Unit Ii Vector Calculus Part-A: Problem 1 Solution

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Unit.2 Vector Calculus
UNIT II VECTOR CALCULUS
Part-A
Problem 1 Prove that div( grad  )   2

Solution:
div( grad  )  .
       
i j k 
 x y z 
              
  i  j  k  i j k 
 x y z  x y z 
 2  2  2
  
x 2 y 2 z 2
 2 2 2 
  2  2  2 
 x y z 
 2 .
   
Problem 2 Find a, b, c, if F   x  2 y  az  i   bx  3 y  z  j  (4 x  cy  2 z )k is
irrotational.
Solution:  

F is irrotational if   F  0
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z
       
 i   4 x  cy  2 z    bx  3 y  z    j   4 x  cy  2 z    x  2 y  az  
 y z   x z 
   
 k   bx  3 y  2 z    x  2 y  az  
 x y 
  
 i  c  1  j  a  4  k b  2
      
   F  0  0i  0 j  0k  i  c  1  j  a  4  k b  2
 c  1  0, a  4  0, b  2  0
 c  1, a  4, b  2.

Problem 3 If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and r is the position

 
vector of a point, prove   r.n ds  3V
S
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Solution:
   
Let r  xi  y j  zk
By Gauss divergence theorem
   
  F  n ds       FdV Here F  .r
 
S V
 ds 
 r
S
 n    rdV
V
         
   i  j  k  . xi  y j  zk dV
V 
x y z 
 
    1  1  1 dV

  r  n ds  3V .
S
    
Problem 4 If r  a cos nt  b sin nt , where a, b, n are constants show that

 dr  
r
dt
n ab  
Solution:
  
Given r  a cos nt  b sin nt

dr  
 na sin nt  nb cos nt
dt

 dr    
r
dt
  
 a cos nt  b sin nt  na sin nt  nb cos nt 
   
 
 n a  b cos 2 nt  b  a sin 2 nt  
       
   
 n a  b cos 2 nt  a  b sin 2 nt  a  b  b  a  
   
 
 n a  b 1  n a  b  

Problem 5 Prove that div  curl A   0
Solution:
  
i j k
  
.        
x y z
A1 A2 A3
               
   i  3  2   j  3  1    k  2  1 
  y z   x z    x y 
              
  3  2   3  1   2  1 
x  y z  y  x z  z  x y 
  2 3  2  2    2 1  2 3    2  2  2 1 
      
 xy xz   yz yx   zx zy 


div curl A  0 
Problem 6 Find the unit normal to surface xy 3 z 2  4 at  1, 1, 2 
Solution:
Let   xy 3 z 2  4
  
   y 3 z 2 i  3 xy 2 z 2 j  2 xy 3 zk
  
 1,1,2    1  2  i  3  1 1  2  j  2  1 1  2  k
3 2 2 2 3
  
  4i  12 j  4k

Unit normal to the surface is n 

  
 4i  12 j 4k

16  144  16
  


4 i  3 j  k 
176
     


4 i  3 j  k

 
 i3j k
.

16 11 11
Problem 7 Applying Green’s theorem in plane show that area enclosed by a simple
1
 xdy  ydx 
2
closed curve C is
Solution:
 Q P 
 Pdx  Qdy     x  y  dx dy
C R
P   y, Q  x
P Q
 1, 1
y x
   x dy  ydx     1  1 dxdy  2   dx dy
R R
= 2 Area enclosed by C
1
 Area enclosed by C =   xdy  ydx  .
2
   
Problem 8 If A and B are irrotational show that A  B is solenoidal
Solution:
  
Given A is irrotational i.e.,  A  0
  
B is irrotational i.e.,   B  0
     
  
. A  B  B.   A  A.   B
   
  
 B  0  A0  0
 
 A  B is solenoidal.
 
Problem 9 If F  grad  x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz  find curl F
Solution:

F    x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz 
  
  3x 2  3 yz  l   3 y 2  3 xz  j   3 z 2  3xy  k
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
3 x  3 yz 3 y  3 xz 3 z  3 xy
2 2 2
       
 i   3 z 2  3 xy    3 y 2  3 xz    j   3 z 2  3xy    3x 2  3 yz  
 y z   x z 
   
 k   3 y 2  3 xz    3 x 2  3 yz  
 x y 
  
 i  3x  3x   j  3 y  3 y   k  3 z  3 z 
  
 i 0  j0  k 0  0 .
    
