are to have
hinged doors.
2.1.3 Where a close connection between engine and boiler
room is advantageous in respect of supervision and safety,
complete bulkheads may be dispensed with, provided the
conditions given in Rules for Machinery Installations,
Volume III, are complied with.
2.2 Scantlings
2.2.1 The thickness of watertight parts of the partition
bulkheads is not to be less than 6,0 mm. The thickness or
the remaining parts may be 5 mm.
2.2.2 Platforms and decks below the boilers are to be made
watertight; they are to be not less than 6,0 mm in thickness,
and are to be well supported.
of a wooden ceiling shall not be less than 60 mm.
1.2 On single bottoms ceilings are to be removable for
inspection of bottom plating at any time.
1.3 Ceilings on double bottoms are to be laid on battens
not less than 12,5 mm thick providing a clear space for
drainage of water or leakage oil. The ceiling may be laid
directly on the inner bottom plating, if embedded in
preservation and sealing compound.
1.4 It is recommended to fit double ceilings under the
hatchways.
1.5 The manholes are to be protected by a steel coaming
welded around each manhole, fitted with a cover of wood
or steel, or by other suitable means.
2. Side ceiling, ceiling at tank bulkheads
2.1 In cargo holds of ordinary dry cargo ships, side
ceiling is to be fitted in general. The side ceiling may be
omitted if agreed by the Owner. The side ceilings shall
extend from the upper turn of bilge or from tweendeck
up to the lower edge of deck beam brackets. The clear
distance between adjacent wooden battens shall not exceed
250-300 mm. The thickness shall, in general, not to be less
than 50 mm.
2.2 Where tanks are intended to carry liquids at
temperatures exceeding 40EC, their boundaries facing the
cargo hold shall be fitted with a ceiling. At vertical walls,
sparred ceilings are sufficient except in holds intended to
carry grain. The ceiling may be dispensed with only with
Owners' consent.

2.2.3 Stiffeners spaced 900 mm apart are to be fitted. The C. Side Scuttles and Windows
section modulus of the stiffeners is not to be less than:
1. General
W = 12 @ R [cm3]
R = unsupported span of stiffener in [m]. 1.1 Side scuttles and windows, together with their
glasses, deadlights and storm covers1, if fitted, shall be of
Where the stiffener spacing deviates from 900 mm, the
an approved design and substantial construction. Non-
section modulus is to be corrected in direct proportion.
metallic frames are not acceptable.

