868 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

23–24 ■ Use a double integral to find the area of the region. 32. (a) We define the improper integral (over the entire plane ⺢ 2 兲
23. One loop of the rose r 苷 cos 3 2
y 2 兲   2
y 2 兲
I 苷 yy e共x dA 苷 y y e共x dy dx
 
24. The region enclosed by the cardioid r 苷 1  sin  ⺢ 2

共x 2y 2 兲
苷 lim
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

al
yy e dA
25–28 ■
Evaluate the iterated integral by converting to polar Da

coordinates. where Da is the disk with radius a and center the origin.
1 s1x 2 2
Show that
y 2
25. yy ex dy dx   2
y 2 兲
0 0
y y e共x dA 苷 
 
a sa y2 2

26. y y 共x 2  y 2 兲3兾2 dx dy (b) An equivalent definition of the improper integral in

a 0
part (a) is
2 s4y 2 2 s2xx 2
27. yy x 2 y 2 dx dy 28. yy sx 2  y 2 dy dx 共x 2y 2 兲 共x 2y 2 兲
0 s4y 2 0 0 yy e dA 苷 lim yy e dA
al
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ⺢2 Sa

29. A swimming pool is circular with a 40-ft diameter. The where Sa is the square with vertices 共a, a兲. Use this
depth is constant along east-west lines and increases to show that
linearly from 2 ft at the south end to 7 ft at the north end.  2  2

Find the volume of water in the pool. y ex dx y ey dy 苷 

 

30. An agricultural sprinkler distributes water in a circular pat- (c) Deduce that
tern of radius 100 ft. It supplies water to a depth of er feet  2

per hour at a distance of r feet from the sprinkler. y ex dx 苷 s


(a) What is the total amount of water supplied per hour to
the region inside the circle of radius R centered at the (d) By making the change of variable t 苷 s2 x, show that
sprinkler?  2
(b) Determine an expression for the average amount of y ex 兾2
dx 苷 s2

water per hour per square foot supplied to the region
inside the circle of radius R. (This is a fundamental result for probability and
statistics.)
31. Use polar coordinates to combine the sum
33. Use the result of Exercise 32 part (c) to evaluate the follow-
1 x s2 x 2 s4x 2
y y xy dy dx  y y xy dy dx  y y xy dy dx ing integrals.
1兾s2 s1x 2 1 0 s2 0
 2 
(a) y x 2ex dx (b) y sx ex dx
into one double integral. Then evaluate the double integral. 0 0

12.5 Applications of Double Integrals ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

We have already seen one application of double integrals: computing volumes.

Another geometric application is finding areas of surfaces and this will be done in the
next section. In this section we explore physical applications such as computing mass,
electric charge, center of mass, and moment of inertia. We will see that these physical
ideas are also important when applied to probability density functions of two random
variables.

Density and Mass

In Chapter 6 we were able to use single integrals to compute moments and the center
of mass of a thin plate or lamina with constant density. But now, equipped with the
double integral, we can consider a lamina with variable density. Suppose the lamina
occupies a region D of the xy-plane and its density (in units of mass per unit area) at
 SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 901

Discovery
Project
The Intersection of Three Cylinders

The figure shows the solid enclosed by three circular cylinders with the same diameter that
intersect at right angles. In this project we compute its volume and determine how its shape
changes if the cylinders have different diameters.

1. Sketch carefully the solid enclosed by the three cylinders x 2  y 2 苷 1, x 2  z 2 苷 1,

and y 2  z 2 苷 1. Indicate the positions of the coordinate axes and label the faces with
the equations of the corresponding cylinders.
2. Find the volume of the solid in Problem 1.
CAS 3. Use a computer algebra system to draw the edges of the solid.
4. What happens to the solid in Problem 1 if the radius of the first cylinder is different
from 1? Illustrate with a hand-drawn sketch or a computer graph.
5. If the first cylinder is x 2  y 2 苷 a 2, where a 1, set up, but do not evaluate, a double
integral for the volume of the solid. What if a
1?

