Chapter review

1 a y  ln x 2  2 ln x b y
x 1
 sin x cos x
(using properties of logs) 2 2
dy 1 2 dy
  2   sin 2 x
dx x x dx
d2 y
Alternative method:  2sin x cos x  sin 2 x
dx 2
dy f ( x)
When y  1n f ( x),  d2 y
dx f ( x ) At points of inflection 2  0
dx
(by the chain rule) i.e. sin 2 x  0
dy 2 x 2 2 x  π, 2π or 3π
 y  ln x 2   
dx x 2 x π 3π
x , π or
2 2
b y  x 2 sin 3x π π
When x  , y 
Using the product rule, 2 4
2
dy π d y 3π d 2 y
 x 2 (3cos 3x )  (sin 3x )  2 x At x  , 2  0; at x  , 0
dx 3 dx 4 dx 2
 3x 2 cos 3x  2 x sin 3 x d2 y π
So 2
changes sign either side of x 
dx 2
2 a 2 y  x  sin x cos x
x 1 π
y   sin x cos x When x  π, y 
2 2 2
Using the product rule, 3π d 2 y 5π d 2 y
At x  , 2  0; at x  , 0
dy 1 1 4 dx 4 dx 2
   sin x( sin x)  cos x cos x 
dx 2 2 d2 y
So changes sign either side of x  π
 12  12 sin 2 x  12 cos2 x dx 2
 12 (1  cos 2 x)  12 sin 2 x
3π 3π
 12 sin 2 x  12 sin 2 x When x  ,y
2 4
 sin 2 x 5π d y 2
7π d 2 y
At x  ,  0; at x  , 0
4 dx 2 4 dx 2
d2 y 3π
So 2
changes sign either side of x 
dx 2

Hence the points of inflection are

π π  π  3π 3π 
 ,  ,  π,  and  , 
2 4  2  2 4 

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3 a y
sin x 2 x ( x 2  2)2  4 x( x 2  2)(2  x 2 )
b f ( x) 
x ( x 2  2) 4
Using the quotient rule: 2 x( x 2  2)  ( x 2  2)  2(2  x 2 ) 

( x 2  2)4
dy x cos x  sin x  1
 2 x( x 2  2)( x 2  6)
dx x2 
x cos x  sin x
( x 2  2) 4

x2
f ( x) changes sign when the numerator
1 2 x ( x 2  2)( x 2  6) is zero
b y  ln  ln1  ln ( x 2  9)
x 9
2 i.e. at x  0 and x   6
  ln ( x 2  9)  6
where y  0 and y 
6 2
(by the laws of logarithms) Points of inflection are
 6
Using the chain rule: (0, 0) and   6,  
 8 
dy 1 2x
 2  2x   2
dx x 9 x 9 5 a f ( x)  121n x  x 2 , x  0
3

x
4 a f ( x)  12 3 12 12 3
x 2
2
f ( x )   x   x
x 2 x 2
( x 2  2) 1  x  2 x 2  x2
f ( x )  
( x 2  2) 2 ( x 2  2)2 f(x) is an increasing function when
The function is increasing when f ( x) ⩾ 0 f ( x)  0
2  x2
i.e. ⩾0 12 3
( x 2  2) 2 As x > 0,  x is always positive.
x 2
x2 ⩽ 2
− 2⩽x⩽ 2  f(x) is increasing for all x > 0.
Hence f ( x) is increasing on the interval
12 3  12 12 3
[−k, k] where k  2 . b f ( x)   2
 x  2 
x 4 x 4 x
At a point of inflection f ( x)  0
12 3
 2 0
x 4 x
12 3
2

x 4 x
x 2  16 x
3
x 2  16
x  3 256
 
1 1
f 3
256  12 ln (256) 3  256 2
 4 ln 256  16
 4 ln 28  16  32 ln 2  16
Coordinates of the point of inflection are