B. Ceiling
1)
Deadlights are fitted to the inside of windows and side
1. Bottom ceiling
scuttles, while storm covers are fitted to the outside of windows, where
1.1 In the holds of general cargo ships a tight bottom accessible, and may be hinged or portable.
21 - 2 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
1.2 Windows are defined as being rectangular openings
generally, having a radius at each corner relative to the
window size and round or oval openings with an area
exceeding 0.16 m2 shall be treated as windows.
1.3 Windows are defined as being rectangular openings
generally, having a radius at each corner relative to the
window size and round or oval openings with an area
exceeding 0.16 m2.
1.4 Side scuttles to the following spaces shall be fitted
with hinged inside deadlights:
– spaces below freeboard deck
– spaces within the first tier of enclosed
superstructures
– first tier deckhouses on the freeboard deck protecting
openings leading below or considered buoyant in
stability calculations
Deadlights shall be capable of being closed and secured
watertight if fitted below the freeboard deck and
weathertight if fitted above.
1.5 Side scuttles shall not be fitted in such a position
that their sills are below a line drawn parallel to the
freeboard deck at side and having its lowest point 2.5%
of the breadth (B), or 500 mm, whichever is the greatest
distance, above the Summer Load Line (or Timber Summer
Load Line if assigned), see Fig. 21.1.
1.6 If the required damage stability calculations indicate
that the side scuttles would become immersed at any
intermediate stage of flooding or the final equilibrium
waterline, they shall be of the non-opening type.
1.7 Windows shall not be fitted in the following
locations:
– below the freeboard deck
– in the first tier end bulkheads or sides of enclosed
superstructures
– in first tier deckhouses that are considered buoyant
in the stability calculations
1.8 Side scuttles and windows at the side shell in the
second tier shall be provided with hinged inside deadlights
capable of being closed and secured weathertight if the
superstructure protects direct access to an opening leading
below or is considered buoyant in the stability calculations.
1.9 Side scuttles and windows in side bulkheads set
inboard from the side shell in the second tier which protect
direct access below to spaces listed in 1.4 shall be provided
with either hinged inside deadlights or, where they are
accessible, permanently attached external storm covers
which are capable of being closed and secured weathertight.
C
1.10 Cabin bulkheads and doors in the second tier and
above separating side scuttles and windows from a direct
access leading below or the second tier considered buoyant
in the stability calculations may be accepted in place of
deadlights or storm covers fitted to the side scuttles and
windows.
1.11 Deckhouses situated on a raised quarter deck or on
the deck of a superstructure of less than standard height
may be regarded as being in the second tier as far as the
requirements for deadlights are concerned, provided that
the height of the raised quarter deck or superstructure is
equal to or greater than the standard quarter deck height.
1.12 Fixed or opening skylights shall have a glass
thickness appropriate to their size and position as required
for side scuttles and windows. Skylight glasses in any
position shall be protected from mechanical damage and,
where fitted in position 1 or 2, shall be provided with
permanently attached deadlights or storm covers.
1.13 Additional requirements for passenger vessels given
in Section 29.I have to be observed.
1.14 Additional requirements for oil tankers given in
Section 24 have to be observed.
2. Design Load
2.1 The design load shall be in accordance with Section
4 and Section 16.
2.2 For ships with a length Lc equal to or greater than
100 m, loads in accordance with ISO 5779 and 5780
standard have to be calculated additionally. The greater
value has to be considered up to the third tier.
2.3 Deviations and special cases are subject to separate
approval.
3. Frames
3.1 The design has to be in accordance with ISO standard
1751, 3903 and 21005 or any other recognised, equivalent
national or international standard.
3.2 Variations from respective standards may require
additional proof of sufficient strength by direct calculation
or tests. This is to be observed for bridge windows in
exposed areas (e.g. within forward quarter of ships length)
in each case.
4. Glass panes
4.1 Glass panes have to be made of thermally toughened
safety glass (TSG), or laminated safety glass made of TSG.
The ISO standards 614, 1095 and 3254 are to be observed.
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
Fig.21.1 Arrangement of side scuttles
4.2 The glass thickness for windows and side scuttles
has to be determined in accordance with the respective
ISO standards 1095 and 3254 or any other equivalent
national or international standard, considering the design
loads given in 2. For sizes deviating from the standards,
the formulas given in ISO 3903 may be used.
4.3 Heated glass panes have to be in accordance with
ISO 3434.
4.4 An equivalent thickness (ts) of laminated toughened
safety glass is to be determined from the following formula:
2 2 2
ts = t1 % t2 % . . . % tn
5. Tests
5.1 Windows and side scuttles have to be tested in
accordance with the respective ISO standards 1751 and
3903.
D. Scuppers, Sanitary Discharges and Freeing Ports
1. Scuppers and sanitary discharges
1.1 Scuppers sufficient in number and size to provide
effective drainage of water are to be fitted in the weather
deck and in the freeboard deck within weathertight closed
superstructures and deckhouses. Cargo decks and decks
within closed superstructures are to be drained to the bilge.
Scuppers from superstructures and deckhouses which are
not closed weathertight are also to be led outside.
1.2 Scuppers draining spaces below the summer load
line, are to be connected to pipes, which are led to the bilges
D 21 - 3
and are to be well protected.
1.3 Where scupper pipes are led outside from spaces
below the freeboard deck and from weathertight closed
superstructures and deckhouses, they are to be fitted with
non-return valves of automatic type, which can be operated
from a position always accessible and above the freeboard
deck. Means showing whether the valves are open or closed
(positive means of closing) are to be provided at the control
position.
1.4 Where the vertical distance from the summer load
waterline to the inboard end of the discharge pipe exceeds
0,01 L, the discharge may have two automatic non-return
valves without positive means of closing, provided that
the inboard valve is always accessible for examination,
i.e., the valve is to be situated above the tropical or
subdivision load line.
1.5 Where the vertical distance mentioned under 1.4
exceeds 0,02 L, a single automatic non-return valve,
without positive means of closing may be accepted. This
relaxation is not valid for compartments below the freeboard
deck of ships, for which a flooding calculation in the
damaged condition is required.
1.6 Scuppers and discharge pipes originating at any
level and penetrating the shell either more than 450 mm
below the freeboard deck or less than 600 mm above the
summer load water line are to be provided with a non-return
valve at the shell. This valve, unless required by 1.3, may
be omitted if a heavy gauge discharge pipe is fitted.
1.7 Requirements for seawater valves related to
operating the power-plant must be observed, see Rules
for Machinery Installations, Section 11, I.3.
21 - 4 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
1.8 All valves including the ship side valves required
under 1.2 to 1.7 are to be of steel, bronze or other approved
ductile material. Ordinary casts iron is not acceptable. Pipe
lines are to be of steel or similar material (see also Rules
for Machinery Installations, Volume III, Section 11).
1.9 Scuppers and sanitary discharges should not be fitted
above the lowest ballast waterline in way of lifeboat
launching positions or means for preventing any discharge
of water into the life boats are to be provided for. The
location of scuppers and sanitary discharges is also to be
taken into account when arranging gangways and pilot
lifts.
2. Freeing ports
2.1 Where bulwarks on exposed portions of freeboard
and/or superstructure decks form wells, ample provision
is to be made for rapidly freeing the decks of water.
2.2 Except as provided in 2.3 to 2.5 the minimum
freeing port area on each side of the ship for each well on
the freeboard deck of a ship of type "B" is to be determined
by the following formulae in cases where the sheer in way
of the well is standard or greater than standard :
A = 0,7 + 0,035 R [m2] for R # 20 m
2 each side in relation to
= 0,07 R [m ] for R > 20 m
R = length of bulwark in [m]
Rmax= 0,7 Lc.
The minimum area for each well on superstructure decks
shall be one half of the area obtained by the formulae.
If the bulwark is more than 1,2 m in average height the
required area is to be increased by 0,004 m2 per metre or
length of well for each 0,1 m difference in height.
If the bulwark is less than 0,9 m in average height, the
required area may be decreased accordingly.
2.3 In ships with no sheer the area calculated according
to 2.2 is to be increased by 50%. Where the sheer is less
than the standard the percentage shall be obtained by linear
interpolation.
2.4 In ships of type "B with reduced freeboard" the
freeing port area on the exposed freeboard deck is to be
obtained as follows:
.1 Where a combination of open rail and rigid bulwark
is fitted, the length of the open rail is to be at least
50% of the length of the exposed part of the
freeboard deck.
.2 Where a continuous bulwark is fitted, the freeing
port area is to be 25% of the total area of the
bulwarks, where the freeboard is reduced by not
more than 60% of the difference between B and
A tables. Where the freeboard is reduced by more
than 60% the area is to be not less than 33% of the
total area of the bulwarks.
E
2.5 Where a ship is fitted with a trunk on the freeboard
deck, which will not be take into account when calculating
the freeboard, or where continuous or substantially
continuous hatchway side coamings are fitted between
detached superstructures the minimum area of the freeing
port openings is to be determined from Table 21.1:
2.6 In ships having open superstructures, adequate
freeing ports are to be provided which guarantee proper
drainage.
2.7 Where trunks are taken into account when
calculating the freeboard an open rail is to be fitted in way
of the trunk for at least 50% of the length of the trunk.
As an equivalent, a continuous bulwark can be fitted with
a continuous slot of 33% of the bulwark area.
2.8 The lower edges of the freeing ports shall be as near
to the deck as practicable. Two thirds of the freeing port
area required shall be provided in the half of the well
nearest to the lowest point of the sheer curve.
Table 21.1 Minimum area of freeing ports
Area of freeing ports on
Breadth of hatchway or
trunk in relation to B in
the total area of the
[%]
bulwark in [%] 1)
40 or less 20
75 or more 10
1)
The area of freeing ports at intermediate breadth is to
be obtained by linear interpolation
2.9 All such openings in the bulwarks shall be protected
by rails or bars spaced approximately 230 millimetres apart.
If shutters are fitted to freeing ports, ample clearance shall
be provided to prevent jamming. Hinges shall have pins
or bearings of non-corrodible material.
2.10 On containerships with continuous longitudinal
hatch coamings, where water may accumulate between
the transverse coamings, freeing ports are to be provided
at both sides, with a minimum sectional area Aq of:
Aq = 0,07 @ bQ [m2]
bQ = breadth of transverse box girder [m]
E. Air Pipes, Overflow Pipes, Sounding Pipes
1. Each tank is to be fitted with air pipes, overflow
pipes and sounding pipes. The air pipes are in general to
be led to above the exposed deck. For the arrangement
and scantlings of pipes see also Rules for Machinery
Installations, Volume III, Section 11,R. The height from
the deck of the point where the water may have access is
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
to be at least 760 mm on the freeboard deck and 450 mm
on a superstructure deck.
2. Suitable closing appliances are to be provided for
air pipes, overflow pipes and sounding pipes, see also Rules
for Machinery Installations, Volume III, , Section 11, R.
Where deck cargo is carried, the closing appliances are
to be readily accessible at all times. In ships for which
flooding calculations are to be made, the ends of the air
pipes are to be above the damage waterline in the flooded
condition. Where they immerge at intermediate stages of
flooding, these conditions are to be examined separately.
3. Closely under the inner bottom or the tank top, holes
are to be cut into floor plates and side girders as well as
into beams, girders, etc., to give the air free access to the
air pipes.
Besides, all floor plates and side girders are to be provided
with limbers to permit the water or oil to reach the pump
suctions.
4. Sounding pipes are to be extended to directly above
the tank bottom. The shell plating is to be strengthened
by thicker plates or doubling plates under the sounding
pipes.
5. Special strength requirements for fore deck
fittings
5.1 General
The following strength requirements are to be observed
to resist green sea forces for the items given below, located
within the forward quarter length:
– air pipes, ventilator pipes and their closing devices
Exempted from these requirements are air pipes, ventilator
pipes and their closing devices of the cargo venting systems
and the inert gas systems of tankers.
5.2 Application
For ships that are contracted for construction on or after
1st January 20042 on the exposed deck over the forward
0,25 L, applicable to:
– all ship types of seagoing service of length 80 m
or more, where the height of the exposed deck in
way of the item is less than 0,1 L or 22 m above
the summer load waterline, whichever is the lesser
5.3 Applied loading for air pipes, ventilator pipes
and their closing devices
2 are to be applied, and means of support determined in order
5.3.1 The pressures p [kN/m ] acting on air pipes,
ventilator pipes and their closing devices may be calculated
2)
For ships contracted for construction prior to 1st January
2004 refer to IACS UR S27 para 2.2.
E 21 - 5
from:
p = 0,5 @ ρ @ V 2 @ Cd @ Cs @ Cp
ρ = density of sea water (1,025 t/m3)
V = velocity of water over the fore deck (13,5
m/sec)
Cd = shape coefficient
= 0,5 for pipes
= 0,8 for an air pipe or ventilator head of
cylindrical form with its axis in the
vertical direction
= 1,3 for air pipes or ventilator heads
Cs = slamming coefficient
= 3,2
Cp = protection coefficient
= 0,7 for pipes and ventilator heads located
immediately behind a breakwater or
forecastle
= 1,0 elsewhere and immediately behind a
bulwark
5.3.2 Forces acting in the horizontal direction on the pipe
and its closing device may be calculated from 5.3.1 using
the largest projected area of each component.
5.4 Strength requirements for air pipes, ventilator
pipes and their closing devices
5.4.1 Bending moments and stresses in air and ventilator
pipes are to be calculated at critical positions:
– at penetration pieces
– at weld or flange connections
– at toes of supporting brackets
Bending stresses in the net section are not to exceed 0,8@σy,
where σy is the specified minimum yield stress or 0,2 %
proof stress of the steel at room temperature.Irrespective
of corrosion protection, a corrosion addition to the net
section of 2,0 mm is then to be applied.
5.4.2 For standard air pipes of 760 mm height closed by
heads of not more than the tabulated projected area, pipe
thicknesses and bracket heights are specified in Table 21.2.
Where brackets are required, three or more radial brackets
are to be fitted.
Brackets are to be of gross thickness 8 mm or more, of
minimum length 100 mm, and height according to
Table 21.2 but need not extend over the joint flange for
the head. Bracket toes at the deck are to be suitably
supported.
5.4.3 For other configurations, loads, according to 5.3
to comply with the requirements of 5.4.1. Brackets, where
fitted, are to be of suitable thickness and length according
to their height. Pipe thickness is not to be taken less than
as indicated in Rules for Machinery Installations, Volume
III, Section 11, Table 11.20a and 11.20b.
21 - 6 Section 21 - Hull Outfit F