Problem 10 If F  x 2 i  y 2 j , evaluate  F  d r along the straight line y  x from
 0,0  to 1,1 .
Solution:
    

F .d r  x 2 i  y 2 j  dxi  dy 
 x 2 dx  y 2 dy
Given y  x
dy  dx
  1
 F  d r    x 2 dx  y 2 dy 
C 0
1
1
 x3 
1
2
  x dx  x dx  2  x dx  2   
2 2 2
0 0  3 0 3
Problem 11 What is the unit normal to the surface   x, y, z   C at the point  x, y, z  ?

Solution:

n  .


Problem 12 State the condition for a vector F to be solenoidal
Solution:
 
.F  divF  0
 
Problem 13 If a is a constant vector what is  a ?
Solution:
   
Let a  a1 i  a 2 j  a 3 k
  
i j k
    
a  0
x y z
a1 a2 a3
Problem 14 Find grad  at  2, 2, 2  when   x 2  y 2  z 2  2

Solution:
grad  
    
 i  x 2  y 2 x 2  2   j  x 2  y 2  z 2  2   k  x2  y2  z 2  2 
x y z
  
 2 x i  2 y j  2 zk
  
 2,2,2  4i  4 j  4k
Problem 15 State Gauss Divergence Theorem

Solution:
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function F over a closed

surface S enclosing volume V is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F
  
taken over V. i.e.,   F . nds     .FdV
S V
Part –B
Problem 1 Find the directional derivative of   x 2 yz  4 xz 2 at the point 1, 2, 1 in
  
the direction of the vector 2i  j  2k .
Solution:
  x 2 yz  4 xz 2
  
   2 xyz  4 z 2  i  x 2 z j   x 2 y  8 xz  k
  
1, 2, 1   2 1 2  1  4  1  i  1  1 j  1  2   8 1 1  k
2 2 2
   
  
  4  4  i  j   2  8  k
  
 8i  j  10k

  .a
Directional derivative a is 

     

 
8i  j  10k . 2i  j  2k 
4 1 4
16  1  20 37
  .
3 3
Problem 2 Find the maximum directional derivative of   xyz 2 at 1, 0,3 .

Solution:
Given   xyz 2
  
  yz 2 i  xz 2 j  2 xyzk
2 2   
1,0,3  0  3 i  1 3 j  2 1 0  3  k  9 j

Maximum directional directive of  is   9 j
Magnitude of maximum directional directive is   92  9.
Problem 3 Find the angle between the surfaces x 2  y 2  z 2  9 and x 2  y 2  z  3 at the

point  2, 1, 2  .
Solution:
Let 1  x 2  y 2  z 2  9
  
1  2 xi  2 y j  2 zk
     
1 2,1,2  2(2)i  2  1 j  2  2  k  4i  2 j  4k
2  x 2  y 2  z  3
  
2  2 xi  2 y j  k
  
2 2, 1,2   4i  2 j  2k
If  is the angle between the surfaces then
1.2
cos  
| 1 || 2 |
     

 
4i  2 j  4k . 4i  2 j  2k 
16  4  16 16  4  4
16  4  8

36 24
12 1
 
6 2 6 6
 1 
  cos 1  .
 6
  
Problem 4 Find the work done, when a force F   x 2  y 2  x  i   2 xy  y  j moves a
particle from the origin to the point 1,1 along y 2  x .
Solution:
  
Given F   x 2  y 2  x  i   2 xy  y  j
   
d r  dxi  dy j  dzk
 
F . d r   x 2  y 2  x  dx   2 xy  y  dy
Given y 2  x
2 ydy  dx
 
 F .d r   x 2  x  x  dx   2 y 3  y  dy
 x 2 dx   2 y 3  y  dy
 1 2 1
 F dr   x dx    2 y  y  dy
3
C 0 0
1 1
 x   2 y4 y2 
3
    
