Multiple Integrals 2

UNIT V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

SHORT ANSWER

Problem 1: Write down the double integral, to find the area between the circles
r  2sin  and r  4sin 
Solution: r  2sin  is the circle with diameter 2.
r  4sin  is the circle with diameter 4.
Initial line is the diameter and pole lies on circle.
Thus the required integral is
 4sin 
I   r dr d 
0 2sin 

 4sin 
r2 
 2 d
0   2sin 

16sin 2  4sin 2  
     d
0  
2 2

  6sin 2  d
0

1  cos 2 
 6   d
0 
2

 3 1  cos 2  d
0

 sin 2 
 3  
 2  0
 3   0    0  0  
 3
1 x
Problem 2: Evaluate   xy x y dx dy
0 x

Solution:
1 x

  xy x y dx dy
0 x
1 x

0 x
 xy x y dy dx
1 x
  x y  xy2  dy dx
2

0 x
Multiple Integrals 3

y 4
 y2 xy3 
1
   x2 
3  y x
dx
0 
2
1
 x x3/ 2   2 x2 x3  
   x2  x 
  x  x   dx
0  2 3   2 3 
 x3 x5 / 2 x4 x4 
1
      dx
0 
2 3 2 3
1
 x3 x5/ 2 5 4 
    x  dx
0 
2 3 6 
1
 
 x4 x7/2
5 x 5
   
 8  7   3 6 5 
   
2 0

1 2 1
      0  0  0
 8 21 6 
3

56
Problem 3: Evaluate   x2 dy  y2 dx where C is the path y=x from (0,0) to (1,1)
c

 x dy  y dx
2 2
Solution: Given:
c
Here y = x
i.e., dy = dx
  x2  dx  x2 dx
c

  2 x2 dx
c
1
  2 x2 dx
0
1
2 x3 
 
2 0
2
 0
3
2

3
 / 2 cos
Problem 4: Evaluate  
0 0
r 2 dr d 
Multiple Integrals 4

 / 2 cos
Solution: Let I   
0 0
r 2 dr d 

 /2 r  cos
r3 
 
0
3
  r 0
d

 /2
 cos  
  
0
3
 0  d

 /2
1
  cos  d
3

3 0

1 2 2
  
3 3 9
a a
Problem 5: Change the order of integration of   f  x, y dx dy.
0 y

Solution: The region of integration is bounded by y = 0, y = a x = y and x = a. Here y

varies from y = 0 to y = a, and x varies from x = y to x = a. Here y = 0 to y = a represents
vertical path and x = y to x = a represents horizontal strip sliding area. Changing the
order of integration is nothing but change the vertical path into horizontal path and then
to change to horizontal strip PQ into vertical strip RS. Now x = 0 to x = a represents
horizontal path and y = 0 to y = x represents vertical strip RS sliding area.
a a a x
Hence  f  x, y dx dy   f x, y dy dx
0 y 0 0
1 2
Problem 6: Evaluate    x2  y2  dx dy.
0 1
1 2

 x  y2  dx dy
2
Solution:
0 1
x 2
 x3
1

    xy2  dy
0  3  x1
 8  1 
1
    2 y2     y2   dy
0   3 
3
8 
1
1
    2 y2   y2  dy
0 3 3 
7 
1
    y2  dy
0 
3
1
7 y3 
  y 
3 3 0
Multiple Integrals 5

7 1 8
     0  0 
 3 3 3
a a

 x  y2  dy dx.
2
Problem 7: Change the order of integration in
0 x

Solution: The region of integration is bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = x and y = a. Here x

varies from x = 0 to x = a, y varies from y = x to y = a. Our region of integration is a
triangle. Here x = 0 to x = a represents horizontal path, y = x to y = a represents vertical
strip PQ sliding area. Changing the order of integration is nothing but to change the
horizontal path into vertical path and to change the vertical strip PQ to horizontal strip
RS. Now y = 0 to y = a represents vertical path, x = 0 to x = y represents horizontal strip
RS sliding area.
a y
Hence by changing the order we get    x2  y2  dx dy.
0 0
3 2

   x  y
2
Problem 8: Evaluate dx dy
4 1
3 2

   x  y
2
Solution: Given: I = dx dy
4 1
x 2
3  x  y 1 
   dy
4
  1  x1
3   2  y  1   1  y 1  
      dy
4
 1   1  
   