5.4.4 For standard ventilators of 900 mm height closed 5.4.7 Rotating type mushroom ventilator heads are
by heads of not more than the tabulated projected area, unsuitable for application in the areas defined in 5.2.
pipe thicknesses and bracket heights are specified in Table
21.3. Brackets, where required are to be as specified in
5.4.2.
F. Ventilators
5.4.5 For ventilators of height greater than 900 mm,
brackets or alternative means of support are to be specially 1. General
considered. Pipe thickness is not to be taken less than as
indicated in Volume III, Rules for Machinery Installations, 1.1 The height of the ventilator coamings on the exposed
Section 11, Table 11.20a and 11.20b. freeboard deck, quarter deck and on exposed superstructure
decks in the range 0,25 L from F.P. is to be at least
5.4.6 All component part and connections of the air pipe 900 mm.
or ventilator are to be capable of withstanding the loads
defined in 5.3.

Table 21.2 760 mm air pipe thickness and bracket standards

Nominal pipe diameter Minimum fitted1 gross Maximum projected area Height2 of brackets
thickness of head
[mm] [mm] [cm2] [mm]
65A 6.0 –– 480.
80A 6.3 –– 460.
100A 7.0 –– 380.
125A 7.8 –– 300.
150A 8.5 –– 300.
175A 8.5 –– 300.
200A 8.53 1900 300.3
250A 8.53 2500 300.3
300A 8.53 3200 300.3
350A 8.53 3800 300.3
400A 8.53 4500 300.3
1
See IACS Unified Interpretation LL 36 c.
2
Brackets see 5.4.1.3 need not extend over the joint flange for the head.
3
Brackets are required where the as fitted (gross) thickness is less than 10,5 mm, or where the tabulated projected head area is exceeded.
Note:
For other air pipe heights, the relevant requirements of 5.4 are to be applied.

Table 21.3 900 mm ventilator pipe thickness and bracket standards

Nominal pipedia meter Minimum fitted 1) gross Maximum projected area of Height 2) of brackets
thickness head [mm]
[mm] [mm] [cm2]
80A 6,3 –– 460
100A 7,0 –– 380
150A 8,5 –– 300
200A 8,5 550 ––
250A 8,5 880 ––
300A 8,5 1200 ––
350A 8,5 2000 ––
400A 8,5 2700 ––
450A 8,5 3300 ––
500A 8,5 4000 ––
1
See IACS Unified Interpretation LL 36 c.
2
Brackets see 5.4.1.3 need not extend over the joint flange for the head.
3
Brackets are required where the as fitted (gross) thickness is less than 10,5 mm, or where the tabulated projected head area is exceeded.
Note:
For other ventilator heights, the relevant requirements of 5.4 are to be applied.
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
1.2 On exposed superstructure decks abaft 0,25 L from
F.P. the coaming height is not to be less than 760 mm.
1.3 Ventilators of cargo holds are not to have any
connection with other spaces.
1.4 The thickness of the coaming plates is to be
7,5 mm where the clear opening sectional area of the
ventilator coamings is 300 cm2 or less, and 10 mm where
the clear opening sectional area exceeds 1600 cm2.
Intermediate values are to be determined by direct
interpolation. A thickness of 6 mm will generally be
sufficient within not permanently closed superstructures.
1.5 The thickness of ventilator posts should be at least
equal to the thickness of coaming as per 1.4.
1.6 The wall thickness of ventilator posts of a clear
sectional area exceeding 1600 cm2 is to be increased
according to the expected loads.
1.7 Generally, the coamings and posts shall pass through
the deck and shall be welded to the deck plating from above
and below.
Where coamings or posts are welded only the deck plating,
fillet welds of a = 0,5 @ t0, subject to Section 19, B.3.3
should be adopted for welding inside and outside.
1.8 Coamings and posts particularly exposed to wash
of sea are to be efficiently connected with the ship's
structure.
1.9 Coamings of a height exceeding 900 mm are to be
specially strengthened.
1.10 Where the thickness of the deck plating is less than
10 mm, a doubling plate or insert plate of 10 mm thickness
is to be fitted. Their side lengths are to be equal to twice
the length or breadth of the coaming.
1.11 Where beams are pierced by ventilator coamings,
carlings of adequate scantlings are to be fitted between
the beams in order to maintain the strength of the deck.
2. Closing appliances
2.1 Inlet and exhaust openings of ventilation systems
are to be provided with easily accessible closing appliances,
which can be closed weathertight against wash of the sea.
ln ships of not more than 100 m in length, the closing
appliances are to be permanently attached. In ships
exceeding 100 m in length, they may be conveniently
stowed near the openings to which they belong.
2.2 For ventilator posts which exceed 4,5 m in height
above the freeboard deck or raised quarterdeck and above
exposed superstructure decks forward of 0,25 L from F.P
and for ventilator posts exceeding 2,3 m in height above
exposed superstructure decks abaft 0,25 L from F.P
G 21 - 7
closing appliances are required in special cases only.
2.3 For the case of fire draught-tight fire dampers are
to be fitted.
G. Stowage of Containers
1. General
1.1 All parts for container stowing and lashing
equipment are to comply with the "Rules for the Stowage
and Lashing of Containers Aboard Ships". All parts which
are intended to be welded to the ship's hull, including
hatchcovers, are to be made of materials complying with
and tested in accordance with the Rules for Materials
Volume V.
1.2 All equipment on deck and in the holds essential
for maintaining the safety of the ship and which are to be
accessible at sea, e.g. fire fighting equipment, sounding
pipes etc., should not be made inaccessible by containers
or their stowing and lashing equipment.
1.3 For transmitting the forces from the container
stowing and lashing equipment into the ship's hull adequate
welding connections and local reinforcements of structural
members are to be provided (see also 2. and 3.).
1.4 The hatchway coamings are to be strengthened in
way of the connections of transverse and longitudinal struts
of cell guide systems.
The cell guide systems are not permitted to be connected
to projecting deck plating edges in way of the hatchways.
Any flame cutting or welding should be avoided,
particularly at the deck rounding in the hatchway corners.
1.5 Where inner bottom, decks, or hatchcovers are
loaded with containers, adequate substructures, e.g. carlings,
half height girders etc., are to be provided and the plate
thickness is to be increased where required. For welded-in
parts, see Section 19, B.2.
2. Load assumptions
2.1 The scantlings of the local ship structures and of
the container substructures are to be determined on the
basis of the permissible gross weights of the Containers
Stowage and Lashing Plans.
2.2 For determining scantlings the following design
forces are to be used which are assumed to act
simultaneously in the centre of gravity of a stack:
ship's transverse (y-) direction:
0,5 g @ G [kN]
ship's vertical (z-) direction:
(1 + av) g @ G[kN]
21 - 8 Section 21 - Hull Outfit J