 3 0  4 2 0
1   2 1  
   0        0  0  
3   4 2  
1 1 1 
   
3 2 2
1 2
 1 
3 3
  2
 Work done   F .dr 
C
3
   
Problem 5 Prove that F   y 2 cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x  4  j  3 xz 2 k is irrotational and
find its scalar potential.
Solution:
   
Given F   y 2 cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x  4  j  3 xz 2 k
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
y cos x  z 2 y sin x  4 3xz 2
2 3
  
 i  0  0  j 3 z 2  3 z 2   k 2 y cos x  2 y cos 
  
 0i  0 j  0k  0

  F 0
Hence F is irrotational

F  
    
 y 2 cos x  z 3  i  2 y sin x  4  j  3xz 2 k  i x  j y  yz
 
Equating the coefficient i, j , k

 y 2 cos x  z 3      y 2 cos x  z 3 dx
x
1  y 2 sin x  z 3 x  C1

 2 y sin x  4       2 y sin x  4  dy
x
y2
2  2  sin x   4 y  C2
2

 3xz 2      3 xz 2 dy
x
z3
3  3 x  C3
3
  y 2 sin x  xz 3  4 y  C
    
Problem 6 If F  3 xyi  y 2 j evaluate  F .dr when C is curve in the xy plane
y  2 x 2 , from  0, 0  to 1, 2 
Solution:
  
F  3 xyi  y 2 j
   
dr  dxi  dy j  dzk
 
F .dr  3 xydx  y 2 dy
Given y  2 x 2
dy  4 xdx
 
 F .d r  3 x(2 x 2 )dx   2 x 2  4 x dx
2
 6 x3dx  4 x 4 (4 x)dx
 6 x3dx  16 x5 dx
  1
 Fd r    6 x  16 x  dx
3 5
C 0
1
 x 4 16 x 6 
 6 
 4 6  0
6 16 7
   .
4 6 6
    
Problem 7 Find  F . d r when F   x 2
 y 2
 i  2 xy j where the cure C is the
C
rectangle in the xy plane bounded by x  0, x  a, y  b, y  0 .

Solution:
  
Given F  x 2  y 2  i  2 xy j
   
 
Fd r  ( x 2  y 2 )dx  2 xy dy
C is the rectangle OABC and C consists of four different paths.
OA (y = 0)
AB (x = a)
BC (y = b)
CO (x = 0)
 
  F .d r        
C OA AB BC CO
Along
OA, y  0, dy  0
AB, x  a, dx  0
BC , y  b, dy  0
CO, x  0, dx  0
 
 C  F .d r   x 2 dx  2aydy   x  b 2  dx  0
2
C OA AB BC CO
a b 0
  x 2 dx  2a  ydy    x 2  b 2  dx
0 0 a
a b o
x   y   x3
3
 2
    2a      b 2 x 
 3 0  2 o  3 a
a 3
 b 2
   a3 
   0   2a   0     0  0     ab 2    2ab 2 .
 3   2    3 
    
Problem 8 If F   4 xy  3x z  i  2 x j  2 x zk check whether the integral
2 2 2 3
 F .d r is
C
independent of the path C .

Solution:
Given
  
F   4 xy  3 x 2 z 2  i  2 x 2 j  2 x 3 zk
   
 
 F .d r    4 xy  3x z dx   2 x dy   2 x zdz
2 2 2 3
C C C C
This integral is independent of path of integration if
 
F      F  0
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
4 xy  3x 2 z 2 2 x 2 2 x3 z
 
 i  0, 0   j  6 x 2 z  6 x 2 z   k  4 x  4 x 
   
 0i  0i  0 j  0k  0.
Hence the line integral is independent of path.
  x (1  y)dx  ( y  x3 )dy  where

2 3
Problem 9 Verify Green’s Theorem in a plane for
C
C is the square bounded x   a , y   a

Solution:
Let P  x 2 (1  y )
P
 x2
y
Q  y 3  x3
Q
 3x 2
x
By green’s theorem in a plane
 Q P 
C  Pdx  Qdy    C  x  y  dxdy
 Q P 
Now    x  y  dx dy
R
a a
    3x  x 2  dx dy
2
a a
a a
  dy  2 x dx
2
a a
a
 2 x3 
  y  a 
a

