MARICULTURE: GROWTH IN

MILKFISH PRODUCTION
IN MATI CITY

A Qualitative Research presented to the Faculty and Staff of

IMMACULATE HEART OF MARY ACADEMY

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Obate, Keith Ver C.

Samalca, Rowena J.
Sombadon, Daryl Jay R.
Teodoro, Tahara A.
Delaman, Althea Lyne A.
Grade 11 – Goodness

March 16, 2019

 LIST OF CONTENTS

TITLE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
CERTIFICATION FROM THE GRAMMARIAN iii
CERTIFICATION FROM THE STATISTICIAN iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 6
Statement of the Problem 8
Significance of the Research 9
Scope and Delimitation of the Research 10
Operational Definition of Key Terms 11

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Classic Fisheries Management Theory 12
Harsh water lake culture practices 14
Environmental Impacts of Mari-culture 14
Challenges to Mari-culture Development 15
State of World Fisheries 16
Farmed Milkfish as Bait for the Tuna Pole-and-line Fishing 17
Industry in Eastern Indonesia: A Feasibility Study
How to Farm Milkfish (Chanos Chanos) 17

Need for more Study 19

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 20
The Sample 22
The Instrument(s) 23
Pilot Testing 24
Data Collection Procedure 25
Plan for Data Analysis 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
APPENDICES xxxi
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the paper presents the problem and its setting.

It includes the background of the study, statement of the problem,

significance of the study, and scope and delimitation of this study.

Background of the Study

One of the predominant species being cultured in the

Philippines is the Milkfish, scientifically known as Chanos Chanos

and locally known as “Bangus”. It is a sole living species in the family

of Chanidae which is nearly related to tuna and salmon because it’s

fussy form shape and migratory nature. Milkfish has been the

premiere aquaculture product in the Philippines, especially Indonesia

and Taiwan. Approximately 480,000 ha of brackish water and

freshwater lakes and 30 000 ha of fish pens in these territories deliver

right around 285 000 t of milkfish every year, milkfish generation is

ending up less beneficial after some time. It is widely distributed in

the Indo-pacific region and abundantly collected in the South and

Southeast Asian and West Pacific Regions, Taiwan specifically. Fish

consumption has levelled off with rising per capita incomes in the

Philippines, declining real wages and inflation have reduced per

capita fish consumption. In both places, brackish water pond

producers of milkfish are caught in a cost-price squeeze as input

costs have increased more rapidly than market prices. Indonesian

producers also face market constraints because high regional

transport costs often isolate them from major market centers. In

response to declining profitability of milkfish, producers have been

changing their production techniques involving deep water systems

and shifting to the culture of other species such as tilapia that

currently have greater domestic or export market potential. While

shifts to other more profitable techniques or species may bring higher

profits to producers and lower cost protein to consumers, research

and extension institutions that have been devoting much of their

energies to milkfish may not be able to shift their focus quite so

rapidly (Smith, I. R, & Chong, K. 2006).

Milkfish or commonly known as “bangus” is a popular

table fare among Filipinos. Philippine aquaculture creation and

profitable regions, be that as it may, are not thorough, and industry

eyewitnesses are regularly decreased to guess dependent on

subjective appraisals or, if reserves are accessible, to costly field

overviews of makers. A few such monetary overviews have been

directed amid the previous decade (Chong et al 2005).

Despite the essential research and information presented

on milkfish culturing, Mari-culturing of milk fish in a local context of

Mati City has not been officially introduced and have not been studied

yet. Therefore, this research will fill that gap and will focus on

determining milkfish production rates and culture, and in

determining ways on improving milkfish production.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the research is to address the issue of the low

production of Milkfish in Mati City, dig up its root cause, and find efficient

and effective methods and practices to increase the supply of Milkfish.

This research aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is the Mati City commercial and natural supply of Milkfish

sufficient enough for its citizens?

2. If there is insufficient supply, what are the reasons behind

the lack of supply of Milkfish that the residents of Mati city

are experiencing?

3. What are other factors affecting the production of Milkfish

in Mati City?

4. What are the influence of the amount of Milkfish production

affect Mati City’s economy?

5. What are the methods that can be used by fish farmers to

increase their production rate?

Significance of the Study

The results of the research will be of great benefit to the

following:

STUDENTS. The results will provide the students with some

knowledge about the fish industry. It would be useful for them as

“soon to be adults” for knowing methods in increasing and preserving

the supply of Milkfish.