G = stack mass in [t] - Masses of the car decks

av see Section 4, C.1.1. - Number and masses of cars intended to be stowed
on the decks
3. Permissible stresses
- Wheel loads and distance of wheels
3.1 For hatchway covers in pos. 1 and 2 loaded with - Connection of the car decks to the hull structure
containers, the permissible stresses according to Section.17,
- Moving and lifting gear of the car decks.
C.2. are to be observed.
1.3 Car decks in accordance with these requirements
3.2 The stresses in substructures for containers as well
may be made of hull structural steel or Seawater resisting
as for cell guide systems and lashing devices in the hatch
aluminium alloys.
covers of cargo decks are not to exceed the following
values:
2. Design loads
ReH 2
σb = [N/mm ] 2.1 For determining the scantlings of remaining
1,5
component parts of the decks, the following loads are to
ReH
τ = [N/mm2] be used:
2,3
2 ReH - Uniformly distributed load resulting from the mass
σv = σb % 3τ2 = [N/mm2] of the deck and maximum number of cars to be
1,3
carried. This load is not to be taken less than
ReH = minimum nominal upper yield point of the 2,5 [kN/m2.].
material.
- Wheel load P
3.3 For dimensioning the double bottom in case of single
point loads due to 20'- or 40'-containers, see Section 8, Where all wheels of one axle are standing on a deck
B.8.2. girder or a deck beam, the axle load is to be evenly
distributed on all wheels.
3.4 Where other structural members of the hull, e.g.
frames, deck beams, bulkheads, hatchway coamings, Where not all of the wheels of one axle are standing
bulwark stays etc. are subjected to loads from containers, on a deck girder or a deck beam, the following
cell guide systems and container lashing devices, these wheel loads are to be used:
members are to be strengthened wherever necessary so
that the actual stresses will not exceed those upon which P = 0,5 x axle load for 2 wheels per axle
the formulae in the respective Sections are based. = 0,3 x axle load for 4 wheels per axle
= 0,2 x axle load for 6 wheels per axle.
Where no data is available, P is to be taken as
H. Lashing Arrangements 25 [kN].
Lashing eyes and holes are to be arranged in such a way
as to not unduly weaken the structural members of the hull. 2.2 For determining the scantlings of the suspensions,
In particular where lashings are attached to frames, they the increased wheel load in case of four and six wheels
are to be so arranged that the bending moment in the frames per axle as per 2.2 need not be considered.
is not unduly increased. Where necessary, the frame is to
be strengthened. 3. Plating

3.1 The thickness of the plating is to be determined

according to the formulae as per Section 7, B.2. Where
J. Car Decks aluminium alloy is used, the thickness is to be determined
as per Section 2, D.1.
1. General

1.1 These Rules apply to movable as well as to
removable car decks not forming part of the ship's structure.
1.2 The following information should be included in
the plans to be submitted for approval:
- Scantlings of the car decks
3.2 The thickness of plywood is to be determined taking
into account a safety factor of 6 against the minimum
ultimate strength of the material. Where plywood plates,
supported on two sides only, are subjected to single loads,
1,45 times the unsupported span may be taken as effective
width of the plating.
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit L 21 - 9

4. Permissible stresses However, approval of the hull structure in way of the

launching devices taking into account the forces from the
4.1 In steel stiffeners and girders as well as in the steel above appliances is part of classification.
structural elements of the suspensions, subjected to loads
Part of classification also is the survey of the life saving
as per 2. including the acceleration factor av according to
appliances and their launching devices with regard to their
Section 4, C.1.1 the following permissible stresses are to
proper condition and functioning within the scope of the
be observed:
class renewal surveys.
Normal and bending stresses (tension and compression):
140
σ < – [N/mm2]
k
L. Signal and Radar Masts
Sheer stresses:
90
τ <
– [N/mm2] 1. General
k
Combined stresses: 1.1 Drawings of masts, substructures, mast supports
and hull connections are to be submitted for approval.
σv = σ2 % 3 τ2 # 180 [N/mm ] 2
k
1.2 Loose component parts are to comply with the
k = material factor according to Section 2, B.2. "Regulations for the Construction and Survey of Lifting
Appliances". They are to be tested by BKI.
4.2 Where aluminium alloys are used, the permissible
stresses may be derived from multiplying the permissible 1.3 Other masts than covered by 2. and 3. as well as
stresses specified for ordinary hull structural steel by the special designs, must as regards dimensions and
factor 1/kAR (kAR = material factor for aluminium according construction in each case be individually agreed with BKI.
to Section 2, D.1.).
2. Single tubular masts
5. Permissible deflection
The following requirements apply to tubular or equivalent
5.1 The deflection of girders subjected to loads stipulated rectangular sections made of steel with an ultimate tensile
under 2. is not to exceed: strength of 400 N/mm², which are designed to carry only
signals (navigation lanterns, flag and day signals).
R
f =
200
2.1 Stayed masts
R = unsupported span of girder.
2.1.1 Stayed masts may be constructed as simply
5.2 An adequate safety distance should be maintained supported masts (rocker masts) or may be supported by
between the girders of a loaded deck and the top of car one or more decks (constraint masts).
stowed on the deck below.
2.1.2 The diameter of stayed steelmasts in the uppermost
6. Buckling support is to be at least 20 mm for each 1 m length of
hounding. The length of the masttop above the hounds
The buckling strength of girders is to be proved according is not to exceed 1/3 R (R denotes the hounding in [m]).
to Section 3, F., if required.
2.1.3 Mast according to 2.1.2 may be gradually tapered
towards the hounds to 75 per cent of the diameter at the
uppermost housing. The plate thickness is not to be less
than 1/70 of the diameter or at least 4 mm, see 4.1.

