Exercise 7E

     

1 XY = XW + WY =−b a 3 b ON
= OM + MN
      
YZ = YW + WZ =−c b = OM + µ OB ( MN is parallel to OB )
 
Since XY = YZ : = a + µb
2
3
b−a =c–b 
But ON = a + λ (b − a)
b+b=a+c
a + c = 2b So:
a + λ (b − a) = 2
a + µb
  3
2 a i OB = 2OR a(1 – λ ) + λb = 23 a + µ b
= 2r ⇒ (comparing coefficients of a and b):
   1=− λ 23 and = λ µ
= PO + OQ ( addition of vectors )
ii PQ 
  so λ= µ= 13 and ON= 23 a + 13 b
= −OP + OQ 
   AN = 13 (b − a)
OQ= OA + AQ ( addition of vectors ) 
  ⇒ NB = 23 ( b − a )
AQ = 12 AB
   ⇒ AN : NB =
1: 2
= AO + OB ( addition of vectors )
AB
  4 a M
isthe midpoint of OA, so:
= −OA + OB 
= −2p + 2r OM = 2 OA
1

∴ AQ = 12 (−2p + 2r) = 12 a
= −p + r Using vector addition:
    
∴ OQ = 2p + (−p + r) MQ = MA + AB + BQ
  
=p+r = MA + AB + 14 BC

∴ PQ = −p + (p + r) = 1
a + c − 14 a
2
=r
= 14 a + c
  and:
b OB = 2r and PQ = r   
  AC
= AO + OC
⇒ OB and PQ are parallel.
=−a + c
⇒ ∠AOB = ∠APQ and ∠ABO = ∠AQP
= c−a
(corresponding angles, parallel lines)
P lies on AC and MQ, so:
Angle A is common to both triangles.   
⇒ ∆PAQ and ∆OAB are similar (three = OM + λ MQ
OP
equal angles) = 2 a + λ ( 4 a + c)
1 1

  

= OA + µ AC
and OP
3 a M divides OA in the ratio 2 :1.
 =+a µ (c − a)
⇒ OM = 3a
2

Using vector addition: Comparing coefficients of a and c:

   
2 + 4λ =
1 − µ and λ = µ
1 1
ON= OA + AN
    ⇒ 54 λ =
1

AN λ= (
AB N lies on AB, so AN λ AB ) λ= µ=
2
2
 
5
AB= b − a OP= 3
a + 52 c
 5
ON = a + λ (b − a)

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   
4 b AP
= AO + OP 5 d Using the cosine rule:
=−a + 0.6a + 0.4c b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A =
= 0.4 ( c − a ) 2bc
   (2 2) 2 + ( 26) 2 − (3 2) 2
PC
= PO + OC cos A =
=−0.6c − 0.4c + c 2(2 2)( 26)
8 + 26 − 18
= 0.6 ( c − a ) cos A =
  4 52
Therefore AP : PC = 2 : 3 as required.
16
cos A =
   8 13
5 a AB = −OA + OB
2
5  4 cos A =
=
−  +   13
8  3
A = 56.3...°
 −1 
= 
 −5  Using the sine rule:
 sin B sin A
AB = (−1) 2 + (−5) 2 =
b a
= 26 sin B sin 56.3°
=
   2 2 3 2
b AC = −OA + OC 2 2 sin 56.3°
5  7  sin B =
=
−  +   3 2
8  6 B = 33.68...°
 2 C = 180° − 56° − 34° = 90°
=  The angles are 56°, 34° and 90°.
 −2 
    
AC= 22 + (−2) 2 6 a OS = OP + PR + RS

= 8 OP = a

PR = 13 (−a + b)
=2 2    
  
RS 2=
= OR 2 OP + PR ( )
c BC = −OB + OC
= 2 ( a + 13 ( −a + b ) )
 4 7
=
−  +   = 2a − 23 a + 23 b
 3 6
= a + 23 b
4
 3 3

=  So OS = a + 13 ( −a + b ) + 43 a + 23 b
 3
 = 2a + b
= 32 + 32
BC
  
= 18 b TP= TO + OP
=3 2  = b+ a 
= a + b
PS
= PR + RS
= 13 (−a + b) + 43 a + 23 b = a + b
 
TP is parallel and equal to PS and point
P is common to both lines, so T, P and S
lie on a straight line.

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Challenge
 
a Since X lies on PR, PX = jPR
  
PR
= PO + OR
 = −a + b
PX = j ( −a + b )
=− ja + jb
  
b PX
= PO + OX
 
OX = kON

ON= a + 12 b

PX =−a + k ( a + 12 b )
=( k − 1) a + 12 k b


c As PX = − ja + jb

and PX =( k − 1) a + 12 k b
then − ja + jb = ( k − 1) a + 12 k b
The coefficients of a and b must be the same,
so k − 1 = −j and 12 k = j.

d Solving the equation simultaneously and

using substitution:
k − 1 = − 12 k
k= 2
3

j= 1
3


e PX = − 13 a + 13 b
 
As OPQR is a parallelogram,
   YR = PX .
Therefore PX= XY = YR , so the line PR is
divided into three equal parts.
Therefore, the lines ON and OM divide the
diagonal PR into three equal parts.

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