 3 a
  a  a   a3  a3 
2
3
10
8a 4
 (1)
3
Now   Pdx  Qdy      
C AB BC CD DA
Along AB, y  a, dy  0

X varies from a to a
  Pdx  Qdy     x 1  y  dx   x 
a
2 3
 y 3  dy
AB a
a
  x 2 (1  a )dx  0
a
a
 x3 
 1  a   
 3 a
1 a  3 2a 3 2a 4
 a  a   
3
 3  3 3
Along BC
x  a, dx  0
Y varies from  a to a
  Pdx  Qdy     x 1  y  dx   x  y  dy 
a
2 3 3
BC a
a
  (a 3  y 3 )dy
a
a
 3 y4 
 a y  
 4  a
 a4   a4 
  a 4      a 4    2a 4
 4   4 
Along CD
y  a, dy  0
X varies from a to a
a
  Pdx  Qdy     x 1  y  dx   x  y 3  dy 
2 3
CD a
a
  x 2 (1  a )dx
a
a
 x3 
 1  a    dx
 3 a
 a 3  a 3 
 1  a   
 3 
11
2a 3 2a 4
 
3 3
Along DA ,
x   a, dx  0
Y Varies from a to a
a
  Pdx  Qdy     x 1  y  dx   x  y 3  dy 
2 3
DA a
a

  a 2 1  y  dx   y 3  a 3  dy 
a
a
 y4 
   a3 y 
4 a
a 4
  a4 
   a 4     a 4   2a 4
 4   4 
2a 3 2a 4 2 a 3 2a 4
  Pdx  Qdy  
C
3

3
 2a 4 
3

3
 2a 4
4
 4a 4  a 4
3
4
8a
 ......(2)
3
From (1) and (2)
 Q P  8a 4
  Pdx  Qdy    R  x y 
 dxdy  .
C
3
Hence Green’s theorem verified.
Problem 10 Verify Green’s theorem in a plane for

  3x  8 y 2  dx   4 y  6 xy  dy where C is the boundary of the region defined by
2
x  y2 , y  x2 .
Solution:
Green’s theorem states that
 v u 
C udx  vdy   R  x  y dxdy
 Q p 
 Pdx  Qdy     x  y  dxdy
C R
  3x  8 y 2  dx   4 y  6 xy  dy
2
Given
C
P  3x  8 y 2
2
12
P
 16 y
y
Q  4 y  6 xy
Q
 6 y
x
Evaluation of  Pdx  Qdy
C
(i) Along OA
y  x 2  dy  2 xdx
 Pdx  Qdy    3x  8 x 4  dx   4 x 2  6 x 3  2 xdx
2
OA OA
1
   3x 2  8 x 4  8 x 3  12 x 4 dx
0
1
   20 x 4  8 x 3  3 x 2 dx
0
1
 x5 x 4 3x3 
  20  8 
 5 4 3  0
20 8 3
  
5 5 3
  4  2  1  1
Along AO
y 2  x  2 ydy  dx
 Pdx  Qdy    3 y  8 y 2 2 y dy   4 y  6 y 3  dy
4
Ao Ao
  (6 y  16 y 3  4 y  6 y 3 )dy
5
AO
0
   6 y 5  22 y 3  4 y  dy
1
0
 y6 y4 4 y2 
 6  22 
 6 4 2 1
0
 11  5
  y6  y4  2 y2  
 2 1 2
5 3
 Pdx  Qdy      1    (1)
C OA AO
2 2
 Q P 
Evaluation of    x  y  dx dy
R
 v u 
   x  y dxdy     6 y  16 y  dxdy
R R
13
1 y 1
   10 y dx dy   10 xy x  y dy
x y
0 y2 0
 
1
  10 y y  y 2 dy
0
 32 1

 10   y  y 3  dy
0 
1
 5 
 y 2 y4 
 10   
5 4

 2 0
2 1
 10   
5 4
8  5 
 10 
 20 
30 3
   (2)
20 2
For (1) and (2)
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
   