K. Life Saving Appliances and Launching Devices
1. It is assumed that regarding the arrangement and
operation of life boats and other life saving appliances the
regulations of SOLAS 74 or of the competent Authority
are complied with.
2. The designing and testing of life boats with their
launching devices and of other life saving appliances are
not part of classification.
2.1.4 Wire ropes for shrouds are to be thickly galvanized.
It is recommended to use wire ropes composed of a
minimum number of thick wires, as for instance a rope
construction 6 x7 with a tensile breaking strength of 1570
N/mm2.
2.1.5 Where masts are stayed forward and aft by one
shroud on each side of the ship, steel wire ropes are to be
used with a tensile breaking strength of 1570 N/mm2
according to Table 21.4.
21 - 10 Section 21 - Hull Outfit L

Table 21.4 Rope and sackles of stayed steel masts 3.3 The design loads for 4.1 and 4.2 as well as the
allowable stresses can be taken from the "Regulations for
h [m] 6 8 10 12 14 16
the Construction and Survey of Lifting Appliances."

Rope diameter [mm] 14 16 18 20 22 24 3.4 Single tubular masts mounted on the top may be
dimensioned according to 2 and 3.
Nominal size of shackle, rigging 2,5 3 4 5 6 8
screw, rope socket
3.5 In case of thin walled boxgirder masts stiffeners
h = height of hound over the hauling of the shrouds and additional buckling stiffeners may be necessary.

4. Structural details
2.1.6 Where steel wire ropes according to Table 21.2
are used, the following conditions apply: 4.1 Steel masts closed all-round must have a wall
thickness of at least 4 mm.
b >
– 0,3 h
For masts not closed all-round the minimum wall thickness
0,15h <
– a <
– b is 6 mm.

a = the distance of the hauling points of the shrouds For masts used as funnels a corrosion addition of at least
from the transverse section through the hound. 1 mm is required.

b = the distance of the hauling points of the shrouds 4.2 The ship’s side foundations are to be dimensioned
from the longitudinal section through the hound. in accordance with the acting forces.
Alternative arrangements of staying are to be of equivalent
stiffness. 4.3 Doubling plates at mast feet are permissible only
for the transmission of compressive forces since they are
2.2 Unstayed masts generally not suitable for the transmission of tensile forces
or bending moments.
2.2.1 Unstayed masts may be completely constrained in
the uppermost deck or be supported by two or more decks. 4.4 In case of tubular constructions all welded fastenings
(In general, the fastenings of masts to the hull of a ship and connections must be of full penetration weld type.
should extend over at least one deck height).
4.5 If necessary, slim tubes are to be additionally
3.2 The scantlings for unstayed steel masts are given supported in order to avoid vibrations.
in the Table 21.5
4.6 The dimensioning normally does not require a
calculation of vibrations. However, in case of undue
Table 21.5 Dimensions of unstayed steel masts vibrations accuring during the ship’s trial a respective
calculation will be required.
Length of
4.7 For determining scantlings of masts made from
mast Rm 6 8 10 12 14
aluminium or austenitic steel, the requirements given in
[m]
Section 2, D. and E. apply.
Dxt [mm] 160 x@4 220 x 4 290 x 4,5 360 x 5,5 430 x 6,5

Rm = length of mast from uppermost support to the top

4.8 At masts solid steel ladders have to be fixed at least
D = diameter of mast at uppermost support up to 1,50 m below top, if they have to be climbed for
t = plate thickness of mast operational purposes. Above them, suitable handgrips are
neccessary.
2.2.3 The diameter of masts may be gradually tapered
4.9 If possible from the construction point of view,
to D/2 at the height of 0,75 Rm. ladders should be at least 0,30 m wide. The distance
between the rungs must be 0,30 m. The horizontal distance
3. Boxgirder and frame work masts of the rung centre from fixed parts must not be less than
0,15 m. The rungs must be aligned and be made of square
3.1 For dimensioning the dead loads, acceleration forces steel bars 20/20 edge up.
and wind loads are to be considered.
4.10 Platforms on masts which have to be used for
3.2 Where necessary additional loads e. g. loads caused operational reasons, must have a rail of at least 0,90 m in
by the sea fastening of crane booms or tension wires are height with one intermediate bar. Safe access from the mast
also to be considered. ladders to the platform is to be provided.
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
4.11 On masts additional devices have to be installed
consisting of foot, back, and hand rings enabling safe work
in places of servicing and maintenance.
M. Loading and Lifting Gear
1. The determination of scantlings and checking of
loading and lifting gear including masts and posts with
derricks as well as standing rigging on ships are not part
of classification.
2. Approval of the hull structure in way of loading
and lifting gear taking into account the forces from the
gear is part of classification.
Note
Where BKI is entrusted with the judgement of loading and
lifting gears, Society's Regulations for the Construction
and Survey of Lifting Appliances are to be applied.
N. Access to Cargo Area of Oil Tankers and Bulk
Carriers
Special measures are to be taken for safe access to and
working in large cargo tanks, ballast water tanks and large
cargo holds of tankers and bulk carriers for the purpose
of maintenance and carrying out surveys.
Note
This requirement is considered to be complied with where
the SOLAS, Chapter II-1, Reg. 3-6, is adhered to Abstract
of this Regulation :
1. Safe access to cargo holds, cargo tanks, ballast
tanks and other spaces
1.1 Safe access to cargo holds, cofferdams, ballast tanks,
cargo tanks and other spaces in the cargo area shall be
direct from the open deck and such as to ensure their
complete inspection. Safe access to double bottom spaces
may be from a pump-room, deep cofferdam, pipe tunnel,
cargo hold, double hull space or similar compartment not
intended for the carriage of oil or hazardous cargoes.
1.2 Tanks, and subdivisions of tanks, having a length
of 35 m or more, shall be fitted with at least two access
hatchways and ladders, as far apart as practicable. Tanks
less than 35 m in length shall be served by at least one
access hatchway and ladder. When a tank is subdivided
by one or more swash bulkheads or similar obstructions
which do not allow ready means of access to the other parts
of the tank, at least two hatchways and ladders shall be
fitted.
N 21 - 11
1.3 Each cargo hold shall be provided with at least
two means of access as far apart as practicable. In general,
these accesses should be arranged diagonally, for example
one access near the forward bulkhead on the port side,
the other one near the aft bulkhead on the starboard side.
1.4 Where a permanent means of access may be
susceptible to damage during normal cargo loading and
unloading operations or where it is impracticable to fit
permanent means of access, the Administration may allow,
in lieu thereof, the provision of movable or portable means
of access, as specified in the Technical provisions, provided
that the means of attaching, rigging, suspending or
supporting the portable means of access forms a permanent
part of the ship's structure. All portable equipment shall
be capable of being readily erected or deployed by ship's
personnel.
2. Definitions
2.1 Rung
Rung means the step of a vertical ladder or step on the
vertical surface.
2.2 Tread
Tread means the step of an inclined ladder or step for the
vertical access opening.
2.3 Flight of an inclined ladder
Flight of an inclined ladder means the actual stringer length
of an inclined ladder. For vertical ladders, it is the distance
between the platforms.
2.4 Stringer
Stringer means:
– the frame of a ladder; or
– the stiffened horizontal plating structure fitted on
the side shell, transverse bulkheads and/or
longitudinal bulkheads in the space. For the purpose
of ballast tanks of less than 5 m width forming
double side spaces, the horizontal plating structure
is credited as a stringer and a longitudinal
permanent means of access, if it provides a
continuous passage of 600 mm or more in width
past frames or stiffeners on the side shell or
longitudinal bulkhead. Openings in stringer plating
utilized as permanent means of access shall be
arranged with guard rails or grid covers to provide
safe passage on the stringer or safe access to each
transverse web.
2.5 Vertical ladder
Vertical ladder means a ladder of which the inclined angle
is 70º and over up to 90º. A vertical ladder shall not be
skewed by more than 2º.
21 - 12 Section 21 - Hull Outfit N

