BASIC CALCULUS TEACHING NOTE

SHUBHAM SIR (PKS)

Differentiation formulae
Power rule:  t n   nt n 1  e   et
d d t
1. 5.
dt dt
d d
2. t 1 6.  sec t   sec t tan t; [log e t  ln t]
dt dt
d d
3.  sin t   cos t 7.  tan t   sec2 t
dt dt
d d
4.  cos t    sin t 8.  sec t   sec t tan t
dt dt
9. Differentiation Rules: u and v are function of i.e. u  f  t  and v   t 
d
10.  c   0 where c : constant
dt
d du
11. Constant multiple rule :  cu   c
dt dt
d du dv
12. Sum rule :  u  v   
dt dt dt
d du dv
13. Difference rule :  u  v   
dt dt dt
d dv du
14. Product rule :  uv   u 
dt dt dt
du dv
v u
d u
15. Quotient rule :    dt 2 dt
dt  v  v
16. Example: Differentiate w.r.t. time.
1
(i) y  t 2 (ii) x  t 3/2 (iii) y  (iv) x  4t 3
t
2
(v) y  2 t (vi) y  2t 2  t  1 (vii) y  3 t  (viii) y  t 3 sin t
t
(ix) x  te t (x) x  t 1  t 
17. Solution
dy dy 3 1/ 2 dy 1 dx
(i)  2t (ii)  t (iii)   t 3/ 2 (iv)  12t 2
dt dt 2 dt 2 dt
dy 1  dy dy  1  3
(v)  2  t 1/2  (vi)  4t  1  0  4t  1 (vii)  3t 1/2  2   t 3/2    t 3/2
dt 2  dt dt  2  t
dy dx
(viii)  3t 2 sin t  t 3 cos t (ix)  e t  te t  e t 1  t 
dt dt
dx 1 1/2 3 1/2 1 3
 t  t   t
dt 2 2 2 t 2
18. Example: Differentiate with respect to x
sin x 3x 2  2 x
(i) y  x ln x (ii) y  x2ex (iii) y  (iv) y 
x x
dy 1 dy
Sol. (i)  x    nx  1  nx (ii)  2xe x  x 2 e x  xe x  2  x 
dx x dx
 1 
   x 1  sin x  x 1 cos x
dy dy
(iii) y  x  x sin x (iv) y  3x  2x1/2  3  2   x 3/2   3  x 3/ 2
dx dx  2 
19. The chain rule :
Suppose you are asked to differentiate the function
y  x2  1

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 Basic Calculus Teaching note
The differentiation formula you learned in the previous section of this chapter do not enable you to
dy
calculate
dx
20. If fact, if we let y  u and u  x 2  1 ,
dy du
Then we can evaluate , easily using the formula that have learned in previous section
dx dx
dy 1 du
  2x
du 2 u dx
dy
but our aim is to calculate so we can write.
dx
dy dy du

dx du dx
and its value will become
dy 1
 .2x Substituting value of ‘u’ we will get
dx 2 u
dy 1 x
 .2x 
dx 2 x  1 2
x2 1
dx
Ex.1 x   at  b  where a, b and n are a real number then  an  at  b  .
n n 1

dt
Sol. u  at  b and x  u n
dx
 n u n 1
du
du
a
dt
dx dx du
 n  u   a  an  at  b 
n 1 n 1
 
dt du dt
dx d
Ex.3 It x  sin 2  , then find where 
dt dt
dx
Sol.  2  sin   cos    sin 2
d
dx dx d
 .
dt d dt
dx
 sin 2.
dt
Application in physics :
dx dv  dv dv dx dv dv 
Velocity (v)  , acceleration  a   ; a    vv 
dt dt  dt dx dt dx dx 
dp
Force (F) = rate of change of momentum  ;
dt
dq d
Current  i   ; angular speed    ;
dt dt
d  d d d d 
angular acceleration     ;     
dt  dt d dt d 
dr
Ex. The radius of a circle in increasing at a rate   . Find the rate at which its area is increasing
dt
when radius is equal to 3m.
Sol. Area of a circle  A   r 2

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 Basic Calculus Teaching note
dA dr  dr 
   2r   2r    2r   
dt dt  dt 
 dA 
   6  m 2 / sec .
 dt at r 3
Derivative of a Vector :
dr dv dp d
v  .a  ; F  ;  
dt dt dt dt
dr dv
Ex. r  2tiˆ  3t 2 ˆj . Find the v and a where v  ,a 
dt dt
dr
Sol. v   2iˆ  6t ˆjm / s
dt
dv
a 0  6ˆjm / s 2
dt
dy
Physical meaning of
dx
1. The ration of small change in the function y and the variable x is called the average rate if change of y
w.r.t. x. for example, a body cover a small distance s in small time t, then average velocity of the
s
body, v av  also, if the velocity of a velocity of a body changes by a small amount v in small time
t
v
t , then average acceleration of the body a av 
t
dy y dy
2. When x  0 The limiting value of is lim   tan  = slop of the tangent
dx x  0 x dx

Its called the instantaneous rate change of y w.r.t. x.

