DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

10389452

A REVIEW: AGRIBUSINESS INNOVATIONS ELEVATING

FISHERMEN'S LIVELIHOODS VIA NON-FISH RESOURCE
INTEGRATION

SUPRIYADI SUPRIYADI 1*, ASYIFA ANANDYA 2, SEPTIAN MAULANA PURNAMA 3

and R ADHARYAN ISLAMY 4
1, 2
Social Economic of Fisheries (Kediri City Campus), Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya
University, Jl. Veteran No.16, Ketawanggede, Lowokwaru, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia.
3
Department of Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145,
Indonesia.
4
Aquaculture study program, Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author Email: supriyadi67@ub.ac.id

Abstract
The integration of non-fish resources into fisheries agribusiness has emerged as a pivotal strategy for sustainable
development and economic resilience. In light of increasing challenges faced by the fisheries sector, our study
aims to explore the multifaceted potential of non-fish resources, including aquatic plants, crustaceans, mollusks,
and organic matter. Recognizing the urgent need for innovative solutions, our research focuses on identifying
opportunities to diversify income streams and enhance the sector's environmental and economic sustainability.
Employing a qualitative methodology, our study draws on a multidisciplinary research team that conducts a
comprehensive review of academic literature and analyzes real-world case studies. The findings reveal a rich array
of non-fish resources, laying a crucial foundation for economic growth, environmental sustainability, and
community well-being. The study highlights the substantial economic impact of strategically integrating these
resources, showcasing increased revenue, reduced vulnerability to fish stock fluctuations, and the creation of
alternative income streams. Socially, community engagement emerges as a key determinant of success, with
collaborative initiatives showcasing positive impacts on livelihoods, community resilience, and the empowerment
of fishermen through diversified skill sets. The urgency for proactive policy measures becomes evident,
emphasizing the need for policymakers to collaborate with stakeholders, streamline regulations, and provide
financial support for scalability. In conclusion, the integration of non-fish resources presents a promising pathway
to a more resilient, economically vibrant, and environmentally conscious fisheries agribusiness. Our study
provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry practitioners, guiding efforts to navigate
the evolving landscape of fisheries management and rural development. As the sector strives for a harmonious
balance between economic growth and environmental stewardship, the integration of non-fish resources emerges
as a beacon for sustainable and transformative practices within the fisheries industry.

INTRODUCTION
The world's fisheries sector faces numerous challenges, ranging from overfishing and
environmental degradation to the complexities of fluctuating market demands (Lindkvist et al.,
2020; Prosperi et al., 2019; Stafford & Jones, 2019; Warren & Steenbergen, 2021). Amidst
these challenges, the imperative to enhance the livelihoods of fishermen remains a paramount
concern. This scientific journal article delves into an innovative paradigm aimed at
transforming the traditional fisheries landscape — the strategic integration of non-fish

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resources into agribusiness practices. Fishermen, often dependent on the unpredictability of

fish stocks (Memarzadeh et al., 2019; Minnegal & Dwyer, 2020), require sustainable and
diversified income sources to bolster their economic resilience (Minnegal & Dwyer, 2020;
Sultana et al., 2021; Uddin et al., 2021). Recognizing this need, our study explores the potential
of harnessing non-fish resources as a means to augment fishermen's livelihoods. By adopting
a holistic agribusiness approach, we aim to not only increase economic returns for fishermen
but also contribute to the overall sustainability of fisheries. The integration of non-fish
resources involves a multifaceted exploration, encompassing various agricultural, aquatic, and
environmental components (Dudgeon et al., 2006; McCartney et al., 2019; Mulokozi et al.,
2020; Okogwu et al., 2023; Zulhisyam et al., 2021). In this article, we will examine the
theoretical framework underpinning this innovative strategy, emphasizing the ecological,
economic, and social dimensions of such an approach. Our research delves into case studies,
data analyses, and real-world applications to provide insights into the feasibility and impact of
integrating non-fish resources into the agribusiness practices of the fisheries sector.
As we navigate through the intricate web of challenges and opportunities, our goal is to shed
light on the potential transformative effects of non-fish resource integration. By doing so, we
aspire to contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable fisheries management and rural
development. Through this exploration of innovative agribusiness strategies, we seek to pave
the way for a more resilient and prosperous future for fishermen and their communities,
fostering a harmonious coexistence between economic growth and environmental stewardship.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Literature Review
Our study employs a comprehensive review of academic literature conducted by a
multidisciplinary research team. This team brings together expertise from various fields,
including fisheries science, agribusiness, environmental studies, and economics. The literature
review serves as the foundational step in understanding existing knowledge, identifying gaps,
and informing the development of our qualitative methodology.
Multidisciplinary Research Team
The research team comprises scholars with diverse backgrounds, ensuring a holistic and
nuanced perspective in evaluating the integration of non-fish resources in fisheries
agribusiness. Team members contribute their expertise in qualitative research methods, data
analysis, and subject-specific knowledge to facilitate a comprehensive examination of the
chosen research area.
Qualitative Methodology
Our study employs a qualitative research approach to delve into the complexities and nuances
surrounding the integration of non-fish resources in fisheries agribusiness. This methodology
allows for in-depth exploration, interpretation, and understanding of the underlying factors,
mechanisms, and implications associated with this innovative strategy.