12.9 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

In one-dimensional calculus we often use a change of variable (a substitution) to sim-

plify an integral. By reversing the roles of x and u, we can write the Substitution Rule
(5.5.5) as

b d
1 y f 共x兲 dx 苷 y f 共t共u兲兲t共u兲 du
a c

where x 苷 t共u兲 and a 苷 t共c兲, b 苷 t共d兲. Another way of writing Formula 1 is as

follows:

b d dx
2 y f 共x兲 dx 苷 y f 共x共u兲兲 du
a c du
902 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

A change of variables can also be useful in double integrals. We have already seen
one example of this: conversion to polar coordinates. The new variables r and  are
related to the old variables x and y by the equations

x 苷 r cos  y 苷 r sin 

and the change of variables formula (12.4.2) can be written as

yy f 共x, y兲 dA 苷 yy f 共r cos , r sin  兲 r dr d

R S

where S is the region in the r -plane that corresponds to the region R in the xy-plane.
More generally, we consider a change of variables that is given by a transforma-
tion T from the uv-plane to the xy-plane:

T共u, v兲 苷 共x, y兲

where x and y are related to u and v by the equations

3 x 苷 t共u, v兲 y 苷 h共u, v兲

or, as we sometimes write,

x 苷 x共u, v兲 y 苷 y共u, v兲

We usually assume that T is a C 1 transformation, which means that t and h have con-
tinuous first-order partial derivatives.
A transformation T is really just a function whose domain and range are both sub-
sets of ⺢ 2. If T共u1, v1兲 苷 共x 1, y1兲, then the point 共x 1, y1兲 is called the image of the point
共u1, v1兲. If no two points have the same image, T is called one-to-one. Figure 1 shows
the effect of a transformation T on a region S in the uv-plane. T transforms S into a
region R in the xy-plane called the image of S, consisting of the images of all points
in S.
√ y

T
S R
(u¡, √¡) T –!
(x¡, y¡)

0 u 0 x
FIGURE 1

If T is a one-to-one transformation, then it has an inverse transformation T 1

from the xy-plane to the uv-plane and it may be possible to solve Equations 3 for u
and v in terms of x and y :
u 苷 G共x, y兲 v 苷 H共x, y兲

EXAMPLE 1 A transformation is defined by the equations

x 苷 u 2  v2 y 苷 2uv

ⱍ
Find the image of the square S 苷 兵共u, v兲 0  u  1, 0  v  1其.
 SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 903

√ SOLUTION The transformation maps the boundary of S into the boundary of the image.
So we begin by finding the images of the sides of S. The first side, S1 , is given by
S£
(0, 1) (1, 1) v 苷 0 共0  u  1兲. (See Figure 2.) From the given equations we have x 苷 u 2,
y 苷 0, and so 0  x  1. Thus, S1 is mapped into the line segment from 共0, 0兲 to
S¢ S S™ 共1, 0兲 in the xy-plane. The second side, S2, is u 苷 1 共0  v  1兲 and, putting u 苷 1
in the given equations, we get
0 S¡ (1, 0) u

x 苷 1  v2 y 苷 2v
T Eliminating v, we obtain

y y2
4 x苷1 0x1
(0, 2) 4
¥ ¥
x=      -1 x=1- 4
4 which is part of a parabola. Similarly, S3 is given by v 苷 1 共0  u  1兲, whose
image is the parabolic arc
R
y2
5 x苷 1 1  x  0
(_1, 0) 0 (1, 0) x 4

FIGURE 2 Finally, S4 is given by u 苷 0 共0  v  1兲 whose image is x 苷 v 2, y 苷 0, that is,

1  x  0. (Notice that as we move around the square in the counterclockwise
direction, we also move around the parabolic region in the counterclockwise direc-
tion.) The image of S is the region R (shown in Figure 2) bounded by the x-axis and
the parabolas given by Equations 4 and 5.

Now let’s see how a change of variables affects a double integral. We start with a
small rectangle S in the uv-plane whose lower left corner is the point 共u0 , v0 兲 and
whose dimensions are u and v. (See Figure 3.)