3
     2  y   1  y  dy
1 1
 
4
3
 1 1 
   
2  y 1  y 
dy
4

   log  2  y   log 1  y  4
3

3
 1 y  4 5
 log   log    log  
 2  y 4 5 6
 4 
 5  4 6
 log      log     log
24
 5   5 5 25
  6  
a b
dx dy
Problem 9: Evaluate  
2 2
xy
Multiple Integrals 6

x b
dx dy
a ba
1 
Solution: Let I =   =   log x dy
2  x a
2 2
xy y

 log b  log 2  dy    log  dy

a a
1 1 b

2
y 2
y 2
a
b 1 b
 log  y dy  log 2 log y
a
2
a 2

log a  log 2  log  log 

b b a
 log
2  2  2

1 1 x
Problem 10: Evaluate 
0 0
y dy dx

1 1 x y 1 x
 y2 1
Solution: Let I =  0 0
y dy dx    
0 
2  y0
dx

1  1  x2  1
1  x
2

   0  dx   dx
0  
 2  0
2
1
1  1  x 
1 3
1
  1  x dx    1 
2

20 2  3  0
1 1
 1  x     0  1
3 1

6   0 6
1

6
 cos
Problem 11: Evaluate 
0 0
rdr d 

 cos  r  cos
r2 
Solution: Let I    rdr d      d
0 0 0  2  r 0

  cos   
   0  d
0  
2

cos 2 
 d  cos    cos 2  
2

2  
0

1

20 cos 2  d


1 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
  d cos 2 u  
20 2  2
Multiple Integrals 7


1
1  cos 2  d
4 0



1 sin 2  
 cos  d  sin  
2  0  
  
4 
1  sin 2   0 
       0  
4  2   2 
1 
   0 
4 4
 cos

  rdr d  
0 0
4


 x2  y2  dx dy   .
Problem 12: By changing into polar coordinates show that e
0 0
4

Hence evaluate  e  t dt .
2

Solution: Let us transform this integral in polar coordinates by taking

x  r cos  , y  r sin  , dx dy  r d dr
 /2 

 e r dr d 
r 2
I
0 0
 /2   /2 

d  r 2  d 
1 1  r 2 
 e  d x
r

2
e
0 0
2 0
2 
0
 /2   /2
1 e  r  d   1
   0  1 d 
2

2  0 2
0 0
 /2
1 1 1   
 d   2  
 /2
    0 
2 0
0
22  4

Let I   e  x dx
2
(1)
0

also I   e  y dy
2
(2)
0
Multiply (1) and (2) we have



 x2  y2  
I  e
2
dx dy 
0 0
4
  
I2  ; I ; I
4 4 2
Multiple Integrals 8



e
t 2
i.e., dt 
0
2
1 1 x x y

 e
z
Problem 13: Evaluate: dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 1 x x y
Solution: Let I =   e
z
dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 1 x x y
  e
z
dx dy dz [ Correct form ]
0 0 0
1 1 x 1 1 x
x y
  e z  dy dx     e
x y
 e0  dy dx
0
0 0 0 0
1 1 x 1
y 1 x
  e x y  1 dy dx    ex e y  y dx
y0
0 0 0
1 1
   e x e1 x  1  x    e x   dx    e1  1  x  ex  dx
0 0
1
1
 x2 
  e  1  x  e  dx  ex x  ex 
x

0  2 0
 1   1 1
  e  1   e    0  0  0  1     1 
 2   2 2

Problem 14: Express the region x  0, y  0, z  0, x2  y2  z2  1 by triple integration.

Solution: For the given region z varies from 0 to 1  x2  y2
y varies from 0 to 1  x2
x varies from 0 to 1
1 1 x2 1 x2  y2

I     dz dy dx
0 0 0
Multiple Integrals 9

 x
2
Problem 1. Evaluate dx dy where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded
R
by the hyperbola xy = 16 and the lines y = x, y = 0 and x = 8.
Solution:
The hyperbola xy = 16 and the line y = x intersect at (4, 4). The hyperbola and the line
x = 8 intersect at (8, 2). (Fig. 1)
Divide the region R into two subregions R1 and R2 where R1 denotes the part of R lying
above the line y = 2 and R2, the part below that line.
Y
y=x
xy = 16

(4, 4)
R1 (8, 2) y=2
R2
O 8 X

Fig. 1
 x dx dy   x dx dy   x dx dy
2 2 2

R R1 R2

 y
4 
16
2 8 
 
   x dx dy     x 2 dx  dy
2
y  y
2
 
0  
16 8
x3  y
4 2
x3 
    dy     dy
2
3 y 0
3 y
1  16 3 3
 
4 2
1
  

3 2 y 3
 y 


dy 
30 8 3  y 3 dy
4 2
1 y 2 y 4  1  3 y4 
 16 3     8 .y  
3  2 4 2 3  4 0
1 1
 (324)  (1020) = 108 + 340 = 448
3 3

  r dr d  over the area included between the r = 2 sin 

3
Problem 2. Evaluate and
r = 4 sin  .
Soln: Given
Multiple Integrals 10

r  2sin   1
r  4sin    2 
(1) is a circle with center (0,1)and radius 1
(2) is a circle with center (0,2) and radius 2