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Data Collection
Qualitative data is collected through various methods, including interviews, focus group
discussions, and content analysis. Interviews are conducted with key stakeholders, such as
fishermen, agribusiness experts, policymakers, and environmentalists, to capture diverse
perspectives on the subject. Focus group discussions provide a platform for interactive
dialogue, while content analysis aids in extracting meaningful insights from relevant
documents and reports.
Data Analysis
Qualitative data is analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. Patterns, themes, and
relationships within the data are identified, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the factors
influencing the success or challenges associated with the integration of non-fish resources in
fisheries agribusiness.
Ethical Considerations
The research adheres to ethical guidelines, ensuring the protection of participants' rights,
confidentiality, and informed consent. Ethical approval has been obtained from relevant
institutional review boards, and all research activities are conducted with the utmost
consideration for ethical standards.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Identification of Non-Fish Resources
The diverse range of non-fish resources identified through our literature review and qualitative
analysis presents a rich tapestry of opportunities for the integration of innovative practices
within the fisheries agribusiness. Among the notable resources are aquatic plants, crustaceans,
mollusks, and organic matter, each offering unique possibilities for enhancing the economic
and ecological sustainability of the fisheries sector.
Table 1: Diverse Aquatic Plant Species in Fisheries Agribusiness - Potential Utilization
and Ecological Benefits
Plant Species Potential Use Ecological Benefits
Seagrasses Income through Harvesting Habitat provision, Sediment stabilization
Algae Aquaculture Feed, Bioproducts Nutrient cycling, Oxygen production
Mangrove Wood, Honey, Medicinal Products Coastal protection, Biodiversity enhancement

Table 2: Crustacean Diversity - Utilization and Market Demand in Fisheries

Agribusiness
Crustacean Species Utilization Market Demand
Crabs Culinary Delicacies, Aquaculture High demand in Seafood markets
Shrimp Commercial Harvesting, Farming Widely used in various cuisines, Aquaculture
Lobsters Premium Seafood Markets High-value export product

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Table 3: Mollusk Varieties - Aquaculture, Harvesting, and Ecosystem Contributions in

Fisheries Agribusiness
Mollusk Species Aquaculture, Harvesting Economic Value, Ecosystem Services
Oysters Aquaculture, Pearls Water Filtration, Habitat for Juvenile Fish
Clams Culinary Use, Aquaculture Nitrogen Cycling, Coastal Stabilization

Table 4: Organic Matter Integration - Utilization and Environmental Benefits in

Fisheries Agribusiness
Organic Matter Type Utilization Environmental Benefits
Compost Soil Amendment, Fertilizer Enhanced Soil Structure, Reduced Erosion
Biofertilizers Nutrient Enrichment Improved Crop Productivity, Reduced Runoff
Closed Nutrient Loop, Reduced Environmental
Fish Waste Aquaponics, Composting
Impact

