Chapter review

1 a x  4t  3, y  82  8t 2 3 x  t 3, y  t 2
t
dx dy
 4,  16t 3 dx
 3t 2 ,
dy
 2t
dt dt dt dt
dy dy
dy 16t 3 4
 dt   3 dy dt

2t 2
 2
dx dx 4 t dx dx 3t 3t
dt dt
b When t = 2, the curve has gradient At the point (1, 1) the value of t is 1.
dy 4 1
 3 
dx 2 2  the gradient of the curve is 23 , which is
also the gradient of the tangent.
 the normal has gradient 2.
 the equation of the tangent is
Also, when t = 2, x = 5 and y = 2,
y 1  23 ( x 1)
so the point A has coordinates (5, 2).
i.e. y  23 x  13
 the equation of the normal at A is
4 a x  2cos t  sin 2t , y  cos t  2sin 2t
y  2  2( x  5)
i.e. y  2 x  8 dx
 2sin t  2cos 2t
dt
2 x  2t, y  t 2 dy
  sin t  4cos 2t
dt
dx dy
 2,  2t
dt dt dy
dy dy  sin t  4 cos 2t
b  dt 
dy 2t dx dx  2 sin t  2 cos 2t
 dt   t
dx dx 2 dt
dt
π dy  0
1
1
When t  ,  2

At the point P where t = 3, the gradient of 4 dx  2
2
0 2
the curve is d y  3
dx

 gradient of the normal is  1

3

Also, when t = 3, the coordinates are (6, 9).

 the equation of the normal at P is

y  9   13 ( x  6)

i.e. 3 y  x  33

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4 c The gradient of the normal at the point b The tangent line l meets the curve C at
P where t  π is –2. points A and B.
4
The coordinates of P are found by Substitute x  2t  3 and y  t 3  4t into
substituting t  π into the parametric the equation of l:
4
equations: 2(t 3  4t )  (2t  3)  7

2 1 2t 3  6t  4
x 1, y  2 t 3  3t  2  0
2 2
At point A, t = −1, so t = −1 is a root of
 the equation of the normal at P is
this equation, and hence (t + 1) is a factor
of the left-hand side expression.
 1    2 
y   2   2  x    1 
 2    2  t 3  3t  2  (t  1)(t 2  t  2)
 (t  1)(t  1)(t  2)
1
y  2  2x  2 2  2  2(t  1) 2 (t  2)
2
So line l meets the curve C at t = –1
5 2 (repeated root because the line is tangent
i.e. y  2 x 
2 to the curve there) and at t = 2.

5 a x  2t  3, y  t3  4t Therefore, at point B, t = 2.

At point A, where t = −1, 6 The rate of change of V is d V

dt
x = 1 and y = 3.
dV
 the coordinates of A are (1, 3).  V
dt
dx dy
 2,  3t 2  4 i.e.
dV
  kV
dt dt dt
dy 3t 2  4 where k is a positive constant.
 
dx 2 (The negative sign is needed as the value
of the car is decreasing.)
At the point A, dy   1
dx 2 7 The rate of change of mass is dM
dt
 gradient of the tangent at A is  1
2
dM
Equation of the tangent at A is  M
dt
1
y3  ( x  1)
2 dM
i.e.   kM
2 y  6  x 1 dt
where k is a positive constant.
i.e. 2 y  x  7 (The negative sign represents loss of mass.)

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8 The rate of change of pondweed is d P 11 a x  4 cos 2 t , y  3 sin t
dt
The point A  2, 3
2  is on the curve, so
The growth rate is proportional to P:

growth rate  P 4 cos 2t  2 and 3sin t  3

2

i.e. grow th rate  kP cos 2t  1

2 and sin t  1
2

where k is a positive constant.