2.6 Overhead obstructions
Overhead obstructions mean the deck or stringer structure
including stiffeners above the means of access.
2.7 Distance below deck head
Distance below deck head means the distance below the
plating.
2.8 Cross deck
Cross deck means the transverse area of the main deck
which is located inboard and between hatch coamings.
3. Technical provisions
3.1 Structural members subject to the close-up
inspections and thickness measurements of the ship's
structure, except those in double bottom spaces, shall be
provided with a permanent means of access to the extent
as specified in Table 21.6 and Table 21.7, as applicable.
For oil tankers and wing ballast tanks of ore carriers,
approved alternative methods may be used in combination
with the fitted permanent means of access, provided that
the structure allows for its safe and effective use.
3.2 Permanent means of access should as far as possible
be integral to the structure of the ships, thus ensuring that
they are robust and at the same time contributing to the
overall strength of the structure of the ship.
3.3 Elevated passageways forming sections of a
permanent means of access, where fitted, shall have a
minimum clear width of 600 mm, except for going around
vertical webs where the minimum clear width may be
reduced to 450 mm, and have guard rails over the open
side of their entire length. Sloping structures providing
part of the access shall be of a non-skid construction. Guard
rails shall be 1,000 mm in height and consist of a rail and
an intermediate bar 500 mm in height and of substantial
construction. Stanchions shall be not more than 3 m apart.
3.4 Access to permanent means of access and vertical
openings from the ship's bottom shall be provided by means
of easily accessible passageways, ladders or treads. Treads
shall be provided with lateral support for the foot. Where
the rungs of ladders are fitted against a vertical surface,
the distance from the centre of the rungs to the surface
shall be at least 150 mm. Where vertical manholes are
fitted higher than 600 mm above the walking level, access
shall be facilitated by means of treads and hand grips with
platform landings on both sides.
3.5 Permanent inclined ladders shall be inclined at
an angle of less than 70º. There shall be no obstructions
within 750 mm of the face of the inclined ladder, except
that in way of an opening this clearance may be reduced
to 600 mm. Resting platforms of adequate dimensions shall
be provided, normally at a maximum of 6 m vertical height.
Ladders and handrails shall be constructed of steel or
equivalent material of adequate strength and stiffness and
securely attached to the structure by stays. The method
of support and length of stay shall be such that vibration
is reduced to a practical minimum. In cargo holds, ladders
shall be designed and arranged so that cargo handling
difficulties are not increased and the risk of damage from
cargo handling gear is minimized.

Tabel 21.6 Means of access for ballast and cargo tanks of oil tankers

Water ballast tanks except those specified Water ballast wing tanks of less than 5 m width forming
in the right column, and cargo oil tanks double side spaces and their bilge hopper sections
Access to the underdeck and vertical structure
For tanks of which the height is 6 m and over containing For double side spaces above the upper knuckle point of the
internal structures, permanent means of access shall be bilge hopper sections, permanent means of access are to be
provided in accordance with 1. to 6.: provided in accordance with 1. to 3.:
1. continuous athwartship permanent access arranged 1. where the vertical distance between horizontal
at each transverse bulkhead on the stiffened surface, uppermost stringer and deck head is 6 m or more, one
at a minimum of 1,6 m to a maximum of 3 m below continuous longitudinal permanent means of access
the deck head; shall be provided for the full length of the tank with
a means to allow passing through transverse webs
installed at a minimum of 1,6 m to a maximum of 3
m below the deck head with a vertical access ladder
at each end of the tank;
2. at least one continuous longitudinal permanent means 2. continuous longitudinal permanent means of access,
of access at each side of the tank. One of these accesses which are integrated in the structure, at a vertical
shall be at a minimum of 1,6 m to a maximum of 6 m distance not exceeding 6 m apart; and
below the deck head and the other shall be at a
minimum of 1,6 m to a maximum of 3 m below the deck
head;
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit N 21 - 13

Tabel 21.6 Means of access for ballast and cargo tanks of oil tankers (cont’)

Water ballast tanks except those specified Water ballast wing tanks of less than 5 m width forming
in the right column, and cargo oil tanks double side spaces and their bilge hopper sections
Access to the underdeck and vertical structure
3. access between the arrangements specified in 1. and 3. plated stringers shall, as far as possible, be in
2. and from the main deck to either 1. or 2.; alignment with horizontal girders of transverse
bulkheads.
4. continuous longitudinal permanent means of access
which are integrated in the structural member on the
stiffened surface of a longitudinal bulkhead, in
alignment, where possible, with horizontal girders of
transverse bulkheads are to be provided for access
to the transverse webs unless permanent fittings are
installed at the uppermost platform for use of
alternative means, as defined in 3.9 for inspection at
intermediate heights;
5. for ships having cross-ties which are 6 m or more
above tank bottom, a transverse permanent means of
access on the cross-ties providing inspection of the
tie flaring brackets at both sides of the tank, with access
from one of the longitudinal permanent means of access
in 4.; and
6. alternative means as defined in 3.9 may be provided
for small ships as an alternative to 4. for cargo oil
tanks of which the height is less than 17 m.
For tanks of which the height is less than 6 m, alternative For bilge hopper sections of which the vertical distance from
means as defined in 3.9 or portable means may be utilized the tank bottom to the upper knuckle point is 6 m and over,
in lieu of the permanent means of access. one longitudinal permanent means of access shall be provided
for the full length of the tank. It shall be accessible by vertical
permanent means of access at each end of the tank.
Where the vertical distance is less than 6 m, alternative means
as defined in 3.9 or portable means of access may be utilised
in lieu of the permanent means of access. To facilitate the
operation of the alternative means of access, in-line openings
in horizontal stringers shall be provided. The openings shall
be of an adequate diameter and shall have suitable protective
railings.
The longitudinal continuous permanent means of access may
be installed at a minimum 1,6 m to maximum 3 m from the
top of the bilge hopper section. In this case, a platform
extending the longitudinal continuous permanent means of
access in way of the webframe may be used to access the
identified structural critical areas.
Alternatively, the continuous longitudinal permanent means
of access may be installed at a minimum of 1,2 m below the
top of the clear opening of the web ring allowing a use of
portable means of access to reach identified structural critical
areas.
Fore peak tanks
For fore peak tanks with a depth of 6 m or more at the centre
line of the collision bulkhead, a suitable means of access shall
be provided for access to critical areas such as the underdeck
structure, stringers, collision bulkhead and side shell structure.
21 - 14 Section 21 - Hull Outfit N