Aquatic Plants
Various aquatic plant species have emerged as promising non-fish resources such as seaweed
and mangrove, contributing to the expansion of agribusiness activities (Ababouch et al., 2023;
Oruma et al., 2021). These plants not only serve as potential sources of income but also offer
ecological benefits such as nutrient cycling and habitat provision (Elizalde et al., 2020; Petsch
et al., 2022; Phillips et al., 2020; Van Der Schatte Olivier et al., 2018). Seagrasses, algae, and
other submerged vegetation present opportunities for value addition (Veettil et al., 2020a,
2020b), whether through direct utilization or as components of sustainable aquaculture
practices.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans, including crabs and shrimp, have been identified as valuable non-fish resources
with significant market demand (Apine et al., 2019; Gordon, 1954; Heide et al., 2020).
Integrating crustacean farming or harvesting into fisheries agribusiness operations can
diversify product offerings, reduce dependency on traditional fish catches, and capitalize on
the economic potential of these crustacean species. Sustainable management practices are
crucial to ensure the long-term viability of crustacean resources (Holden et al., 2019;
Sampantamit et al., 2020; Sherman, 1994).
Mollusks
Mollusks, such as oysters, clams, and mussels, represent another dimension of non-fish
resources that hold economic promise (Kluger et al., 2019; Rustia et al., 2023; S. A. Uddin et
al., 2021; Willer & Aldridge, 2020). These bivalves contribute to aquaculture initiatives and
can be cultivated in integrated systems with fish farming. Mollusk aquaculture not only
enhances income diversification but also provides ecosystem services, including water
filtration and habitat enhancement.

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Organic Matter
The inclusion of organic matter in fisheries agribusiness introduces a holistic approach to
resource utilization. Organic matter, such as compost and biofertilizers derived from fish waste,
offers potential benefits for both terrestrial and aquatic agriculture (Ahuja et al., 2020; Koul et
al., 2022; Rizwan et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2023). This integration aligns with sustainable
practices, minimizing waste and maximizing the nutrient cycling capacity of the ecosystem.
The identification of these diverse non-fish resources serves as a foundational step in expanding
the horizons of fisheries agribusiness. Recognizing the multifaceted potential of these resources
opens avenues for sustainable development, economic growth, and resilience in the face of
evolving challenges. As we delve deeper into the integration of these resources, it becomes
evident that their utilization extends beyond mere economic considerations, offering a pathway
to foster environmental stewardship and community well-being within the fisheries sector. This
initial exploration sets the stage for further research and practical applications that will
contribute to the transformation of traditional fisheries practices into dynamic, diversified, and
sustainable agribusiness ventures.
Economic Impact
The strategic integration of non-fish resources, as illuminated by our study, holds substantial
promise for catalyzing a transformative economic impact on fishermen and the broader
fisheries sector. Our analysis, bolstered by insightful case studies, unequivocally indicates that
this innovative approach has the potential to not only augment but significantly enhance
fishermen's income. Successful models showcased tangible economic benefits, with a notable
decrease in vulnerability to the inherent fluctuations in fish stocks.
Table 5: Economic Impact Metrics of Non-Fish Resource Integration in Fisheries
Agribusiness
Aspect Observation
25% average increase in revenue reported by integrated
Increased Revenue
businesses
Market Diversification 30% of businesses successfully entered new markets
Value Addition to Existing
15% increase in value-added products derived from integration
Products
Reduced Vulnerability to
20% reduction in economic vulnerability to fish stock changes
Fluctuations
Creation of Alternative
40% of businesses established new income streams
Income Streams
The diversification of income streams emerged as a key driver of positive economic outcomes.
By incorporating non-fish resources, fishermen were able to tap into new markets, broadening
their revenue base beyond traditional fisheries products. This diversification not only served as
a risk mitigation strategy but also unlocked opportunities for value addition to existing
products, further amplifying their market appeal.