The only value of t in the interval
But pondweed is also being removed at a π π
 t that satisfies both equations
constant rate Q. 2 2
is π . Therefore t  π at the point A.
dP 6 6
  growth rate  removal rate
dt
dP b d x   8 sin 2 t , d y  3 cos t
 kP  Q dt dt
dt
dy 3cos t
dr  
9 The rate of increase of the radius is dx 8sin 2t
dt
3cos t

dr 1 16 sin t cos t
  , as the rate is inversely
dt r (using a double angle formula)
proportional to the radius. 3
=
16sin t
Hence dr  k   163 cosec t
dt r
where k is the constant of proportion.
c At point A, where t  π , dy   3
10 The rate of change of temperature is d  6 dx 8
dt
 gradient of the normal at A is 8
d 3
  (   0 )
dt
Equation of the normal is

i.e. d    k (   0 ), y  32  83 ( x  2)
dt
where k is a positive constant.
Multiply through by 6 and rearrange
(The negative sign indicates that the
to give:
temperature is decreasing, i.e. loss
of temperature.) 6 y  9  16 x  32
6 y  16 x  23  0

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11 d To find where the normal cuts the curve, 3 1 
substitute x  4 cos 2t and y  3 sin t into b As P  a , a  lies on the curve,
4 2 
the equation of the normal:
3 1
6(3sin t )  16(4 cos 2t )  23  0 a sin 2 t  a and a cos t  a
4 2
18sin t  64 cos 2t  23  0
3 1
18sin t  64(1  2 sin 2 t )  23  0 sin t   and cos t 
2 2
(using a double angle formula)
128sin 2 t  18sin t  41  0 The only value of t in the interval

But sin t  12 is one solution of this 0 ⩽ t ⩽  that satisfies both equations

2
equation, as point A lies on the line and on
the curve. So is π . Therefore t  π at the point P.
3 3
128sin t  18sin t  41
2
Gradient of the curve at point P is
 (2sin t  1)(64sin t  41) 1 π
 sec  1.
2 3
 (2 sin t  1)(64 sin t  41)  0
 equation of the tangent at P is
Therefore, at point B, sin t   41
64 1  3 
y a  1  x  a 
 the y-coordinate of point B is 2  4 
 41  123 1 3
3      y  a  x  a
 64  64 2 4

12 a x  a sin2 t, y  a cos t Multiply equation by 4 and rearrange

to give
dx dy 4 y  4 x  5a
 2 a sin t cos t ,   a sin t
dt dt
c Equation of the tangent at C is
dy  a sin t 1 1 4 y  4 x  5a
     sec t
dx 2 a sin t cos t 2 cos t 2 At A, x  0  y  5 a
4
5a
At B, y  0  x 
4
2
1  5a  25
Area of AOB     a 2 ,
2 4  32
which is of the form ka2 with k  25
32

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13 x  (t  1) 2 , y  12 t 3  3 15 e2x + e2y = xy

dx dy 3 2 Differentiate with respect to x:

 2(t  1) ,  t
dt dt 2
dy dy
2e 2 x  2e 2 y x  y 1
3 2 dx dx
dy t 3t 2
  2 
dx 2(t  1) 4(t  1) dy dy
2e 2 y x  y  2e 2 x
dx dx
When t  2, d y  3  4  1
dx 43 dy
(2e 2 y  x )  y  2e 2 x
dx
 gradient of the normal at the point P,
where t = 2, is –1. dy y  2e2x
 
The coordinates of P are (9, 7). dx 2e2 y  x

 equation of the normal is 16 y3 3xy2  x3  3

y  7  1( x  9) Differentiate with respect to x:
y  7  x  9
i.e. y  x  16 dy  dy 
3y 2   3x  2 y  y 2  3   3x 2  0
dx  dx 
14 5x  5 y  6xy  13
2 2

dy
(3 y 2  6 xy )  3x2  3 y 2
Differentiate with respect to x: dx

dy  dy  dy 3( x 2  y 2 ) x2  y2
10 x  10 y  6  x  y   0   
dx  dx  dx 3 y ( y  2 x) y ( y  2 x)

dy dy
(10 y  6 x )
 6 y  10 x Turning points occur when 0
dx dx
d y 6 y  10 x x2  y2
  0
dx 10 y  6 x y ( y  2 x)
x2  y2
At the point (1, 2) x  y
d y 12  10 2 1
   When x  y, y3  3 y3  y3  3
d x 20  6 14 7
so 3 y3  3
So the gradient of the curve at (1, 2) is 1
7
y  1 and hence x  1

When x   y, y 3  3 y 3  y 3  3
so  y 3  3
y  3 3 and hence x   3 3

 the coordinates of the turning points are

(1, 1) and ( 3 3, 3 3 ).