Tabel 21.6 Means of access for ballast and cargo tanks of oil tankers (cont’)

Water ballast tanks except those specified Water ballast wing tanks of less than 5 m width forming
in the right column, and cargo oil tanks double side spaces and their bilge hopper sections
Access to the underdeck and vertical structure
Stringers of less than 6 m in vertical distance from the deck
head or a stringer immediately above are considered to provide
suitable access in combination with portable means of access.
In case the vertical distance between the deck head and
stringers, stringers or the lowest stringer and the tank bottom
is 6 m or more, alternative means of access as defined in 3.9
shall be provided.

Table 21.7 Means of access for bulk carriers

Cargo holds Ballast tanks

Access to underdeck structure
Permanent means of access shall be fitted to provide access
to the overhead structure at both sides of the cross deck and
in the vicinity of the centreline. Each means of access shall
be accessible from the cargo hold access or directly from the
main deck and installed at a minimum of 1,6 m to a maximum
of 3 m below the deck. An athwartship permanent means of
access fitted on the transverse bulkhead at a minimum 1,6
m to a maximum 3 m below the cross-deck head is accepted
as equivalent.
Access to the permanent means of access to overhead structure plating, then step rungs/grab rails shall be provided to allow
of the cross deck may also be via the upper stool.
Ships having transverse bulkheads with full upper stools with
access from the main deck which allows monitoring of all
framing and plates from inside do not require permanent
means of access of the cross deck.
Alternatively, movable means of access may be utilized
for access to the overhead structure of the cross
deck if its vertical distance is 17 m or less above the
tank top.
Top side tanks
For each topside tank of which the height is 6 m and over,
one longitudinal continuous permanent means of access shall
be provided along the side shell webs and installed at a
minimum of 1,6 m to a maximum of 3 m below deck with a
vertical access ladder in the vicinity of each access to that
tank.
If no access holes are provided through the transverse webs
within 600 mm of the tank base and the web frame rings have
a web height greater than 1 m in way of side shell and sloping
safe access over each transverse web frame ring.
Three permanent means of access, fitted at the end bay and
middle bay of each tank, shall be provided spanning from
tank base up to the intersection of the sloping plate with the
hatch side girder. The existing longitudinal structure, if fitted
on the sloping plate in the space may be used as part of this
means of access.
For topside tanks of which the height is less than 6 m,
alternative means as defined in 3.9 or portable means may
be utilized in lieu of the permanent means of access
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit N 21 - 15

Table 21.7 Means of access for bulk carriers (cont’)

Cargo holds Ballast tanks

Access to vertical structures Bilge hopper tanks
Permanent means of vertical access shall be provided in all For each bilge hopper tank of which the height is 6 m and
cargo holds and built into the structure to allow for an over, one longitudinal continuous permanent means of access
inspection of a minimum of 25 % of the total number of hold shall be provided along the side shell webs and installed at
frames port and starboard equally distributed throughout a minimum of 1,2 m below the top of the clear opening of the
the hold including at each end in way of transverse bulkheads. web ring with a vertical access ladder in the vicinity of each
But in no circumstance shall this arrangement be less than access to the tank.
3 permanent means of vertical access fitted to each side (fore
An access ladder between the longitudinal continuous
and aft ends of hold and mid-span). Permanent means of
permanent means of access and the bottom of the space shall
vertical access fitted between two adjacent hold frames is
be provided at each end of the tank.
counted for an access for the inspection of both hold frames.
A means of portable access may be used to gain access over Alternatively, the longitudinal continuous permanent means
the sloping plating of lower hopper ballast tanks. of access can be located through the upper web plating above
the clear opening of the web ring, at a minimum of 1,6 m below
In addition, portable or movable means of access shall be
the deck head, when this arrangement facilitates more suitable
utilized for access to the remaining hold frames up to their
inspection of identified structurally critical areas. An enlarged
upper brackets and transverse bulkheads.
longitudinal frame can be used for the purpose of the walkway.

Portable or movable means of access may be utilized for access
to hold frames up to their upper bracket in place of the
permanent means as required above. These means of access
shall be carried on board the ship and readily available for
use.
The width of vertical ladders for access to hold frames shall webs within 600 mm of the tank base and the web frame rings
be at least 300 mm, measured between stringers.
A single vertical ladder over 6 m in length is acceptable for
the inspection of the hold side frames in a single skin
construction.
For double-side skin construction no vertical ladders for the
inspection of the cargo hold surfaces are required. Inspection
of this structure should be provided from within the double
hull space.
For double-side skin bulk carriers, the longitudinal continuous
permanent means of access may be installed within 6 m from
the knuckle point of the bilge, if used in combination with
alternative methods to gain access to the knuckle point.
If no access holes are provided through the transverse ring
have a web height greater than 1 m in way of side shell and
sloping plating, then step rungs/grab rails shall be provided
to allow safe access over each transverse web frame ring.
For bilge hopper tanks of which the height is less than 6 m,
alternative means as defined in 3.9 or portable means may
be utilized in lieu of the permanent means of access. Such
means of access shall be demonstrated that they can be
deployed and made readily available in the areas where
needed.

Double-skin side tanks

Permanent means of access shall be provided in accordance
with the applicable sections of Tables 21.6.

