Area, Volume and Center of Mass - (13.

2)

1. Areas and Volumes

Recall:
For a given region R  x, y | a ≤ x ≤ b, g 1 x ≤ y ≤ g 2 x ,
b g 2 x
 R fx, y dA   a  g x fx, y dydx.
1

For a given region R  x, y | h 1 y ≤ x ≤ h 2 y, c ≤ y ≤ d ,

d h 2 y
 R fx, y dA   c  h y fx, y dxdy.
1

When fx, y  1 for x, y in R,  R dA  the area of the region R.

When fx, y ≥ 0 for x, y in R,   fx, y dA  the volume of the solid region under the surface
R
z  fx, y over the region R.

Example Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by x  2y  3z  6 and 3 coordinate planes.
The solid region: 0 ≤ z ≤ 1
3
6 − x − 2y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
2
6 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 6.

3
y

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x

the solid region the region in the xy −plane

6 6−x/2 6
V 0 0 1 6 − x − 2y dydx  1
3 3
 0 6 − xy − y 2 | 6−x/2
0 dx
6 6
 1
3
0
1 6 − x 2 − 1 6 − x 2 dx  1
2 4 12
 0 6 − x 2 dx
− 1 6 − x | 0  −
3 6 1 0 − 6 3   6
36 36

Example Find the volume of the solid bounded by z  4 − x 2 , x  y  2, 3 coordinate plane and in
the first octant.
The solid region: 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − x 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

1
 2.0
y

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
x

the solid region the region in the xy −plane

2 2−x 2 2
V 0 0 4 − x 2  dydx   0 4 − x 2 y| 2−x
0 dx   4 − x 2 2 − x dx 
0
20
3

2. Moments and Center of Mass

Let R be a region in the xy-plane, and let x, y be a density function. Then the mass m, the moment
M x with respect to the x −axis, and the moment M y with respect to the y −axis are defined by
m  R x, y dA, Mx   R yx, y dA and M y   R xx, y dA
respectively. The center of the mass x̄ , ȳ is defined as
My
x̄  m , ȳ  M x
m .
Note that M x and M y are also called the first moments. The second moments I x and I y are defined as
Ix   R y 2 x, y dA and I y   R x 2 x, y dA .
Note that I x and I y are also called the moments of inertia about the x −axis and the y −axis,
respectively.

Example i. Find the center of mass of the lamina in the shape of region bounded by y  x 2 , and
y  4, having density
a. x, y  c  0, a positive constant;
b. x, y  1  2y  6x.
ii. Find the moments of inertia I y and I x for x, y  1  2y  6x.
i. The region R : x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
a.
2 4 2 4 2 4
m  −2  x 2
c dydx  32 c, M x 
3
 −2  x 2
cy dydx  128 c, M y 
5
 −2  x 2
cx dydx  0

x̄  0, ȳ  128 c 3  12
5 32c 5
b.
2
 2 4
m  −2  x 1  2y  6x dydx 
2
928
15
2 4
Mx   −2  x 2
y1  2y  6x dydx  6016
35
2 4
My   −2  x 2
x1  2y  6x dydx  256
5
x̄  256 15  24  0. 828, ȳ  6016 15  564  2. 778
5 928 29 35 928 203

4 4
y y

3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
x x

12 24 564
a. the center of mass of R 0, 5
b. the center of mass of R 29
, 203
ii.
2 4
Ix   −2  x 2
y 2 1  2y  6x dydx  33 280  528. 254
63
2 4
Iy   −2  x 2
x 2 1  2y  6x dydx  6016  57. 295
105

3. The Average Value of a Function on a Region

Let the area of the region R be A and fx, y be continuous on R. Then the average value of fx, y on
R is defined by
Average value  1   fx, y dA
A R

Note that if fx, y ≥ 0 for x, y in R then

 R fx, y dA  the volume of the solid under the surface z  fx, y over R.

Example Find the average value of fx, y  x 2  4y 2 on the region bounded by y  x 2 and
y  x  2.
Intersections of y  x 2 and y  x  2 :
x 2  x  2, x 2 − x − 2  x − 2x  1  0, x  2, x  −1

3
 4
y

-1 0 1 2
x
2 x2
A  −1  x 2
dydx  9
2
2 x2
Average value  2
9
 −1  x 2
x 2  4y 2  dydx  989
70