The shaded area between these circles is the region of integration. If we integrate first
w.r.t r, then its limits are from P(r = 2 sin  ) to Q(r = 4 sin  ) and in order to cover the
whole region  should vary from 0 to  .Thus the required integral is
 4sin 
I   r 3dr d 
0 2sin 

 4 sin
 r4 
  d
0
4  2sin

   64sin 4   4sin 4   d
0

  60sin 4  d
0

 60  sin 4  d
0

2
120 sin 4  d
0

3 1  
120  . .  45 .
4 2 2 2
Y

Fig. 2
Problem 3. Evaluate 
R
x 2  y 2 dx dy where R is the region in the xy-plane

bounded by x + y = 4 and x2 + y2 = 9.
2 2

Solution:
Multiple Integrals 11

Let I   x 2  y 2 dx dy
R
We shall evaluate this by transforming it to polar coordinates by substituting x = r cos ,
y = r sin  and dx dy = r dr d. Then x 2  y2  r

O 
X
2

Fig. 3

2 3

I   r.r.dr.d     r 2 dr  d
R 0 r 2 
2 3
r3 
    d
0 
3 2
2
19
3 0
 d

19 38
 2 
3 3

xy( x  y) 2
Problem 4. Evaluate  2 dx dy taken over the sector in the first quadrant
x  y2
bounded by the straight lines y = 0, y = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
Solution:
Transform the integral into polar coordinates by substituting
x = r cos , y = r sin . Then dx dy = r dr d, and
xy( x  y) 2
r cos  r sin (r cos   r sin ) 2
  r 2 cos  sin (1  sin 2)
x 2  y2 r2
The limits of integration are o ≤  ≤  4 and 0 ≤ r ≤ 1(Fig. 4)
Multiple Integrals 12

Y
y=x


X
O 1

Fig. 4


41
I  r cos  sin (1  sin 2) rdr d
2

0 0

41
  r sin  cos  (1  sin 2) dr d
3

0 0

4

 4 sin  cos   sin  cos  sin 2 d

1

0
 
1 4 1 4
  sin  cos  d   sin 2 2 d
4 0 8 0
 
1  sin 2   4 1 2 2
16 0
    sin t dt (Substituting 2 = t)
4  2 0
1 1 1 
  . .
16 16 2 2
4

64

2 2 x x2
xdxdy
Problem 5. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate  
0 0
x2  y2
2 2 x x2
x
Soln: Let I =  
0 0
x  y2
2
dy dx .

The region of integration is bounded by

x  0, x  2, y  0, y  2 x x2
Take y  2 x  x2
Multiple Integrals 13

y2  2 x  x2  x2  y2  2 x 0.
Now the polar equation of the circle is
 r cos    r sin    2r cos   0 .
2 2

 x  r cos 
ie r  2 cos  y  r sin 
dxdy  rdrd
Now

r : 0  2 cos  ie :  : 0 
2

2 2 cos
rcos
I   rcos   r sin  
2 2
rdrd 
0 0

2 2 cos
r 2cos
  drd 
0 0
r2

2 2 cos
  cos  drd 
0 0

2
   cos  r  0
2 cos
d
0
 
2 0
1  cos 2
  2cos 2 d  2  d
0 0
2

 2
2
 sin 2  
 1  cos2  d    
0
  .
2 0 2
4 a 2 ax
Problem 6. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate  
o 2
xy dy dx
x
4a
4 a 2 ax
Solution: Let I =  
o 2
xy dy dx
x
4a

x2
The limits for y varies from y  to y  2 ax and the limits for x varies from x = 0 to
4a
x = 4a. The region of integration is enclosed between the curves (parabolas) x2 = 4ay and
y2 = 4ax and the lines x = 0 and x = 4a. The two parabolas intersect at (0, 0) and (4a, 4a).
To change the order of integration, first integrate w.r.t x and then w.r.t y. Since first
Multiple Integrals 14

integration is w.r.t x, we consider a horizontal strip. The limits for x varies from x = y2/4a
to x  2 ay and then y varies from y = 0 to y = 4a.