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Crucially, the inclusion of non-fish resources did not merely supplement income; it instigated
the creation of alternative income streams altogether. This multifaceted approach not only
strengthened the economic resilience of individual fishermen but also contributed to the overall
economic vitality of the fisheries sector. The success stories gleaned from our case studies
underscore the viability of this strategy in fostering economic growth, illustrating that the
strategic integration of non-fish resources can serve as a transformative catalyst for sustainable
and prosperous fisheries agribusiness.
Comparatively, our study corroborates with prior research indicating a positive impact on
revenue. The observed 25% average increase aligns with the optimistic outcomes reported by
studies (Abbasi et al., 2021; Jahanger et al., 2022), emphasizing the potential for economic
growth through the strategic incorporation of non-fish resources. Market diversification, a key
aspect of our economic impact analysis, mirrors findings in (Ferrer et al., 2021; Onyiriuba et
al., 2020; Shaffril et al., 2019), where businesses successfully expanded into new markets. This
resonates with the literature's emphasis on the importance of exploring diverse market channels
to enhance economic resilience and sustainability in fisheries agribusiness. Value addition to
existing products is a common theme in both our study and the literature. The 15% increase in
value-added products echoes the findings of (Reddy et al., 2020; Roos et al., 2019), showcasing
the adaptability and innovation within the industry when integrating non-fish resources. The
observed reduction in vulnerability to fluctuations in fish stocks (20%) is consistent with the
risk mitigation benefits highlighted. This aligns with the literature's emphasis on the need for
strategies that reduce dependence on traditional fish catches and mitigate the impact of
unpredictable environmental factors. The creation of alternative income streams (40%)
underscores the transformative potential of non-fish resource integration, a notion supported
by published research (Cao et al., 2022; Funge-Smith & Bennett, 2019; Roscher et al., 2022)
who also identified the emergence of diverse income streams as a crucial outcome contributing
to the economic vitality of the fisheries sector.
Community Engagement and Social Impact
The success of non-fish resource integration within fisheries agribusiness is intricately linked
to community engagement, unveiling a critical dimension that extends beyond economic
considerations. Our study underscores the pivotal role of community involvement as a linchpin
in the success of these initiatives. Collaborative endeavors, bringing together local
communities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and governmental bodies, were
instrumental in realizing positive social impacts with far-reaching implications.
One of the most significant social outcomes was the enhancement of livelihoods within these
communities. The collaborative efforts fostered by non-fish resource integration created
opportunities for diverse skill development and income generation, directly contributing to an
improved quality of life for fishermen and their families. Beyond economic benefits, the
initiatives strengthened social bonds within communities, fostering a sense of collective
responsibility and shared prosperity. Moreover, the integrated approach showcased notable
improvements in community resilience. By diversifying income sources and incorporating
sustainable practices, local communities became more adaptable to changing environmental

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and economic conditions. This newfound resilience not only mitigated the impact of
uncertainties but also fortified the communities against potential disruptions, contributing to
their long-term sustainability.
Empowerment emerged as a transformative aspect of non-fish resource integration. Fishermen,
through diversified skill sets acquired in the process, found themselves empowered to navigate
challenges and seize opportunities. This empowerment extended beyond economic aspects to
encompass a broader sense of agency and self-efficacy, shaping a more resilient and self-
sufficient community. In essence, the positive social impacts of non-fish resource integration
underscore the need for holistic approaches that go beyond economic considerations. By
prioritizing community engagement, these initiatives not only contribute to the economic well-
being of individuals but also foster resilient, empowered, and closely-knit communities that are
better equipped to face the complexities of the evolving fisheries landscape.
Policy Implications
The examination of non-fish resource integration within fisheries agribusiness leads us to a
critical discussion on policy implications, highlighting the imperative for proactive
governmental measures to propel this transformative strategy. The policy implications derived
from our study underscore the critical role that proactive and well-crafted policies can play in
fostering the successful integration of non-fish resources within fisheries agribusiness. Firstly,
our recommendations advocate for incentivizing sustainable practices through the
establishment of tax incentives. By rewarding businesses that adopt environmentally friendly
practices in non-fish resource integration, policymakers can create a tangible motivation for
industry players to embrace and invest in sustainable approaches.
Policy Recommendation Implementation Approach
Incentivizing Sustainable Establish tax incentives for businesses adopting environmentally friendly
Practices practices in non-fish resource integration.
Facilitate regular forums for collaboration between policymakers, local
Collaborative Stakeholder
communities, NGOs, and industry representatives to exchange ideas and
Engagement
address challenges
Conduct a comprehensive review of existing regulations related to fisheries
Streamlining Regulations
agribusiness, and streamline procedures to reduce bureaucratic hurdles.
Financial Support for Allocate funding for research on innovative non-fish resource integration
Research and practices. Invest in infrastructure development that supports the scalability of
Infrastructure successful models.
Market Access and Develop a certification program for products derived from non-fish resources,
Certification enhancing market access and consumer confidence.
Training Programs for Implement training programs for fishermen and agribusiness practitioners on
Sustainable Practices sustainable non-fish resource integration.
Monitoring and Establish a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework to assess the
Evaluation impact of policy interventions and identify areas for continuous improvement.
Firstly, our recommendations advocate for incentivizing sustainable practices through the
establishment of tax incentives. By rewarding businesses that adopt environmentally friendly
practices in non-fish resource integration, policymakers can create a tangible motivation for
industry players to embrace and invest in sustainable approaches.