√ y
u=u ¸
r (u ¸, √)
Î√ S T
(x¸, y¸) R
(u¸, √ ¸) Îu
√=√ ¸ r (u, √ ¸)

0 u 0 x
FIGURE 3

The image of S is a region R in the xy-plane, one of whose boundary points is

共x 0 , y0 兲 苷 T共u0 , v0 兲. The vector

r共u, v兲 苷 t共u, v兲 i  h共u, v兲 j

is the position vector of the image of the point 共u, v兲. The equation of the lower side
of S is v 苷 v0 , whose image curve is given by the vector function r共u, v0兲. The tangent
vector at 共x 0 , y0 兲 to this image curve is

x y
ru 苷 tu共u0 , v0 兲 i  hu共u0 , v0 兲 j 苷 i j
u u
904 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Similarly, the tangent vector at 共x 0 , y0 兲 to the image curve of the left side of S (namely,
u 苷 u0 ) is

x y
rv 苷 tv共u0 , v0 兲i  hv共u0 , v0 兲j 苷 i j
v v

We can approximate the image region R 苷 T共S兲 by a parallelogram determined by the

secant vectors
r (u¸, √¸+Î√) a 苷 r共u0  u, v0 兲  r共u0 , v0 兲 b 苷 r共u0 , v0  v兲  r共u0 , v0 兲

b shown in Figure 4. But

r (u ¸, √ ¸) R
r共u0  u, v0 兲  r共u0, v0 兲
ru 苷 lim
a u l 0 u

r (u¸+Î u, √¸) and so r共u0  u, v0 兲  r共u0 , v0 兲 ⬇ u ru

FIGURE 4 Similarly r共u0 , v0  v兲  r共u0 , v0 兲 ⬇ v rv

This means that we can approximate R by a parallelogram determined by the vec-

Î √ r√ tors u ru and v rv . (See Figure 5.) Therefore, we can approximate the area of R by
the area of this parallelogram, which, from Section 9.4, is
r (u ¸, √ ¸) Î u ru
6 ⱍ 共u r 兲  共v r 兲 ⱍ 苷 ⱍ r
u v u ⱍ
 rv u v

Computing the cross product, we obtain

ⱍ ⱍⱍ ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
FIGURE 5 i j k
x y x x
x y
0 u u u v
ru  rv 苷 u u 苷 k苷 k
x y y y
x y
0 v v u v
v v

The determinant that arises in this calculation is called the Jacobian of the transforma-
tion and is given a special notation.

▲ The Jacobian is named after the 7 Definition The Jacobian of the transformation T given by x 苷 t共u, v兲 and
German mathematician Carl Gustav y 苷 h共u, v兲 is

ⱍ ⱍ
Jacob Jacobi (1804 –1851). Although
the French mathematician Cauchy x x
first used these special determinants 共x, y兲 u v x y x y
involving partial derivatives, Jacobi 苷 苷 
developed them into a method for 共u, v兲 y y u v v u
evaluating multiple integrals. u v

With this notation we can use Equation 6 to give an approximation to the area A
of R:

8 A ⬇ 冟 冟
共x, y兲
共u, v兲
u v

where the Jacobian is evaluated at 共u0 , v0 兲.

 SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 905

Next we divide a region S in the uv-plane into rectangles Sij and call their images
in the xy-plane Rij . (See Figure 6.) Applying the approximation (8) to each Rij, we
approximate the double integral of f over R as follows:
m n

yy f 共x, y兲 dA ⬇ 兺 兺 f 共x , y 兲 A
i苷1 j苷1
i j

冟 冟
R
m n
共x, y兲
⬇ 兺 兺 f 共t共u , v 兲, h共u , v 兲兲
i苷1 j苷1
i j i j
共u, v兲
u v

where the Jacobian is evaluated at 共ui, vj 兲. Notice that this double sum is a Riemann
sum for the integral

yy f 共t共u, v兲, h共u, v兲兲

S
冟 共x, y兲
共u, v兲
du dv 冟
√ y

Sij
R ij
Î√ R
S
Îu
T

(u i , √ j ) (x i , y j)
0 u 0 x
FIGURE 6

The foregoing argument suggests that the following theorem is true. (A full proof
is given in books on advanced calculus.)