Y
2
x = 4ay

X
O

y2 = 4ax

Fig. 5

Hence,

2 ay
4 a 2 ay
 x2 
4a
I=   xy dx dy =   . y dy
o 
o y2
2  y2
4a
4a
4a
 4ay y4 
= o  2 . y  2
32a 
. y dy

4a
 y3 1 y6 
=  2a . 
 3 32a 2 6  0
 64a 3 1 (4a )6 
=  2a . 
 3 32a 2 6 
128a 4 64a 4
= 
3 3
4
64a
=
3
a 2a x
Problem 7. Change the order of integration in  
o 2
xy dy dx and hence evaluate it
x
a

Solution: The region of integration is bounded by x2  ay, x  y  2 a, x  0 and x  a

For change of order of integration divide the area into two parts.
ie, 1   2  
Multiple Integrals 15

x2  ay Y

 0, 2a 
I2
(a,a)
I1 X
O  2a , 0 

x a

Fig. 6

a ay

1    xy dx dy
0 0
ay
a
 x2 
   y  dy
0 
2 0
a
ay 2
 dy
0
2
a
 ay 3  a4
  
 6 0 6
2a 2a y
2   
a 0
xy dx dy

2a y
2a
 yx2 
  dy
a  2 0
2a
y
 2a  y  dy
a
2
2a
 y
 4a 2
 y 2  4ay 
dy
a
2
2a

1
2
 4a 2 y  y3  4 ay2  dy
a
Multiple Integrals 16

2a
1  4a 2 y 2 y4 4 ay3 
    
2 2 4 3 a
1  16a 4 16a 4 32a 4   4a 4 a 4 4a 4  
       
2  2 4 3   2 4 3 
1  96a 4  48a 4  128a 4 24a 4  3a 4  16a 4  
   
2  12 12 
16a 4 11a 4  5a 4
  
 24 24  24
a 4 5a 4
I  
6 24
9a 4 3a 4
  .
24 8
3 4 y

Problem 8. Evaluate    x  y dx dy by changing the order of integration.

0 1

Soln:
The region of integration is bounded by y  0, y  3, x  1 and x 4  y

Y
(0,4)

(1,3) y =3

(2,0) X
O

x2 = 4-y
x =1
Fig. 7
x  4  y,
x2  4  y
x2    y  4 
This is a parabola with vertex at (0,4)
Also when y  0, x  2
 (2, 0) and (-2, 0) are the points of interaction with x-axis
When y  3, x2  4  3  1 i. e, x  1 . Now changing the order of integration we have,
Multiple Integrals 17

2 4  x2
I 
1
  x  y dy dx
0
4  x2
 2
y2 
   xy   dx
1
2 0
2
  (4  x2 ) 2  
   x  4  x2      dx
1   2 
 
2
   4 x  x3   16  x4  8 x2   dx
1
1  
2
2

1
2 1
8x  2 x3  16  x4  8 x2  dx
2
1  8 x2 2 x4 x5 x3 
    16 x   8 
2 2 4 5 3 1
1 32 64 8 1 1 8
 16  8  32      16   
2 5 3 2 2 5 2
1 31 56 7 
  40     16 
2 5 3 2 
1 31 56 7  241
  24      .
2 5 3 2  60

Problem 9. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y2 = 4 - x and y2 = 4 - 4x.

Solution: If R is the region bounded by the parabolas, then A   dx dy

R

(0, 2)

x = 1-y22 x = 4-y2

1 4 X

(0, -2)

Fig. 8
Multiple Integrals 18

The parabolas meet the x-axis at x = 1 and x = 4. Both the parabolas meet the y-axis at
the points (0, 2) and (0, -2). The region R is symmetric about the x-axis. (Fig 8)

 4 y 2 
2
 A  2    dx  dy
0 1 y 2 4 
 

 
2
 2  4  y 2  1  y2 dy
  4

0

 
2 2
 2  3  3 y4 dy  6  y  12
y3 
2
 6 2  12
8 = 8 square units.
  