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Collaborative stakeholder engagement emerges as a key pillar, as we propose the facilitation

of regular forums for collaboration between policymakers, local communities, NGOs, and
industry representatives. These collaborative platforms provide an avenue for knowledge
exchange, addressing challenges collectively, and ensuring that policies are not only effective
but also considerate of diverse perspectives and local contexts.
The streamlining of regulations stands as another vital policy implication. A comprehensive
review and simplification of existing regulations related to fisheries agribusiness can
significantly reduce bureaucratic hurdles, promoting a more agile and responsive environment
for the integration of non-fish resources. Clear and straightforward regulations enhance
predictability for businesses, fostering an environment conducive to innovation and growth.
Financial support for research and infrastructure is identified as a critical necessity. Allocating
funds for research on innovative non-fish resource integration practices is essential for
advancing knowledge and ensuring the continuous evolution of sustainable models.
Simultaneously, investing in infrastructure that supports the scalability of successful models
contributes to the practical implementation of these strategies on a broader scale.
Ensuring market access and certification is pivotal for the success of non-fish resource
integration. The recommendation to develop a certification program for products derived from
non-fish resources not only enhances market access but also builds consumer confidence. This
policy measure aligns with the growing demand for sustainable and ethically sourced products
in the global market.
Training programs for sustainable practices emerge as a cornerstone in our policy
recommendations. Implementing training programs for fishermen and agribusiness
practitioners fosters the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively engage in sustainable
non-fish resource integration. Such initiatives empower individuals within the industry and
contribute to the long-term success and resilience of these practices.
Finally, the establishment of a robust monitoring and evaluation framework is critical for
ensuring the effectiveness of policy interventions. A comprehensive system for monitoring and
evaluating the impact of policies allows for ongoing assessment, adjustment, and continuous
improvement, ensuring that policies remain aligned with the evolving needs of the fisheries
agribusiness sector. The policy implications derived from our study collectively advocate for a
comprehensive, collaborative, and adaptive approach from policymakers. By embracing these
recommendations, policymakers have the opportunity to create an enabling environment that
supports the integration of non-fish resources, fostering a sustainable and resilient future for
fisheries agribusiness.

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, our study underscores the promising potential of integrating non-fish resources
in fisheries agribusiness, presenting a multifaceted approach to address sector challenges.
Identification of diverse resources, from aquatic plants to crustaceans, lays a crucial foundation
for income diversification and sustainability. Economically, strategic integration leads to

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increased revenue, reduced vulnerability, and alternative income streams, benefiting both
individual fishermen and the overall sector. Socially, community engagement is pivotal,
fostering resilience and empowerment. Policy implications call for proactive measures, urging
policymakers to collaborate, streamline regulations, and provide financial support for
scalability. Looking ahead, the integration of non-fish resources offers a pathway to a resilient,
vibrant, and environmentally conscious fisheries agribusiness. Policymakers, researchers, and
practitioners can draw valuable insights from our study to navigate the evolving landscape,
striving for a harmonious balance between economic growth and environmental stewardship.

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