1
9 Change of Variables in a Double Integral Suppose that T is a one-to-one C
transformation whose Jacobian is nonzero and that maps a region S in the
uv-plane onto a region R in the xy-plane. Suppose that f is continuous on R
and that R and S are type I or type II plane regions. Then

yy f 共x, y兲 dA 苷 yy f 共x共u, v兲, y共u, v兲兲

R S
冟 共x, y兲
共u, v兲
冟
du dv

Theorem 9 says that we change from an integral in x and y to an integral in u and

v by expressing x and y in terms of u and v and writing

dA 苷 冟 共x, y兲
共u, v兲
du dv 冟
Notice the similarity between Theorem 9 and the one-dimensional formula in Equa-
tion 2. Instead of the derivative dx兾du, we have the absolute value of the Jacobian, that
ⱍ
is, 共x, y兲兾共u, v兲 . ⱍ
As a first illustration of Theorem 9, we show that the formula for integration in
polar coordinates is just a special case. Here the transformation T from the r -plane
to the xy-plane is given by
x 苷 t共r, 兲 苷 r cos  y 苷 h共r, 兲 苷 r sin 
906 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

¨ and the geometry of the transformation is shown in Figure 7. T maps an ordinary rect-
∫
¨=∫ angle in the r -plane to a polar rectangle in the xy-plane. The Jacobian of T is

ⱍ ⱍ
x x

冟 冟
r=a S r=b
共x, y兲 r  cos  r sin 
å 苷 苷 苷 r cos2  r sin2 苷 r
0
¨=å 共r,  兲 y y sin  r cos 
r 
0 a b r
Thus, Theorem 9 gives

冟 冟
T
共x, y兲
yy f 共x, y兲 dx dy 苷 yy f 共r cos , r sin  兲 共r,  兲
dr d
y R S

r=b b
¨=∫ 苷y y f 共r cos , r sin  兲 r dr d
 a
R
which is the same as Formula 12.4.2.
r=a ¨=å
∫
å EXAMPLE 2 Use the change of variables x 苷 u 2  v 2, y 苷 2uv to evaluate the inte-
0 x gral xxR y dA, where R is the region bounded by the x-axis and the parabolas
y 2 苷 4  4x and y 2 苷 4  4x.
FIGURE 7 SOLUTION The region R is pictured in Figure 2. In Example 1 we discovered that
The polar coordinate transformation T共S兲 苷 R, where S is the square 关0, 1兴  关0, 1兴. Indeed, the reason for making the
change of variables to evaluate the integral is that S is a much simpler region than R.
First we need to compute the Jacobian:

ⱍ ⱍ
x x
共x, y兲
共u, v兲
苷
u
y
v
y
苷
2u
2v 冟 2v
2u 冟
苷 4u 2  4v 2
0

u v

Therefore, by Theorem 9,

yy y dA 苷 yy 2uv
R S
冟 共x, y兲
共u, v兲 冟 1 1
dA 苷 y y 共2uv兲4共u2  v 2 兲 du dv
0 0

1 1 1 u苷1
苷8y
0
y
0
共u3v  uv 3 兲 du dv 苷 8 y
0
[ 1 4
u
4 v  12 u2v 3 ]
u苷0 dv

1
苷 y 共2v  4v 3 兲 dv 苷 v 2  v 4
0
[ ]
1
0 苷2

NOTE● Example 2 was not a very difficult problem to solve because we were given
a suitable change of variables. If we are not supplied with a transformation, then the
first step is to think of an appropriate change of variables. If f 共x, y兲 is difficult to inte-
grate, then the form of f 共x, y兲 may suggest a transformation. If the region of integra-
tion R is awkward, then the transformation should be chosen so that the corresponding
region S in the uv-plane has a convenient description.