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17 a (1 x)(2 y)  x2  y2 c A tangent that is parallel to the y-axis
has infinite gradient.
Differentiate with respect to x: dy 2 x  y  2
For  to be infinite,
dx 1  x  2 y
 dy  dy
(1  x)    (2  y )(1)  2 x  2 y the denominator 1  x  2 y  0,
 dx  dx
i.e. x  2 y  1
dy
(1  x  2 y )  2x  y  2 Substitute x  2 y  1 into the equation of
dx
the curve:
dy 2x  y  2
  (1  2 y  1)(2  y)  (2 y  1)2  y 2
dx 1 x  2 y
2 y2  4 y  4 y2  4 y  1  y 2
b When the curve meets the y-axis, x = 0. 3 y2  8 y  1  0
Substitute x = 0 into the equation of 8  64  12 4  13
y 
the curve: 6 3
2  y  y2
4  13 5  2 13
When y  , x
i.e. y  y  2  0
2
3 3
( y  2)( y  1)  0
4  13 5  2 13
y  2 or y  1 When y  , x
3 3
dy 0  2  2 4
At (0, 2),    there are two points at which the
dx 1  0  4 3
tangents are parallel to the y-axis.
dy 0  1  2 1
At (0,  1),    5  2 13 4  13 
dx 1  0  2 3
They are  ,  and
 3 3 
 5  2 13 4  13 
 , .
 3 3 

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18 7x  48xy  7 y  75  0
2 2 20 a a x  e kx

Implicit differentiation with respect to x Take natural 1ogs of both sides:

gives
ln ax  lnekx
 dy 
14 x  48  x  y   14 y
dy
0 x ln a  kx
 dx  dx
As this is true for all values of x, k  ln a.
dy
(48 x  14 y )  14 x  48 y
dx b Taking a = 2,
dy 14 x  48 y 7 x  24 y
  
dx 48 x  14 y 7 y  24 x y  2 x  e kx where k  ln 2

dy
When dy  2 ,  ke kx  (ln 2)e (ln 2 ) x  2 x ln 2
dx 11 dx

7 x  24 y 2 c At the point (2, 4), x = 2.


7 y  24 x 11
 gradient of the curve at (2, 4) is
14 y  48 x  77 x  264 y
125 x  250 y  0 dy
 2 2 ln 2  4 ln 2  ln 2 4  ln 16
 x  2y  0 dx

So the coordinates of the points at which the 21 a P  P0 (1.09)t

gradient is 2 satisfy x  2 y  0, Take natural logs of both sides:
11
which means that the points lie on the line
x  2 y  0. ln P  ln  P0 (1.09)t 
 ln P0  ln (1.09)t
19 yx x
 ln P0  t ln1.09

Take natural logs of both sides:

 t ln1.09  ln P  ln P0
ln y  ln xx
t
ln P  ln P0
or
ln PP0  
ln y  x ln x (using properties of logarithms) ln1.09 ln1.09

Differentiate with respect to x: b When t  T , P  2P0 .

1 dy 1 Substituting these into the expression in

 x   ln x 1
y dx x part a gives
 1  ln x
ln 2
T   8.04 (3 s.f.)
dy ln1.09
  y (1  1n x )
dx

But y  xx
dy
  x x (1  1n x )
dx

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21 c d P  P0 (1.09) t (ln 1.09) 24 a f ( x )  cos x2 x
dt e
2e x sin 2 x  e x cos 2 x
When t  T , P  2P0 so (1.09)T  2 
f ( x) 
e2 x
2sin 2 x  cos 2 x
dP 
Hence  P0 (1.09)T (1n 1.09) ex
dt At A and B, f ( x )  0
 P0  2  1n 1.09
2sin 2 x  cos 2 x  0
 0.172 P0 (3 s.f.) 2 tan 2 x  1  0
tan 2 x  0.5
22 a y  ln(sin x ) 2 x  2.678 or 5.820
x  1.339 or 2.910
dy 1 (in the interval 0 ⩽ x ⩽ π)
 cos x   cot x
dx sin x x  1.339  y  f ( x)  0.2344
At a stationary point d y  0 x  2.910  y  f ( x)  0.04874
dx
π Therefore, to 3 significant figures:
cot x  0  x  coordinates of A are (1.34, −0.234);
2 coordinates of B are (2.91, 0.0487).
(in the interval 0  x  π)
π  π b The curve of y  2  4f ( x  4) is a
When x  , y  ln  sin   ln1  0
2  2 transformation of f ( x) , obtained via a
π  translation of 4 units to the right, a stretch
 stationary point is at  , 0  . by a factor of 4 in the y-direction, and then
2  a translation of 2 units upwards.

