Seminar presentation

Braking system, tyre

 Braking system

Brake is a device used for slowing ,stopping &

controlling the vehicle.
Braking operation based on kinetic energy of vehicle is
to converting into heat, which dissipated into
atmosphere.
While driving the vehicle, torque of the engine produces
The tractive effort due to periphery of driving vehicle.
When the brakes are applied it produces negative
tractive effort on wheel.
While, this help to slow down an vehicle
Main functions of braking system
To stop the vehicle
safely in shortest
possible distance in
case of emergency.
To control the
vehicle when it is
descending along
the hills
To keep the vehicle
in desired position
after bringing in at
rest
 Types Of Braking system
HYDRAULLIC BRAKING SYSTEM

ANTI BRAKING SYSTEM

PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYTEM
(ABS)

DISC BRAKE SYSTEM MECHANICAL BRAKING SYSTEM

 HYDRAULIC BRAKING
SYSYTEM

construction
hydraulic braking system is mainly confined with “brake fluid” this fluid
consist of Alcohol,castor oil & glycerin.hydraulic braking system has
following components.
master cylinder,brake pedal,wheel cylinder,brake drum,retracting spring,
brake shoe etc.
 Working System
The brake pedal is connected to the master
cylinder by means of piston for application of
brake driver presses the brake pedal, which moves
the master cylinder.
In master cylinder pressure is instantly transferred
to all four wheels. The brakes shoe moves against
the brake drum to apply brakes.
When driver releases the brake pedal, the master
cylinder piston returns to its original position due
to return springs, dropping fluid pressure. Brake
shoe retracting spring pulls the brake shoe from
drum to their original position & brakes are
released.
ROLE OF MASTER CYLINDER:

TO BUILD THE hydraulic pressure required to

operate the system.
To bleed or force air out of brake line & wheel
cylinder.
A to act reservoir to maintain a constant volume
of fluid in system
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE

simple in construction :Mechanical joints,

linkages & cam are eliminated.
Equal braking system: the brake fluid must exists
equal pressure.
Disadvantages of Hydraulic Brake

Fails whole system at one time: if there is

leakages in system, all four brakes are fail at one
time due to loss of fluid pressure. This difficulty
can be eliminated with use of tendum master
cylinder
Pneumatic Braking System
 CONSTRUCTON
Pneumatic BRAKES ARE OPERATED BY MEAns of Air pressure engine to air
and stores in air reservoir.the compressed air enters in wheel cylinder to push
diaphragm
The pneumatic braking system consists as :
Air compressor, unloader valve, resevoir, brake valve, brake
chamber ,quick release valve, Relay valve etc.
Working of Pneumatic
Braking System
Air Compresor
Its composes of generally Build
the air pressureby driven of
engine.

UNLOADER VALVE:
ITS IS DEVICE MAINTAIN
CONSTANT PRESSURE IN
RESERVOIR.the excess of pressure is
safely removed.

Reservoir:
it’s a tank in which high
pressure air is stored

Brake Valve:
its is located between air
reservoir and brake cylinder
RELAY VALVE:
IT IS VALVE KEPT IN BETWEEN
BRAKE CHAMBER & AIR CHAMBER
FOR CONTROLLING THE AIR
CHAMBER
 Mechanical Braking System

Classification
Mechanical Braking System, brakes are available in following construction
1.Drum type
2.Disc type
Drum type Brake
There are generally of two types
Internal expanding drum brake.
External expanding drum brake.
 Internal Expanding Brake Drum

Construction.
In Internal Expanding Drum
Brake consist of leading shoe,
anchor, adjustor, Heel of shoe,
trailing shoe, brake retracting
spring brake shoe, brake shoe,
toe shoe etc.
In internal expansion b raking
system brake liners are
expands internally
Its consist of stationary plate,
two shoes hinged at anchor
pins, and cam system to
expand the shoe and a
retracting spring.
Working system of internal braking system

Internal expanding braking

system consist of brake linings
are fixed at outsides when
brakes are applied the cam is
turned, the shoe with brake
lining are forced against the
Drum.
This Causes brake lining
creates friction between the
rotating drum and expanding
shoes.
This force of friction opposes
the rotating drum, thereby will
leads to slowing down the
vehicle.
When brake is released
Retracting springs brings the
shoe back towards its original
 External contracting
brake drum