PARENTS. By knowing the flow and processes of Milkfish,

parents will know how to select the proper fish efficiently and

effectively.

WORKING ADULTS. As individuals receiving regular pay

checks, this research would help them manage their groceries

properly. Working adults would save more money by knowing the

proper methods to increase and preserve the supply of fishes.

MARKET FISH VENDORS. By being one of the main subjects

of the research, the results found and discussed will give

enlightenment to them by now knowing the proper ways to sell

milkfish and ensure that the supply left will still be sufficient for

other’s consumption.

FISHERMEN. By now knowing the proper ways to farm fishes,

fishermen would have caught greater amounts of fish and produced

more from her chicken farms. By knowing how to farm, people would

still survive.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The research is descriptive in nature and focuses on

fishermen and fish vendors belonging to the public markets in the

City of Mati. The research sample is composing of the numerous fish

vendors and fishermen selling “Maricultured Milkfish” in Mati City.

The primary data gathering method to be used is by interviewing to

determine the perspectives of the fish vendors and fishermen about

current supply of Milkfish and the methods they know to increase

their fish production based on their experiences every day. This

research uses cluster sampling in which an equal representation for

gender among the fish vendors and fishermen will be applied.

The research data to be gathered will be based on the

interview of fishermen and fish vendors based on their daily

experiences in the fish industry.

It focuses on supply, methods, and practices as variables

in interpreting their experiences in the industry of Maricultured

Milkfish.

The research is delimited to a group of fishermen and fish

vendors working at a public market in the City of Mati. Experiences

in the fish industry will differ from each individual which is delimited

to their own methods and practices to increase their supply and

production rate and how they make most of their current supply.
Operational Definition of Key Terms

Key terms used in the research:

1. Brackish Water – Salt water or sea water.

2. Fish Consumption – The process of eating fishes and other

seafood.

3. Fish Farming – The process of nurturing fishes to increase its

population.

4. Fish Vendors - The one who sell fishes in fish markets.

5. Fresh Water – Water with lower levels of salinity.

6. Mariculture – The process of farming fishes through different

methods.

7. Methods – Techniques and processes to be used.

8. Milkfish – The subject of the research. It is a fish favored by

Filipinos.
 CHAPTER II

Review of the Related Literature

This review of related literature is centered on the topic

Mariculture of milkfish production in Mati City. The researchers

choose various research that are related to the study. Hence, the

literatures that used are diverse, not limiting itself to one field and

were also able to identify the different variables of each research.

Theoretical Basis

Classical Fisheries Management Theory

Classical fisheries management is based on the idea that the

productivity of a stock is based on its size and reproductive capability.

Through the process of mesh regulations/selective fishing, it also

states that there must be an equal ratio between the production and

death rate of the fishes. The classical approach to fisheries

management states that the growth and mortality parameters from

the populations used should be determined, which are then used as

input parameters to estimate the maximum sustainable yield, which

is the primary goal of fisheries management. The fisheries

management philosophy was established using Beverton and Holt’s

yield-per-recruit model which made a huge impact to the fisheries

literature by influencing it greatly. In order to achieve great results,

regulations to manage fisheries resources were introduced. In a study

by Pauly, in order to achieve high MSY, controlling when it comes to

fishing, the use of fishing gears, and the time of fishing, should be

properly observed. Based on the classical fisheries management

theory, numerous methods and principles were made to manage

fisheries resources globally. The establishment of marine protected

areas, which means to designate specific areas that fishermen are not

allowed to utilize, which aims to preserve the fishes is one of the

numerous classical management approaches to safeguard fish

resources (Mosepele, 2014).

Related Studies

Harsh water lake culture practices

These culture strategies apply normal methods in readiness, for

example, total drying, culturing, and fertilization. All methods additionally

require appropriate acclimatization and stocking procedure just as

support of water level and quality. Notwithstanding collecting techniques

are basic to every one of the strategies/methods. Be that as it may, it is in

the planning of different exercises, pond use, rate of stocking and

trimming cycles where every strategy varies from the other. Examples of

Harsh water lake culture practices include: Extensive or Straight-run,

Modular or Progression, Deep Water-Plankton, Stock Manipulation or

Multi-Size Group, Polyculture, Semi-Intensive Pond Culture, and

Intensive Method (Yap, W., Vallaluz, A., Soriano, G., & Santos, N., 2007).

Environmental Impacts of Mariculture

Potential Environment Impacts. Mariculture expansion is in general

determined by the characteristics of the culture systems and site

characteristics including nature of the seascape and landscape, waste

assimilating capacity, waste loadings, and other users (Troell, 2011).