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate the integral xxR e 共xy兲兾共xy兲 dA, where R is the trapezoidal region
with vertices 共1, 0兲, 共2, 0兲, 共0, 2兲, and 共0, 1兲.
 SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 907

SOLUTION Since it isn’t easy to integrate e 共xy兲兾共xy兲, we make a change of variables

suggested by the form of this function:

10 u苷xy v苷xy

These equations define a transformation T 1 from the xy-plane to the uv-plane.

Theorem 9 talks about a transformation T from the uv-plane to the xy-plane. It is
obtained by solving Equations 10 for x and y:

11 x 苷 12 共u  v兲 y 苷 12 共u  v兲

The Jacobian of T is

ⱍ ⱍ冟
x x
共x, y兲
共u, v兲
苷
u
y
v
y
苷
1
2
1
2
2
1

 12 冟
苷  12

u v

To find the region S in the uv-plane corresponding to R, we note that the sides of R
lie on the lines

√ y苷0 xy苷2 x苷0 xy苷1

(_2, 2) √=2 (2, 2)
and, from either Equations 10 or Equations 11, the image lines in the uv-plane are
u=_√ S u=√
(_1, 1) (1, 1) u苷v v苷2 u 苷 v v苷1
√=1
0 u Thus, the region S is the trapezoidal region with vertices 共1, 1兲, 共2, 2兲, 共2, 2兲, and
共1, 1兲 shown in Figure 8. Since
T T –!
ⱍ
S 苷 兵共u, v兲 1  v  2, v  u  v其
y
Theorem 9 gives

冟 冟
x-y=1
1 2 共xy兲兾共xy兲
共x, y兲
yy e dA 苷 yy e u兾v du dv
0 x
R S
共u, v兲
R
_1 x-y=2 2 v 2 u苷v
苷y y e u兾v ( 12 ) du dv 苷 12 y [ve u兾v ]u苷v dv
1 v 1
_2
2
苷 12 y 共e  e1 兲v dv 苷 34 共e  e1 兲
FIGURE 8 1

Triple Integrals

There is a similar change of variables formula for triple integrals. Let T be a transfor-
mation that maps a region S in uvw-space onto a region R in xyz-space by means of
the equations

x 苷 t共u, v, w兲 y 苷 h共u, v, w兲 z 苷 k共u, v, w兲

908 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

The Jacobian of T is the following 3  3 determinant:

ⱍ ⱍ
x x x
u v w
共x, y, z兲 y y y
12 苷
共u, v, w兲 u v w
z z z
u v w
Under hypotheses similar to those in Theorem 9, we have the following formula for
triple integrals:

13 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV

冟 冟
R

共x, y, z兲
苷 yyy f 共x共u, v, w兲, y共u, v, w兲, z共u, v, w兲兲 du dv dw
共u, v, w兲
S

EXAMPLE 4 Use Formula 13 to derive the formula for triple integration in spherical
coordinates.
SOLUTION Here the change of variables is given by

x 苷  sin  cos  y 苷  sin  sin  z 苷  cos 

ⱍ ⱍ冟
We compute the Jacobian as follows:
sin  cos   sin  sin   cos  cos 
共x, y, z兲
苷 sin  sin   sin  cos   cos  sin 
共 , , 兲
cos  0  sin 

苷 cos  冟
 sin  sin   cos  cos 
  sin  cos   cos  sin 
  sin 冟sin  cos   sin  sin 
sin  sin   sin  cos  冟
苷 cos  共 2 sin  cos  sin2   2 sin  cos  cos2 兲
  sin  共  sin2 cos2   sin2 sin2 兲
苷  2 sin  cos2   2 sin  sin2 苷  2 sin 

Since 0    , we have sin 
0. Therefore

冟 冟
共x, y, z兲
共 , , 兲 ⱍ ⱍ
苷  2 sin  苷  2 sin 

and Formula 13 gives

yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 yyy f 共  sin  cos ,  sin  sin ,  cos 兲  2

sin  d d d
R S

which is equivalent to Formula 12.8.4.

 SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 909

12.9 Exercises ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

1–6 ■ Find the Jacobian of the transformation. 2

; 16. xxR y dA, where R is the region bounded by the curves
1. x 苷 u  4 v, y 苷 3u  2v xy 苷 1, xy 苷 2, xy 2 苷 1, xy 2 苷 2; u 苷 xy, v 苷 xy 2.
Illustrate by using a graphing calculator or computer to
2. x 苷 u 2  v 2, y 苷 u 2  v2 draw R.
u v ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

3. x 苷 , y苷
uv uv 17. (a) Evaluate xxxE dV, where E is the solid enclosed by the
4. x 苷  sin , y 苷  cos ellipsoid x 2兾a 2  y 2兾b 2  z 2兾c 2 苷 1. Use the transfor-
mation x 苷 au, y 苷 bv, z 苷 cw.
5. x 苷 uv, y 苷 vw, z 苷 uw (b) Earth is not a perfect sphere; rotation has resulted in
6. x 苷 e uv
, y苷e uv
, z 苷 e uvw flattening at the poles. So the shape can be approxi-
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
mated by an ellipsoid with a 苷 b 苷 6378 km and
c 苷 6356 km. Use part (a) to estimate the volume of
7–10 ■ Find the image of the set S under the given Earth.
transformation.
18. Evaluate xxxE x 2 y dV , where E is the solid of Exercise 17(a).
ⱍ
7. S 苷 兵共u, v兲 0  u  3, 0  v  2其;
x 苷 2u  3v, y 苷 u  v 19–23 ■ Evaluate the integral by making an appropriate change

8. S is the square bounded by the lines u 苷 0, u 苷 1, v 苷 0, of variables.

v 苷 1; x 苷 v, y 苷 u共1  v 2 兲 19. xxR xy dA,
where R is the region bounded by the lines
9. S is the triangular region with vertices 共0, 0兲, 共1, 1兲, 共0, 1兲; 2x  y 苷 1, 2x  y 苷 3, 3x  y 苷 1, and 3x  y 苷 2
x 苷 u2, y 苷 v
x  2y
20. yy dA, where R is the parallelogram bounded
10. S is the disk given by u 2  v 2  1; x 苷 au, y 苷 bv cos共x  y兲
R
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
by the lines y 苷 x, y 苷 x  1, x  2y 苷 0, and
11–16 ■ Use the given transformation to evaluate the integral. x  2y 苷 2

11. xxR 共3x  4y兲 dA, where R is the region bounded by the
lines y 苷 x, y 苷 x  2, y 苷 2x, and y 苷 3  2x;
21. yy cos
R
冉 冊
yx
yx
dA, where R is the trapezoidal region

x 苷 13 共u  v兲, y 苷 13 共v  2u兲 with vertices 共1, 0兲, 共2, 0兲, 共0, 2兲, and 共0, 1兲

12. xxR 共x  y兲 dA, where R is the square with vertices 共0, 0兲, 22. xxR sin共9x 2  4y 2 兲 dA, where R is the region in the first
共2, 3兲, 共5, 1兲, and 共3, 2兲; x 苷 2u  3v, y 苷 3u  2v quadrant bounded by the ellipse 9x 2  4y 2 苷 1
13. xxR x 2 dA,
where R is the region bounded by the ellipse 23. xxR e xy dA, where R is given by the inequality
9x  4y 苷 36; x 苷 2u, y 苷 3v
2 2
ⱍxⱍ  ⱍyⱍ  1
14. xxR 共x 2  xy  y 2 兲 dA,
where R is the region bounded ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

by the ellipse x  xy  y 2 苷 2;
2
24. Let f be continuous on 关0, 1兴 and let R be the triangular
x 苷 s2u  s2兾3 v, y 苷 s2u  s2兾3 v region with vertices 共0, 0兲, 共1, 0兲, and 共0, 1兲. Show that
15. xxR xy dA,where R is the region in the first quadrant
1
bounded by the lines y 苷 x and y 苷 3x and the hyperbolas yy f 共x  y兲 dA 苷 y u f 共u兲 du
0
xy 苷 1, xy 苷 3; x 苷 u兾v, y 苷 v R