3
256, 32ln 2  16 
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6 y  cos2 x  sin x 8 a f ( x)  e0.5 x  x 2
dy
 2 cos x sin x  cos x
dx f ( x)  0.5e0.5 x  2 x
 cos x (1  2sin x )
dy
At stationary points 0 b f (6)  1.957...  0
dx
cos x (1  2 sin x )  0
f (7)  2.557...  0
cos x  0 or sin x  12
Solutions in the interval (0, 2π] are As the sign changes between x = 6 and
π π 5π 3π x = 7 and f ( x) is continuous, f ( x)  0
x , , and
6 2 6 2 has a root p between 6 and 7.
π 3 1 5
x  y   Therefore y = f(x) has a stationary point at
6 4 2 4
π x = p where 6 < p < 7.
x   y 1
2 9 a f ( x )  e 2 x sin 2 x
5π 3 1 5
x  y  
6 4 2 4 f ( x )  e 2 x (2 cos 2 x )  sin 2 x(2e 2 x )
3π
x  y  1  2e 2 x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x )
2
So the stationary points are
At turning points f ( x)  0
 π 5   π   5π 5   3π 
 ,  ,  , 1 ,  ,  and  ,  1
6 4 2   6 4  2 
2e 2 x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x)  0
1 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  0
7 y  x sin x  x(sin x) 2
sin 2 x   cos 2 x
dy 1 1
 x  12 (sin x) 2 cos x  (sin x) 2  1 Divide both sides by cos 2 x :
dx
 12 (sin x)
 12
 x cos x  2 sin x  tan 2 x  1
3π 7π
2x  or
dy 4 4
At the maximum point 0
dx 3π 7π
x  or (in the interval 0  x  π)
8 8
1
2
(sin x)
 12
 x cos x  2sin x   0
3π 1 3π4
When x  ,y e
 x cos x  2 sin x  0 8 2
1 1 7π 1 7π4
(as (sin x ) 2   0) When x  , y e
sin x 8 2
Dividing through by cos x gives So the coordinates of the turning points
x  2 tan x  0
 3π 1 3π4   7π 1 7π4 
are  , e  and  ,  e .
 8 2   8 2 
So the x-coordinate of the maximum point
satisfies 2 tan x  x  0.

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9 b f ( x)  2e 2 x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x ) 10 y  2e x  3 x 2  2
dy
 2e x  6 x
f ( x)  2e2 x (2sin 2 x  2cos 2 x) dx
 4e2 x (cos 2 x  sin 2 x) When x  0, y  4 and
dy
2
dx
 e2 x (4sin 2 x  4cos 2 x
Equation of normal at (0, 4) is
 4 cos 2 x  4sin 2x) y  4   12 ( x  0)
 8e cos 2 x
2x
2 y  8  x
3π or x  2 y  8  0
c f     8e 4 cos
3π 3π
 8  4 1
11 a f ( x )  31n x 
3π
 2 3π
x
 8e  
4
  4 2 e 4  0
 2 
3 1
f ( x )  
x x2
 3π 1 3π4 
 , e  is a maximum.
 8 2  dy
At a stationary point 0
dx
7π
 7π  7π 3 1
f     8e 4 cos  0
 8  4 x x2
 2
7π 7π 3x  1  0
 8e  4
  4 2 e 4  0
 2  x 1
3

So the x-coordinate of the stationary

 7π 1 7π4 
  , e  is a minimum. point P is 13
 8 2 
b At the point Q, x  1 so y  f (1)  1
d At points of inflection f ( x)  0
8e 2 x cos 2 x  0 The gradient of the curve at point Q is
cos 2 x  0 f (1)  3  1  2
π 3π
2x  or So the gradient of the normal to the curve
2 2 at Q is  12
π 3π
 x  or
4 4 Equation of the normal to C at Q is
π π
π π
y  1   12 ( x  1)
When x  , y  e 2 sin  e 2
4 2
3π 3π
3π 3π i.e. y   12 x  23
When x  , y  e sin 2
 e 2
4 2
Points of inflection are
 π π2   3π 3π

 , e  and  ,  e 2  .
4   4 

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12 a Let f ( x )  e 2 x cos x 14 a f ( x )  ( x 3  2 x)e  x
f ( x )  ( x3  2 x )(e  x )  (3 x 2  2)e x
Then f ( x )  e 2 x ( sin x)  cos x (2e 2 x )
 e  x ( x 3  3x 2  2 x  2)
 e (2 cos x  sin x )
2x

b When x  0, f ( x)  2
Turning points occur when f ( x)  0
Gradient of normal is 12
e 2 x (2 cos x  sin x)  0  equation of normal to the curve at the
origin is
sin x  2 cos x
y  12 x
Dividing both sides by cos x gives This line will intersect the curve again
when
tan x  2 2 x  ( x  2 x )e
1 3 x

1  2( x 2  2)e  x
b When x  0, y  f (0)  e0 cos 0  1
ex  2x2  4
The gradient of the curve at (0, 1) is 2x2  ex  4
f (0)  e0 (2  0)  2
Challenge
This is also the gradient of the tangent
at (0, 1). a f ( x )  x (1  x) ln x  ( x  x 2 ) ln x
1
So the equation of the tangent at (0, 1) is f ( x )  ( x  x 2 )   ln x  (1  2 x )
x
y  1  2( x  0)  1  x  (1  2 x) ln x

y  2x 1 b At minimum point A, f ( x)  0
1  x  (1  2 x)ln x  0
13 a x  y 2 ln y (1  2 x)ln x  (1  x)
1 x
Using the product rule: ln x  
1  2x
dx 1 So x-coordinate of A is the solution to
 y 2    ln y  2 y  y  2 y 1n y 
1 x
dy  y the equation x  e 1 2 x

dy 1 1
b  
dx d x y  2 y 1n y
dy

When y = e,

dy 1 1
 
dx e  2e ln e 3e

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