Collections. Seed from the wild may put pressure on wild

populations, or alter community structure by removals of new recruits

(Ishengoma, 2011).

Pond Mariculture Development. The intertidal can cause

eutrophication and pollution through effluents of wastes, chemicals and

pharmaceuticals, especially where farming takes place on a large scale,

and controls over effluents are inadequate. Farming systems can give rise

to spreading of diseases or antibiotic-resistant bacteria to other farms and

wild stocks during water exchange (Graslund 2004).

Challenges to Mariculture Development

High Poverty Levels. The development of a Mariculture industry

within the setting is a challenge, particularly when extension systems fail

to disseminate technical know-how required for farming and marketing

(Troell, 2011).

Extensive vs. Intensive. Mariculture development may take place

along different ways, depending on the available infrastructure, capital

means and technical ability of potential farmers. Extensive Mariculture is

based on the food supply by natural resources; it is often suitable for

small farms, where farmers do not have access to capital and technical

skills. Intensive Mariculture is based on provision of external food, and

the cost of input per kilograms of fish produced is higher; hence this

system is suitable for larger, technologically-advanced investors culturing

high value products for export. Whether farming uses extensive or

intensive systems, or is targeted at local, tourist or export markets, it is

important that robust impact assessments are undertaken, before

construction is approved, to assess potential effects of farms on the

environment and socio economic systems, including food security and

poverty alleviation (Troell, 2011).

Weak Business Skills. Farmers and lack of market access place

economic constraints on Mariculture development. There is a clear role

for the private sectors in facilitating small-scale farming as a part of its

strategy, through identifying new processing technologies and securing

market access and shares (Troell, 2011).

The issues of low quality sear and deformities in serious

incubation center framework have been tended to by giving

satisfactory sustenance and nutrients and great water quality. The

upside of serious framework is that more rotisserie can be created in

a constrained zone (Yap et. al, 2007).

State of World Fisheries

Aquaculture continues to grow more rapidly than all other

animal food-producing sectors, with an average annual growth rate

for the world of 8.8 percent per year since 1970, compared with only

1.2 percent for capture fisheries and 2.8 percent for terrestrial farmed

meat production systems. However, there are signs that the rate of

growth for global aquaculture may have peaked, although high

growth rates may continue for some regions and species. There have

been proposals that the ongoing quick ascent of fuel costs will change

the financial matters of the angling business, particularly concerning

removed water angling. The utilization of fish bearers is probably

going to increment trying to cut generally speaking fuel costs by

lessening the time angling vessels spend steaming to and from the

angling grounds. The worldwide condition of misuse of the world

marine fishery assets has would in general remain moderately stable

in the course of the previous years, regardless of whether changes

have been accounted for some fish stocks and explicit territories

(Pauly, D & Zeller, D., 2016).

Farmed Milkfish as Bait for the Tuna Pole-and-line Fishing Industry in

Eastern Indonesia: A Feasibility Study

This situation has necessitated thought of farming baitfish to

make sure a property offers to pole-and-line tuna fishers. Milkfish is

one in every of the potential farmed fish that might be used as bait

within the tuna business, because it has been with success trialed

within the past. Milkfish farming for fish production is already well

established in Dutch East Indies and alternative countries like the

Philippines, Taiwan, and Pacific island countries. it's thought-about

to be Associate in Nursing environmentally sound farming system

because of milkfish’s low organic phenomenon positioning

phytophilous or all-devouring feeding habit (Towers, 2014).

How to Farm Milkfish (Chanos Chanos)

In the Philippines milkfish nurseries are integrated with grow-

out adroitness, where wilderness-caught or hatchery-reared nipper

are first acclimated into nursery compartments which comprise one

third to one quarter of the total area of the Brackish H2O pond. Fry

are stocked at a density of up to 1 000/litre and are fed with a

naturally-grown micro-benthic food known as 'lab-lab' which grows

on the fertilised pond bottom. Nursery upbringing has also been

carried out in hap type suspended nylon meshwork installed in

Brackish water pool or lagune and in freshwater lakes within the

grow-out compartments, a traditionally drill in the Philippines. When

natural food is becoming depleted, artificial feeds such as Elmer

Reizenstein brain, India corn bran, and stale Kale or formulated feeds
are provided. In about 4-6 weeks, the fry grows to quintet-8 cm

