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EMA206B
Motee Phorah
TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
1. SEPARATION OF VARIABLES Note that i 1
cos a 1 cos 2a
2
2
1.1 sec 2 xdy csc ydx 0
1
sec xdy csc ydx
a sin
csc
2
Also,
1
1 1
dy 2 dx b cos
sec
csc y sec x
y x3 1 2
ln x x dx
x3 x3 y 2 3 3
ln x 2 y ln y C x3 x3
3 9 2 ln x K
3 9
2. EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2.1.2 Then, solve the exact differential
2.1 Consider the following
equation in 2.1 .
y tan xy 4 x dx x tan xy 3 y 2 dy 0 f x, y y tan xy 4 x x
ln sec xy 2 x 2 k1 y
2.1.1 Show the differential equation
in 2.1 is exact.
f x, y x tan xy 3 y 2 y
y
y tan xy 4 x tan xy xy sec 2 xy ln sec xy y k2 x
3
ln sec xy 2 x y C
2 3
x tan xy 3 y 2 tan xy xy sec 2 xy
x
f x, y xe 3 y y
2.2 Consider the following xy 2
ye xy
2 x dx xe 3 y dy 0
xy 2
e xy y 3 k2 x
2.2.1 Show the differential equation e x y C
xy 2 3
in 2.2 isexact.
2.3 Find the value s k so that the given
y
ye xy
2 x e xy
xye xy
x
y
3x 2
y 2
2y
2.2.2 Then, solve the exact
differential equation in 2.2 . kxy
ky
x
f x, y ye xy 2 x x ky 2 y k 2
e x k1 y
xy 2
2.4 Given the following differential equation 2.4.2 Then, solve it.
sin y y sin x cos y sin x
y f x, y cos x x cos y y y
y2
y cos x x sin y k2 x
cos x x cos y y sin x cos y 2
x
cos y sin x y2
x sin y y cos x C
2
DE is exact.
3. BERNOULLI'S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
dy
P x y Q x y n , n 0, n 1
dx
Method 1 Method 2
1 n du n dy
yn
dy
P x y1n Q x Let u y then 1 n y
dx dx dx
dy
Q x yn P x y
dy
1 n y n 1 n P x y1n 1 n Q x dx
dx
du
1 n y n Q x y n P x y
1 n
Let z y then
dz
1 n y n dy dx
dx dx 1 n Q x 1 n P x y1n
du
dz
1 n P x z 1 n Q x 1 n P x u 1 n Q x
dx dx
Solve the following Bernoulli’s differential equation
dy 2x y2 dz 2x 1
3.1 y z
dx 1 x 2
1 x2 dx 1 x 2
1 x2
2 x
Method 1 dx ln 1 x 2
Re 1 x 2
e 1 x2
dy
2 2 x 1 1
y y
z.1 x 2
dx 1 x 1 x2 1
2 2 2
1 x dx
1 x
dy 2 x 1 1
y 2
y 1 x 2
dx 1 x 1 x2 dx
2
y
Let z y 1
1 x 2
then
dz
y 2 dy x C
dx dx y
dy 2x y2 du 1 2 x 1
3.1 y y
dx 1 x 2
1 x2 dx 1 x 1 x
2 2
Method 2 1 2 x 1
y
1 x 1 x
2 2
Let u y 1 du 2x 1
u
dx 1 x 2
1 x2
du 2 dy
then y
2 x
dx ln 1 x 2
dx dx Re 1 x 2
e 1 x2
u.1 x 2
1
2
1 x 2
dx
dy y2 2x 1 x
y
dx 1 x 1 x
2 2
1 x2
dx
y
du 2 y 2
2 xy
y 2
1 x2
dx 1 x 1 x
2 x C
y
dy dz 3 3cos x
3.2 x x 2 y y 4 cos x 0,
3
z
dx dx x x3
dy 1 cos x 4
y 3 y 3
dx x x dx
Re x
e3 ln x x 3
Method 1
3cos x 3
dy 1 3 cos x zx
3
.x dx
y 4 y 3 x 3
dx x x
3 cos xdx
4 dy 3 3 3cos x
3 y y
dx x x3
x3
Let z y 3 3
3sin x C
y
dz 4 dy
3 y
dx dx
dy
x 2 y y 4 cos x 0, du cos x 1
3.2 x3 3 y 4 3 y 4 y
dx dx x x
dy 1 cos x 4 3cos x 3 3
y 3 y y
dx x x x 3
x
Method 2 du 3 3cos x
u
dx x x3
Let u y 3
3
dx
Re x
e3 ln x x 3
du 4 dy
3 y 3cos x 3
dx dx ux 3
3
.x dx
x
dy cos x 4 1 3 cos xdx
3 y y
dx x x x3
3
3sin x C
y