BAHRIA UNIVERSITY

Lecture # 7 (Integration)
Course Title: Advance Mathematics
Course code: MAT−210
Teacher Name: Dr. Misbah Ijaz

Some Useful Substitutions

a2 − x2 x  a sin 
x2 − a2 x  a sec 
a2  x2 x  a tan 
2ax − x 2 x − a  a sin 

Example 1: Find
 dx
x a2 − x2
Put
x  a sec 
dx  a sec  tan d
Then
  a sec  tan d
a sec  a 2 − a sec  2

  tan d
a 1 − sec 2 
2

  tan  d
a tan 
 1
a  d
 1a
 1 −1 x
a sec a  c

Example 2: Evaluate
 −2x dx
4 − x2
Put
x  2 sin 
 dx  2 cos d
−22 sin 
  2 cos d
4 − 2 sin  2

 −8 sin  cos  d
4 − 4 sin 2 
− 8  sin  cos  d
41 − sin 2 
sin 2   cos 2   1
cos 2   1 − sin 2 

 −8  sin  cos  d
41 − sin 2 

 −8  sin  cos  d
4 cos 2 
 −8  sin  cos  d
2 cos 
 −4  sin d

 −4− cos   c
 4 cos   c
x  sin 
2
sin −1 x  sin −1 sin 
2
−1 x
sin 
2
 4 cos sin −1 x  c
2
Example 3: Evaluate
N → derivative
Deno min ator  function

 e x dx
ex  3
Put
e x  3  t
e x  0dx  dt
e x dx  dt
   dt
t
d ln t  1
dt t
 ln t  c
 ln|e x  3|  c

Example 4: Evaluate
 dx
x 2  4x  13
By completing square
x 2  4x  13

a  x, b 4  2
2
a  b 2  a 2  2ab  b 2

 x 2  2x 2   2 2 − 2 2  13

 x  2 2  9

  dx
x  2 2  9
Put
x2  t
dx  dt

  dt
t2  32
Put
t  3 tan 
dt  3 sec 2 d

  3 sec 2 d
3 tan  2  3 2

  3 sec 2 d
9tan 2   1
1  tan 2   sec 2 

  3 sec 2 d
9sec 2 

 1
3
 d
  1  c
3
As
t  tan 
3
tan −1 tan   tan −1 t
3
−1 t
  tan
3
 1 tan −1 t  c
3 3
x  2
 1 tan −1 c
3 3
Example 5: Find
 dx
a  x2
2

Put
x  a tan 
dx  a sec 2 d

  a sec 2 d
a 2  a tan  2

  a sec 2 d
a 2 1  tan 2 
1  tan 2   sec 2 

  a sec 2 d
a sec 
  sec d
  sec  sec   tan  d
sec   tan 
  sec 2   sec  tan  d
sec   tan 
sec   tan   t
sec  tan   sec 2 d  dt

  dt
t
ln t  c
 ln|sec   tan |  c
As
 x  a tan     tan −1 ax
sec 2   1  tan 2 
sec   1  tan 2 
x 2
sec   1 a
2
sec   1  x2
a

sec   a2  x2
a2
a2  x2 a2  x2
sec    a
a2
Therefore
a2  x2
 ln a  ax  c

a2  x2  x
 ln a c

Example 6: Integrate
 ax dx
a − x4
2

a xdx
a − x 2  2
2

Put
x 2  a sin 
2xdx  a cos d
xdx  a cos d
2
a/2 cos d
a
a 2 − a sin  2
a2
2
 cos d
a 2 1 − sin 2 
a2
2
 cos d
a cos 
a
2
 d
 ac
2
a sin −1 x 2  c
2 a
Example 7: Integrate
I  x
4  2x  x 2
dx

x 2  2x  4
x 2  2x1  1 2 − 1 2  4
x  1 2  3

I  xdx
x  1 2  3
As x  1  t this implies x  t − 1
dx  dt
t − 1dt
I  t2  3
I  t dt −  1dt
t2  3 t2  3
I  2t
2t 2  3
dt −  2 dt 2
t  3

I 1
2
 2tdt − 
t2  3
dt
t2   3 2
I  I1 − I2 1
Where
I1  1
2
 2tdt
2
t 3
I2   dt
t   3 2
2

Now consider
I1  1
2
 2tdt
t 32

Put
t2  3  y
Then
2tdt  dy

I1  1  y
dy
2
I 1  1 ln y
2
 I 1  1 lnt 2  3
2
Now take
I2   dt
t   3 2
2

t 3 tan 
dt  3 sec 2 d
3 sec 2 d
I2  
 3 tan  2   3  2
3 sec 2 d
I2   3 tan 2   3
3 sec 2 d
I2   3tan 2   1
3 sec 2 d
I2   3 sec 2 
I 2  1  d
3
I2  1 
3
As
t  3 tan 
t  tan 
3
  tan −1 t
3
Therefore
I2  1 tan −1 t
3 3
Putting values of I 1 and I 2 in eq. 1
I  1 lnt 2  3 − 1 tan −1 t
2 3 3
I  1 lnx  1 2  3 − 1 tan −1 x  1
2 3 3
Practice Problems

Q.1: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals

a)
  dx
7 − 6x − x 2
b)
I  x 2  4 dx
c)
 dx
2 2
x −a

Q.2: Evaluate
 dx
2x  x 2
Q. 3: Find
sec x  tan x 2 dx