Fore peak tanks

For fore peak tanks with a depth of 6 m or more at the
centreline of the collision bulkhead, a suitable means of access
shall be provided for access to critical areas such as the
underdeck structure, stringers, collision bulkhead and side
shell structure.
Stringers of less than 6 m in vertical distance from the deck
head or a stringer immediately above are considered to provide
suitable access in combination with portable means of access.
In case the vertical distance between the deck head and
stringers, stringers or the lowest stringer and the tank bottom
is 6 m or more, alternative means of access as defined in 3.9
shall be provided.
21 - 16 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
3.6 The width of inclined ladders between stringers
shall not be less than 400 mm. The treads shall be equally
spaced at a distance apart, measured vertically, of between
200 mm and 300 mm. When steel is used, the treads shall
be formed of two square bars of not less than 22 mm by
22 mm in section, fitted to form a horizontal step with the
edges pointing upward. The treads shall be carried through
the side stringers and attached thereto by double continuous
welding. All inclined ladders shall be provided with
handrails of substantial construction on both sides, fitted
at a convenient distance above the treads.
3.7 For vertical ladders or spiral ladders, the width
and construction should be in accordance with international
or national standards accepted by the Administration.
3.8 No free-standing portable ladder shall be more than
5 m long.
3.9 Alternative means of access include, but are not
limited to, such devices as:
– hydraulic arm fitted with a stable base
– wire lift platform
– staging
– rafting
– root arm or remotely operated vehicle (ROV)
– portable ladders more than 5 m long shall only be
utilized if fitted with a mechanical device to secure
the upper end of the ladder
– other means of access, approved by and acceptable
to the Administration
Means for safe operation and rigging of such equipment
to and from and within the spaces shall be clearly described
in the Ship Structure Access Manual.
3.10 For access through horizontal openings, hatches
or manholes, the minimum clear opening shall not be less
than 600 mm . 600 mm. When access to a cargo hold is
arranged through the cargo hatch, the top of the ladder
shall be placed as close as possible to the hatch coaming.
Access hatch coamings having a height greater than 900
mm shall also have steps on the outside in conjunction
with the ladder.
3.11 For access through vertical openings, or manholes,
in swash bulkheads, floors, girders and web frames
providing passage through the length and breadth of the
space, the minimum opening shall be not less than 600
mm x 800 mm at a height of not more than 600 mm from
the passage unless gratings or other foot holds are
provided.
3.12 For oil tankers of less than 5,000 tonnes deadweight,
the Administration may approve, in special circumstances,
smaller dimensions for the openings referred to in 3.10
and 3.11, if the ability to traverse such openings or to
N
remove an injured person can be proved to the satisfaction
of the Administration.
3.13 For bulk carriers, access ladders to cargo holds
and other spaces shall be:
3.13.1 Where the vertical distance between the upper
surface of adjacent decks or between deck and the bottom
of the cargo space is not more than 6 m, either a vertical
ladder or an inclined ladder.
3.13.2 Where the vertical distance between the upper
surface of adjacent decks or between deck and the bottom
of the cargo space is more than 6 m, an inclined ladder
or series of inclined ladders at one end of the cargo hold,
except the uppermost 2,5 m of a cargo space measured
clear of overhead obstructions and the lowest 6 m may
have vertical ladders, provided that the vertical extent of
the inclined ladder or ladders connecting the vertical
ladders is not less than 2,5 m.
The second means of access at the other end of the cargo
hold may be formed of a series of staggered vertical
ladders, which should comprise of one or more ladder
linking platforms spaced not more than 6 m apart vertically
and displaced to one side of the ladder. Adjacent sections
of ladder should be laterally offset from each other by at
least the width of the ladder. The uppermost entrance
section of the ladder directly exposed to a cargo hold should
be vertical for a distance of 2,5 m measured clear of
overhead obstructions and connected to a ladder-linking
platform.
3.13.3 A vertical ladder may be used as a means of access
to topside tanks, where the vertical distance is 6 m or less
between the deck and the longitudinal means of access
in the tank or the stringer or the bottom of the space
immediately below the entrance. The uppermost entrance
section from deck of the vertical ladder of the tank should
be vertical for a distance of 2,5 m measured clear of
overhead obstructions and comprise a ladder linking
platform, unless landing on the longitudinal means of
access, the stringer or the bottom within the vertical
distance, displaced to one side of a vertical ladder.
3.13.4 Unless allowed in 3.13.3 above, an inclined ladder
or combination of ladders should be used for access to
a tank or a space where the vertical distance is greater
than 6 m between the deck and a stringer immediately below
the entrance, between stringers, or between the deck or
a stringer and the bottom of the space immediately below
the entrance.
3.13.5 In case of 3.13.4 above, the uppermost entrance
section from deck of the ladder should be vertical for a
distance of 2,5 m clear of overhead obstructions and
connected to a landing platform and continued with an
inclined ladder. The flights of inclined ladders should not
be more than 9 m in actual length and the vertical height
should not normally be more than 6 m. The lowermost
 Section 21 - Hull Outfit
section of the ladders may be vertical for a distance of not
less than 2,5 m.
3.13.6 In double-side skin spaces of less than 2,5 m width,
the access to the space may be by means of vertical ladders
that comprise of one or more ladderlinking platforms
spaced not more than 6 m apart vertically and displaced
to one side of the ladder. Adjacent sections of ladder should
be laterally offset from each other by at least the width
of the ladder.
3.13.7 A spiral ladder is considered acceptable as an
alternative for inclined ladders. In this regard, the
uppermost 2,5 m can continue to be comprised of the spiral
ladder and need not change over to vertical ladders.
3.14 The uppermost entrance section from deck of the
vertical ladder providing access to a tank should be vertical
for a distance of 2,5 m measured clear of overhead
obstructions and comprise a ladder linking platform,
displaced to one side of a vertical ladder. The vertical
ladder can be between 1,6 m and 3 m below deck structure
if it lands on a longitudinal or athwartship permanent
means of access fitted within that range.
4. Ship structure access manual
4.1 A ship's means of access to carry out overall and
close-up inspections and thickness measurements shall
be described in a Ship structure access manual approved
by the Administration, an updated copy of which shall be
kept on board. The Ship structure access manual shall
include the following for each space in the cargo area:
– plans showing the means of access to the space,
with appropriate technical specifications and
dimensions.
– plans showing the means of access within each
space to enable an overall inspection to be carried
out, with appropriate technical specifications and
dimensions. The plans shall indicate from where
each area in the space can be inspected.
– plans showing the means of access within the space
to enable close-up inspections to be carried out,
with appropriate technical specifications and
dimensions. The plans shall indicate the positions
of critical structural areas, whether the means of
access is permanent or portable and from where
each area can be inspected.
– instructions for inspecting and maintaining the
structural strength of all means of access and means
of attachment, taking into account any corrosive
O 21 - 17
atmosphere that may be within the space
– instructions for safety guidance when rafting is used
for close-up inspections and thickness
measurements
– instructions for the rigging and use of any portable
means of access in a safe manner
– an inventory of all portable means of access
– records of periodical inspections and maintenance
of the ship's means of access
4.2 For the purpose of these regulations "critical
structural areas" are locations which have been identified
from calculations to require monitoring or from the service
history of similar or sister ships to be sensitive to cracking,
buckling, deformation or corrosion which would impair
the structural integrity of the ship.
5. Other Regulations and Recommendations Attention
is drawn to Chapter 6 of the "Guidelines for the Inspection
and Maintenance of Double Hull Tanker Structures",
Tanker Structure Co-operative Forum 1995.
O. Guard - Rails
1. Efficient guard-rails or bulwarks are to be fitted
on all exposed parts of the freeboard and superstructure
decks.
The height is to be at least 1,0 m from the deck.
2. The height below the lowest course of the guard-rails
is not to exceed 230 mm.
The other courses are not to be spaced more than 380 mm
apart.
3. In the case of ships with rounded gunwales the
guard-rail supports are to be placed on the flat part of the
deck.
4. Guard-rails are to be constructed in accordance
with recognized standards.
Equivalent constructions of sufficient strength and safety
can be accepted.
5. Guard-rail stanchions are not to be welded to the
shell plating.