Problem 11 Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  yi  x j  z 2 k over the cylindrical
region bounded by x 2  y 2  9, Z  0 and Z  2 .
Solution:
Gauss
 
divergencetheorem is
 F .n
S
ds   div F dV
V
   
div F   y    x    z 2   2 z
x y z
 3 9  x2 2
 div F dV  
V 3  9  x 2 0
  2 z dzdy dx
9  x2 2
3
 z2 
  2  2  dydx
2
3  9 x 0
3 9 x2
 4  dydx
3  9  x 2
= 4 (Area of the circular region)


 4   3
2

 36 .................(1)
14
 
 F .n ds      
S S1 S2 S3
S1 is the bottom of the circular region, S2 is the top of the circular region and S3 is the
cylindrical region
 
On S1 , n   k , ds  dxdy , z  0
 
 F . n ds    z dxdy  0
2
 
S1
On S 2 , n  k , ds  dxdy, z  2
 
 F .n ds   z dx dy
2
s2
 4 dxdy
 4 (Area of circular region)

 4   3
2
  36
On S3 ,   x 2  y 2  9
 
  
n 
2 xi 2 y j

 4  x2  y 2 
 
xi  y j

3
 
    2   xi  y j 

S F .n ds   yi  x j  z k  3  ds 
3  
yx  yx 2
  ds   xy ds
3 3 S
Let x  3cos  , y  3sin 
ds  3 d dy
 varies from 0 to 2
z varies from 0 to 2
2 2
2
    9sin  cos  3 d dz
30 0
2 2
18
   sin 2 d dz
2 0 0
2
 cos 2 
2
 9    dz
0
2 0
2
9
1  1 dz  0
2 0

 
  F .n ds  0  36  0  36 ...............(2)
S
15
from (1) and (2)

  
C
 F .n ds   FdV
div
V
Problem

12

Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector field defined by

F   x 2  y 2  i  2 xy j in the rectangular region in the xy plane bounded by the lines
x  0, x  a, y  0, y  b.
Solution:
  
F   x 2  y 2  i  2 xy j
   
By Stoke’s theorem  F . d r   curl F .n ds
  
C S
i j k
   
curl F 
x y z
x  y 2 xy 0
2 2
   
 i  0  0  j  0  0  k  2 y  2 y   4 yk
 
As the region is in the xy plane we can take n  k and ds  dxdy
  
 curl F .n ds   4 yk.k dx dy
S
b a
 4   y dx dy
0 0
b
 y2 
 4    x 0
a
 2 0
 2ab 2 ..............(1)

 F .dr 
C
   
OA AB BC CO
Along OA
y  0  dy  0,
x varies from 0 to a
a
     x 2  y 2  dx  2 xy dy
OA 0
a
a
 x3  a3
  x dx    
2
0  3 0 3
Along AB
x  a  dx  o, y varies from 0 to b
16
    a 2  y 2  .0  2ay dy
AB 0
b
 y2 
 2a    ab 2
 2 0
Along BC
y  b, dy  0
x varies from a to 0
0
  x  b 2  dx  0
2
BC a
0
 x3 
   b2 x 
 3 a
a3
  ab 2
3
Along CO
x  0, dx  0,
y varies from b to 0
0
    0  y 2  0 0  0
CO b
  a 3 a3
  F . d r   ab   ab 2  0
2
c
3 3
 2ab 2 .........(2)
For (1) and (2)
   

C
F . d r   F . nds
curl
S
Here Stoke’s theorem is verified.
     
Problem 13 Find  F .nds if F   x  y 2
 i  2 x j  2 yzk where S is the surface in
S
the plane 2 x  y  2 z  6 in the first octant.

Solution:
Let   2 x  y  2 z  6 be the given surface
  
Then   2i  j  2k
     
2i  j  2k 2i  j  2k
  
4 1 4 3
 1   
 The unit outward normal n to the surface S is n   2i  j  2k 
3
Let R be the projection of S on the xy plane
17
    dx dy
  F .n ds   F .n  
S R1 n.k
 1     2

n.k  2i  j  2k .k 
3
 3
     1   
F .n   x  y 2  i  2 x j  2 yzk  . 2i  j  2k
3
 
2
3
 x  y 2   x  yz
2
3
4
3
  y 2  2 yz 
2
3
2
 y  y  2z 
3
2
 y  y  6  y  2 x
3
2
 y 6  2 x
3
4
 y 3  x
3
    dx dy
  F .n ds   F .n  
S S n.k
4 dxdy
  y 3  x
3 2/3
 2  3  x  dx dy
R1
3 6  2 x
 2
0
  3  x  dx dy
0
62 x
3
 y2 
 2  3  x    dx
0  2 0
3
 4  3  x  d x
3
0
3
 (3  x)4 
 4 
 4  0
 81 units.
Problem 14 Evaluate   x  y  dx   2 x  3xy 
C
where C is the boundary of the
triangle with vertices  2, 0, 0  ,  0,3, 0  &  0, 0, 6  using Stoke’s theorem.