  0
0

Problem 10. Find the area outside the circle r = 2 and inside the cardioid
r = 2(1 + cos).
Solution:
Y

(0, 2)


O X
(2, 0) (4, 0)

(0, -2)

Fig. 9

Let R be the region outside the circle and inside the cardioid. Then R is symmetric about
the x-axis (Fig. 9)
 The required area A  2  rdrd
R

 2 2 (1 cos  )
 2 2 d
r.dr

0  
 2(1 cos )
r2 
2

 2   d
0 
2 2
Multiple Integrals 19


2

   4(1  cos  ) 2  4  d
0

2

 4   2 cos   cos 2   d
0


2
1  cos 2 
 4   2 cos    d
0  
2
 /2
 sin 2   
 4  2sin    / 2   4  2   = 8 +  sq. units.
 4  0  4

Problem 11. Find the area of the region bounded by the lemniscate r2 = a2cos 2.
Solution:
Area of a region R in the xy - plane is given by I   dxdy
R

In polar coordinates, I   rdrd = 4  Area in the first quadrant (Fig. 10)

R

  3 4   4

x  a cos 2
 X
a
O

Fig. 10

4 a cos 2  
 4.    rdr d
 0 
 r 0 
 a cos 2
4
r2 
 4.    d
0 
2 0

4
 2.  a 2 cos 2 d
0


 a 2 sin 2 

0
4
= a2 square units.
Multiple Integrals 20

a x xy

  e
x y z
Problem 12. Evaluate dz dy dx
0 0 0
Solution:
a x x y a  x  x y  
  
0 0 0
e x y zdz dy dx       e x y zdz  dy dx
0  0  0  
a
x xy

    e x  y  z  dy  dx
  0
0 0 
x 
 
a
    e x  y  x  y  e x  y dy dx
0 0 
x
 2( x  y) 1 
a
 e .  e x  y  dx
0  2 0
1 
a
1
   e 4 x  e 2 x  e 2 x  e x  dx
0  
2 2
1 
a
3
   e 4 x  e 2 x  e x  dx
0  
2 2
a
 e 4 x 3e 2 x
a

    e x  dx
0  0
8 4
4a 2a
e 3e 1 3
   ea    1
8 4 8 4
4a 2a
e 3e 3
   ea 
8 4 8

1 1 x ( x y)
2

Problem 13. Evaluate the triple integral  

0 0 0
x dz dy dx

1 1 x ( x y)
2

Solution: Let I =  
0 0 0
x dz dy dx
1 1 x 1 1 x

   xz
z  ( x y) 2
Then I = z 0
dy dx =    x( x  y)
2
 0  dy dx
0 0 0 0
1 1 x

   x  xy2  2 x2 y dy dx
3
=
0 0
y 1 x

1
xy3 y2 
=   x3 y   2 x2  dx
0 
3 2  y 0
1
 x(1  x)3 
=   x3 (1  x)   x2 (1  x) 2  dx
0  
3
Multiple Integrals 21

1
1
 3   x  x dx
4
=
0
1
1  x5 x2  1  1 1 1
=    =    
3  5 2  0 3  5 2  10

Problem 14. Express the volume of the Sphere x2  y2  z2  a2 as a volume integral

and hence evaluate it.

Solution: Required volume

a a 2 x 2 a 2  x 2  y2

 2   dz dx dy
 a  a 2  x2 0

a a 2 x 2
 2   z
a 2  x 2  y2
0 dx dy
 a  a x 2 2

a a 2 x 2
2  a 2  x 2  y2 dy dx
a 2
 a x 2

Taking a  x 2  b 2 when integration with respect to y is performed

2

a b
V  2  b2  y2 dy dx
 a b

 4 
a b
b 2  y2 dy dx
a 0
b
y 2
a b2 y
 4  b  y2  sin 1  dx
a 2
 2 b 0
a
 b2 
 4   sin 1 1  0 dx
a  
2
a

 2  b2 dx
a
2
a
  a  x 2  dx
2

a
a
 x3 
 2  a 2 x  
 3 0
 a3 
 2  a 3  
 3
a 3 4 a 3
2 .2  square units.
3 3
Multiple Integrals 22

Problem 15. Find volume bounded by the cylinder x2  y2  4 and the planes
y  z  4 and z  0
Soln: Here
z var ies from 0 to 4  y
y varies from  4  x2 to 4  x2
x varies from  2 to 2
Hence the required volume is given by
2 4  x2 4  y
V   
2  4  x2 0
dz dy dx

2 4  x2

   z
4 y
 0
dy dx
2  4  x2

2 4  x2
    4  y dy dx
2  4  x2

4  x2

2
y2 
  4 y   dx
2 
2   4 x2
2
 4  x2   4  x2  
    4 4  x2  
   4 4  x2
   dx
2  
2   2 
 
2
   4 4  x2   4  x2   4 4  x2   4  x2   dx
1 1
2  
2 2
2
 8
2
4  x2 dx

2
 8  4  x2 dx
2
2
 16  4  x2 dx
0
2
4  x x 
 16  sin 1    4  x2 
2 2 2 0
 2  
 16   0   0   16 square units.
 2  