juveniles, which is the ideal sizing for releasing into grow-out ponds

or pen depending on the desired grow-out period, juveniles or

fingerling sizing milkfish are kept in nurseries or conversion holding

tanks up to the required stocking size of 30-40 g. Nursery rearing

from fry to fingerling size normally achieves 70%survival (Towers,

2009).
Need for more Study
Even though that there are already numerous factual studies about

the Mariculture of milkfish, the study of localizing the subject to the City

of Mati has not been established yet. Thus this study would be the one to

localize the study so that the problem in Mati City will be addressed. This

study would be presenting ideas, methods, and principles to increase the

Milkfish production in the City of Mati to its people. With this study that

the people of the City of Mati can understand, the production of Milkfish

would improve and will supply enough milkfish for the city.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design, the sample, the

instruments, the pilot testing, the data collection procedure, and the plan

for data analysis.

Research Design

Qualitative research is a type of social science research that

interacts with words and does not correlate with statistical data. By

researching trends and events of a certain population, it explains and lead

people to a deeper understanding about the problem (Crossman, 2019).

Researching about the production of Milkfish needs Qualitative methods

since it mostly deals with the views and opinions of people with knowledge

about the subject.

The research design utilized for this research is Phenomenology

which is a way to deal with subjective research that centers around the

shared characteristic of a lived involvement inside a specific gathering. The

key objective of the methodology is to touch base at a depiction of the idea

of the specific wonder (Creswell, 2013). Different types of information, for

example, archives, perceptions and craftsmanship may likewise be

utilized. The information is then perused and rehash and separated for

like expressions and subjects that are then assembled to shape bunches

of significance (Creswell, 2013). Through this procedure the researcher

may build the widespread significance of the occasion, circumstance or

experience and touch base at an increasingly significant comprehension

of the wonder. The research of Milkfish uses Phenomenology since it

researches the trend of production of the subject which is answerable by

the habitual patterns of people affiliated to it.

The Sample

The results of this research originated from the distinctive answers

of the fish vendors and fishermen in Mati City with the use of the snowball

sampling. To be explicit, these are the fishermen, and fish vendors in the

two open markets in Mati City, in Matiao and in Don Luis.

Snowball sampling is where the researchers recruit numerous

respondents for the research. It is entitled as “Snowball” since the data

gathered gets bigger and clearer as more respondents are involved in the

research. The chosen respondents will vary based on the judgement of the

researchers (Stephanie, 2014). Snowball sampling is used in this research

since the research requires the answer of numerous individuals which will

be correlated into a general answer.

The chosen respondents are the fishermen and fish vendors who

have direct information with the Mariculture of Milkfish in Mati City. Due

to the diverse answers originating from various individuals with

exceptional viewpoints and assessments, a sum running from 15-25

individuals are met with their answers sifted through a while later and

correlated into one answer.

The Instrument(s)

The instruments are the general terms that the researchers, use for

an estimation gadget. This aide in recognizing instrumental and

instrumentation. The researchers will utilize consent letters which will be

given to the respondents for their permission to be part of the research.

The researchers will also use review interviews for data collecting which is

a generally utilized kind of instrument in research that contains the

answers to the questions without any restrictions. The researchers will use

the open-finished kind of review interview in which the respondents are

free to give their own views and opinions about the subject matter and also

with the use of in-depth interview, which is an interview that takes place

when the researchers began interviewing the respondents involved

(individually or in groups) so that the respondents can freely expresses

their idea, and feelings about the study. This interview also establishes a

relationship among the respondents and that the researchers must have

an opening question before proceeding. Since there are different methods

to increasing the rate of Milkfish production, unrestricted answers will

lead to diverse ones which can be filtered to correlate into one general idea

(Trigeros, Juan, Sandoval 2017).

The researchers planned a meeting plan as one of the information

accumulation instrument for this research. Mati City. Recording and note

taking devices such as notepads, audio recorders, and cameras will be

used with the respondent’s permission to take note of their responses.

Pilot Testing

A pilot testing was directed to interview the poll and inquiries

questions furthermore, prompts and assess their adequacy. The member

for the pilot contemplate comprised of a person from a public market in

Mati City. Just a single member was used on the grounds that the

discoveries sufficiently uncovered about occurrences the Mariculture

industry to warrant the utilization of the poll and direct further meetings.

This member reviewed different methods on increasing and preserving the

supply of Milkfish. This member reviewed unique ways and means of

Mariculture and its current situation in Mati.