Solution:
18
  
 where S is the surface of the triangle and n is
Stoke’s theorem is  F .dr   curl F .nds
C S
the unit vector normal to surface S .

 
Given F .dr   x  y  dx   2 x  z  dy   y  z  dz
   
 F   x  y  i   2x  z  j   y  z  k
   
dr  i dx  jdy  k dz
  
i j k
   
curl F 
x y z
x  y 2x  z y  z
  
 i 1  1  j  0  0   k  2  1
  
curl F  2i  k
Equation of the plane ABC is
x y z
  1
2 3 6
3x  2 y  z  6
Let   3x  2 y  z  6
  
  3i  2 j  k
Unit normal vector to the surface ABC  or   is
  
n    3i  2 j  k
 14
  
    3i  2 j  k  6  1

curl F . n  2i  k .    
7
 14  14 14

Hence  curl F . nds  7
S

S 14
ds
7 dxdy
 
14 R nk 
 where R is the projection of surface ABC on XOY plane
7 dxdy     3i  2 j  k  1 
 R 1  n k    .k  
14   14  14 
14
 7  dxdy
R
 7   Area of  le OAB 
 7  3  21.
19
   
Problem 15 Verify Stoke’s theorem for F   y  z  i  yz j  xzk where S is the
surface bounded by the planes x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0 and z  1 above the
XOY plane.
Solution:   

Stoke's theorem is  F .d r   F .nds
 
   
C S
F   y  z  i  yz j  xzk
  
i j k
   
 F 
x y z
y  z yz  xz
  
  yi   z  1 j  k

   F .n ds          
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
 is not applicable, since the given condition is above the XOY plane.
   
S6
     yi   z  1 j  k  .idydz
 
S1 AEGD
 
AEGD
 ydy dz
1
1 1
 y2  1
    y dy dz      dz
0 
0 0
2 0
1 1 1
   z 0  
2 2
   
  
S2 OBFC
  yi   z  1 j  k  . i dydz
   
1
1 1
 y2  1
1
   y dy dz     dz 
0 
2 0 2
   
0 0
  yi   z  1 j  k  jdxdz
  
S3 EBFG
 
1 1 1
    z  1 dx dz    xz  x 0 dz
1
0 0 0
1
z  1
2
1
   z   1  
 2 0 2 2
   
     yi   z  1 j  k   j dxdz  
S4 OADC
20
1 1
     z  1 dx dz
0 0
1 1
    xz  x 0     z  1 dz
1
0 0
1
 z2  1 1
  z  1 
 2 0 2 2
   

    yi   z  1 j  k .kdxdy 
S5 DGFC
1 1 1
    1dxdy     x 0 dy
1
0 0 0
1
   1 dy    y 0  1
1
          
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 1 1 1
      1  1
2 2 2 2
L.H .S   F .dr        
C OA AE EB BO
    y  z  dx  yzdy  xzdz
OA OA
  0 0  y  0, z  0, dy  0, dz  0
OA
    y  z  dx  yzdy  xzdz
AE AE
  0 0  x  1, z  0, dx  0, dz  0
AE
    y  z  dx  yzdy  xzdz
EB EB
0
  1 dx  y  1, z  0, 
1
  x 1  0  1  1
0
    y  z  dx  yzdy  xzdz
BO BO
  00  x  0, z  0
BO
0
        
C OA AE EB BO
 0  0  1  0  1
21
 L.HS = R.HS.
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.
z C (0,0,1) F
D G
O y
B(0,1,0)
x A (1,0,0) E (1,1,0)
22

Unit Ii Vector Calculus Part-A: Problem 1 Solution

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Unit.2 Vector Calculus