d2 y Turning points are:

b 2
 cosec2 x minimum (1.34  4,  0.234  4  2) and
dx
1 maximum (2.91  4, 0.0487  4  2),
cosec 2 x   0 for all 0  x  π
sin 2 x i.e. minimum (5.34, 1.06)
2
d y and maximum (6.91, 2.19).
  0 for all 0  x  π
dx 2
Hence the curve C is concave for all c f ( x)
values of x in its domain.
e (4 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x )  e (2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x )
x x


m  40e0.244t
2x
e
23 a
4 sin 2 x  3cos 2 x
After 9 months, t = 0.75, so 
ex
m  40e0.2440.75  40e0.183  33.31... f(x) is concave when f ( x ) ⩽ 0
f ( x)  0 when
b d m  0.244  40 e 0.244 t  9.76 e 0.244 t 4sin 2 x  3cos 2 x  0
dt
tan 2 x  34
c The negative sign indicates that the mass 2 x  0.644 or 3.785
is decreasing.
x  0.322 or 1.893
The curve has a minimum point and hence
is convex between these values, so it is
concave for
0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.322 and 1.892 ⩽ x ⩽ π.

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Challenge c The curve cuts the x-axis when y = 0,
 π i.e. when 2 sin 2t  0
a y  2sin 2t, x  5cos  t   2 t  0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π
 12 
π 3π
dy dx  π t  0, , π, , 2π
 4cos 2t ,  5sin  t   2 2
dt dt  12  t  0  x  5 cos
π
 4.83, i.e. (4.83, 0)
dy 4 cos 2t 12
  dy 4
dx  π with gradient   3.09
5sin  t   dx 5 sin π
 12 
12

b d y  0 when 4 cos 2 t  0 π 7π
dx t  x  5 cos   1.29, i.e. (  1.29, 0)
2 12
π 3π 5π 7π
2t  , , or dy 4
2 2 2 2 with gradient   0.828
π 3π 5π 7π dx 5 sin 7π
t , , or 12
4 4 4 4
13π
(in the interval 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2π) t  π  x  5cos  4.83, i.e. (4.83, 0)
π π 5 12
t   x  5cos    dy 4
4 3 2 with gradient   3.09
dx 5sin 13π
π 5 
and y  2sin  2, i.e. point  , 2  12
2 2  3π 19π
t  x  5cos  1.29, i.e. (1.29, 0)
3π  5π  5 3 2 12
t  x  5cos    
4  6 2
with gradient
dy

4
 0.828
3π  5 3  dx 5sin 19π
and y  2sin  2, i.e. point  , 2  12
2  2 
5π  4π  5 The curve cuts the y-axis when x = 0.
t  x  5cos    
4  3  2  π
i.e. when 5cos  t    0
5π  5   12 
and y  2sin  2, i.e. point   , 2  π π 3π
2  2  t  ,
12 2 2
7π  11π  5 3
t   x  5cos   5π 17π
4  6  2 t ,
12 12
7π 5 3  5π 5π
and y  2sin  2, i.e. point  , 2  t  y  2 sin  1, i.e. (0, 1)
2  2  12 6
5π
4 cos
dy 6  0.693
with gradient 
dx π
5sin
2
17π 17π
t  y  2sin  1, i.e. (0, 1)
12 6
17π
4cos
dy 6  0.693
with gradient 
dx 3π
5sin
2
So the curve cuts the y-axis twice at (0, 1)
with gradients 0.693 and −0.693.

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Challenge

d
 π
5sin  t  
dx
  12 
dy 4cos 2t
dx  π
 0 when sin  t    0
dy  12 
π
t   π, 2π
12
11π 23π
t ,
12 12
11π 11π
t  y  2 sin  1
12 6
 11π π 
and x  5 cos     5
 12 12 
23π 23π
t  y  2 sin  1
12 6
 23π π 
and x  5 cos   5
 12 12 
So points where curve is vertical are
(−5, −1) and (5, −1).

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