An interview was done to determine whether the research questions

are understandable by the respondents. 1 out of 5 research questions were

not fully understood by 2 out 5 respondents.

The research question not fully understood by the respondents is:

What are the influence of the amount of Milkfish production affect Mati

City’s economy?

The researchers decided to paraphrase the given question in

order for our participants to understand it more clearly: How can the

supply of Milkfish production affect Mati City’s economy.

Data Collection Procedure

Data Collection Procedure is one of the most important thing in

research methodology. Without plan and procedures, the researchers

cannot reach any conclusion. After selecting and finalizing the

devices for information gathering, the researchers will visit the

general population setting (Public Markets, Milkfish breeding, and

Fishing Ports) personally for taking prior permission from the person

in charge of the said places for collecting the necessary data.

Afterwards, the researchers will discuss in detail about the research

together with the with heads of the respective place and sought the

permission for collecting the necessary data and the subjects Fish

Vendors, Fishermen were explained about the nature and purpose of

the research.

In the first stage, good connection with the persons in charge

of the Mati City Public markets, fishing ports, and Milkfish breeding

was established in order to do the research carefully. On the

scheduled day, the researchers will meet the respondents. In this

manner, the researchers will talk about in insight concerning the

research and will clarify about the real nature and motivation behind

the research.

Before interviewing the said respondents, the researchers will

tell the respondents that their answers would be confidential unless

the researchers have the permission of the respondent to leak the

information. In order for the respondents to give their responses to

the questions free and frankly, and sincerely, they were made aware

by the researchers that there are no right or wrong answers to these

questions and their career would not be affected as it was only an

implementation for research purpose and their responses would be

kept strictly confidential.

This research will exploit interviews containing open-finished

inquiries that will help in any social event together with the required

information. The picked respondents are the ones who will answer

the research polls. Insight and the documentation will pursue while

the respondents are responding.

The researchers will lead an inside and out perception to

guarantee the precision of the appropriate responses. Keeping in view

the objectives and goals of the research, the set of questions prepared

were administered to the respondents as a group. In order to free

them from doubts, they were given sufficient time interval during the

interview. Thus, the research was administered under proper testing

conditions.

Each session to testing, ended with a response whether or

whether not the researcher can use the following questions and if the

methods used are easily understood or not. In the second phase,

before running the research, necessary steps were followed and

appropriate precautions were taken for each organization. Thus a

disposition of being free and straight to the point, legitimate and

honest will be seen in endeavoring the research.

Plan for Data Analysis

The researchers will verify the data with regards to with this

theme, and from that the researchers will draw out their own

clarification of the data assembled. The philosophy to be utilized is

phenomenology, since the researchers concentrates more on the

development underway of Milkfish in Mati City.

This research will produce a noteworthy amount of information

including organized meetings, wherein a sorted out arrangement of

questions are asked, that is to ensure that each meeting is given

accurately with similar question in a similar request. Recordings and

documentations will likewise be incorporated into the information

social occasion of the research.

Every data will experience an intensive investigation led by the

researchers. The researchers are the persons who processes the

information. The researchers will break down the information one by

one leaving no information unused.

After the diagnostic procedure, the researchers will utilize a

measurable portrayal explicitly a reference diagram to demonstrate

the consequences of the calculation. In the way of displaying the

information in a chart structure, the researchers will give narration

of the outcome to ensure that the ones who will utilize this research

later on will most likely think of similar translations with the

researchers.
 After the procedure of information examination, the

researchers will almost certainly answer all the exploration addresses

that is given, accomplish the exploration destinations and conclude

a decision that will incorporate an intensive clarification of this

research and give proposals for further investigation in this field of

research.

This research tends to generate a significant quantity of data.

Plan for data analysis is a guideline for how the researchers are going

to organize and interpret the data gathered through the use of

analytical reasoning to determine the outlines, and connections.

Analytical reasoning is breaking down the underlying pattern

in a written argument that is qualitative in nature, the researchers

would be able to identify the weak points of the research or determine

if the entire research is meaningless depending if it does not use a

valid logical progression and arrive at a certain conclusion with

regards to the research and with the use of Descriptive type analysis.

Descriptive analysis describes the main aspects of the data

being analyzed, in other words, Descriptive Analysis lists down and

summarizes the values of each variable in a data set. Descriptive

analysis helps the researchers become familiar with the data set and

to identify the problems within the data, with the use of this type of

analysis the researchers would be able to filter out the answers and

be able to find their possible strengths and weaknesses.

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