Construction
IN external contracting brake drum has brake drum is used for only
parking purpose .this system consist of Drum, brake & lining,
operating lever with adjusting lever and push rod with returning
spring.
External braking system is model braking system used to operate in
floor mills, various types of electrical components. the following
various types of parts is applied on brake drum..
 WORKING OF EXTERNAL
CONTRACTING BRAKE DRUM
The working system of external
braking system, when push rod is
operated by hand or foot operated
lever, then the lined brake drum is
fitted around the drum is tightened
to lock or slow down the drum.
When the brake is released the
return springs bring the band
brake back to its initial position.
The system remains air opened;
therefore dirt is being
accumulated between the rubbing
surfaces, which reduces the
efficiency…
 Disc Type Brake

CONSTRUCTION
DISC Brake consist of cat iron disc bolted to the wheel hub and an
stationary housing called “caliper”. The caliper is connected with
some stationary part of position of vehicle, like stub or axle on of
wheel of connecting rod .
The piston rod is connected in between which has friction pad is
being held by an piston pins, springs etc.
 Working of Disc brake
The brakes are operated when friction is
being created on friction pads by forced
applying on it against the disc .the forces
created on its is hydraulic pressure from
master cylinder, thereby an engaging the
braking system.
When the hydraulic braking pressure is
applied on piston will engaged an released
bar due to pressure.
When pressure is released piston will regain
its original position. Here friction pad works
on main fundamental working process.
“CALIPER “ is added on system to balanced
two calipers by diagrammatically opposite
to each to other. In this way braking torque
is reduced.
Advantages of Disc Brake
Better heat dissipation as braking torque on surface of exposed
air.
Adjustment of pads is automatic
Renewal of pad is quick and easy.
Disadvantages of Disc Brake.
In comparison of brake drum of similar capacity, rate pad wear is
more.
The HAND BRAKE MECHANISM IS NOT SO CONVINENT.
 ANTILOCKING BRAKING SYSTEM {abs}
SOURCE: Internet

Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the
wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface
according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up
(ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that
uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practiced by
skillful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster
rate and with better control than a driver could manage

ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances
on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel
or snow-covered pavement, ABS can significantly increase braking distance, although
still improving vehicle control.
 Working of Anti Braking System
The anti-lock brake controller is also known
as the CAB (Controller Anti-lock Brake).

Typically ABS includes a central electronic control

unit (ECU), four wheel speed sensors, and at least
two hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics.
The ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed
of each wheel; if it detects a wheel rotating
significantly slower than the others, a condition
indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates the
valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at
the affected wheel, thus reducing the braking force
on that wheel; the wheel then turns faster.
Conversely, if the ECU detects a wheel turning
significantly faster than the others, brake hydraulic
pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking
force is reapplied, slowing down the wheel. This
process is repeated continuously and can be
detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation.
Some anti-lock systems can apply or release
braking pressure 15 times per second. Because of
this, the wheels of cars equipped with ABS are
practically impossible to lock even during panic
braking in extreme conditions

Modern ABS applies individual brake pressure to all four

wheels through a control system of hub-mounted sensors
and a dedicated micro-controller. ABS is offered or comes
standard on most road vehicles produced today and is the
foundation for electronic stability control systems, which
are rapidly increasing in popularity due to the vast
reduction in price of vehicle electronics over the years
 Construction of Anti Braking System
There are four main components of ABS: speed
sensors, valves, a pump, and a controller.
Speed sensors
– The anti-lock braking system needs some way of
knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. The
speed sensors, which are located at each wheel, or
in some cases in the differential, provide this
information.
Valves
– There is a valve in the brake line of each brake
controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve
has three positions:
In position one, the valve is open; pressure from
the master cylinder is passed right through to the
brake.
In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating
that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents
the pressure from rising further should the driver
push the brake pedal harder.
In position three, the valve releases some of the
pressure from the brake.
Pump
– When the ABS system operates the brake lines lose
pressure. The pump re-pressurizes the system.
Controller
– The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which
receives information from each individual wheel
speed sensor, in turn if a wheel loses traction the
signal is sent to the controller, the controller will
then limit the brakeforce (EBD) and activate the ABS
modulator which actuates the braking valves on
and off.
 USES
The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for
decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before a
wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked,
the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might take
a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 km/h) under ideal
conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a
second.

The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible, so

it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then it
increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this
very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change speed. The
result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the
brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to lock
up. This gives the system maximum braking power.

When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake
pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This
pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered. Some ABS
systems can cycle up to 16 times per second.