The differentiation of a cuntion w.r.t. a veriable imples the instantaneous rate of the function w.r.t. tah
variable.
s ds
Like wise instantaneous velocity of the body,  v   lim 
t 0 t dt
v dv
And instantaneous acceleration of the body  a   lim 
t  t dt
Maxima & Minima :

Maxima & Minima of a function y=f(x)

dy d2 y
for maximum value 0 and = negative
dx dx 2
dy d2 y
for minimum value 0 and = positive
dx dx 2

Ex. Find minimum value y  25x 2  10x  5

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 Basic Calculus Teaching note
dy 1
Sol. For maximum / minimum value  0  50x  10  x 
dx 5
2
1 d y
Now at x  ,  50 , which is positive
5 dx 2
2
1 1
So ymin  25    10    5  1  2  5  4
5 5

1
Ex. A body is moving vertically upward under gravity such that its from ground is given as y  ut  gt 2 . Find
2
the max height reached by body.

dy u
Sol.  u  gt  0, t 
dt g
d2 y u
2
 g  0 (which is negative). So we get maximum height k y max at t  sec.
dx g

2
u 1 u
y max  u   g 
g 2 g
u2

2g

Equation of Trajectory
It is path traversed by a particle, independent of time parameter.

Ex. Find the equation of trajectory for the particle moving in circular path as shown.

x  r cos  y  r sin  x 2  y2  r 2  x 2  y2  1

Integration or Antiderivative:

So far we have studied as how to find velocity of particle when its position is given. Now if we know the
velocity of a particle and we might wish to know its position at any given time or an engineer who can
measure the variable rate at which water is leaking from a tank wants to know the amount leaked over a
certain time period. This reverse process is called antiderivative of integration.

There are two types of integration:

(a) Indefinite integration (b) Definite integration.

(a) Indefinite integration

Since we know that, t  t1  t1

Now, when time t 2 approaches t1; t  dt

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 Basic Calculus Teaching note
x dx
To remind you, v  Lim 
t 0 t dt
So, If we integration dt, we should get t 2  t1; i.e. dt  t 2  t1 
Similarly,  dx  x 2  x1
but since the differentiation of a constant becomes zero, so i.e. why we cam not retrieve the value of that
constant.
 We should write  dx  x  c
Where ‘c’ is integration constant.

Integration Formulae:

1  ax  b 
n 1
x n 1
 x dx   c[n  1]      c
n n
1. 2. ax b dx
n 1 1 n 1
3.  cos x dx  sin x  c 4.  sin x dx   cos x  c
1
5.  e dx  e
x x
c 6. l sin  ax  b  dx   cos  ax  b   c
 a
1 1
7.  cos  ax  b  dx  a sin  ax  b   c 8.  sin  ax  b  dx   a  ax  b   c
1 ax b 1 1
; e   ax  b  dx  a ln  ax  b  c
ax  b 
9.  dx  e   c 10.
a

Rules of Integration :

1.  k u dx  k  u dx
where is k constant.
2.   u  v dx   udx   vdx
Ex.1 Evaluate indefinite integration.
 2

(i) x  dt (ii) x  t dt  
(iii) x  (2t)dt 
(iv) x  (t 2 )dt 
(v) x     dt
t3 

t2 2t 2
Sol. (i) x = t + c (ii) x  c (iii) x 
 c  t2  c
2 2
t3  t 1 
(v) x  2 t dt  x  1
3 2
(iv) l x  c; c  t c
3  2 
Where ‘c’ is integration constant.

(b) Definite integration.

When a function is integration between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
d
If (f (x))  g(x)
dx
b
then  g(x)dx is called indefinite integral and  g(x)dx  [f (b)  f (a) is called definite integral.
a

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 Basic Calculus Teaching note
Here, a and b called lower and upper limits of the variable x.
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated between upper and lower limits as explained below:
x2
x1
g(x)dx  f (x 2 )  f (x1 )  Area under the curve.

Ex. Evaluate the integral:

5
1 1
 
5
 x dx t 2 dt  t 3/ 2 dx
2
(i) (ii)
0
(iii) t dt (iv)
0
3
1

5
5
 x3  1
(i)  x dx      x 3    (5)3  (1)3   (125  1) 
2 5 1 1 124
Sol.
 3 1 3 3 3 3
1
1
1 5
1  t3  1 5  t2  52  32
(ii) l  t dt    
2
(iii)  t dt     8
0
 3 0 3 3
 2 3 2
1
 t 5/2 
1 2
(iv)  t dx   3/2
 
0
 5 / 2 0 5

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 Basic Calculus Teaching note
Practice Exercise:

 v  /2
GMm
(i) R x 2 dx (ii)  Mvdv
u
(iii)  cos x dx
0

M  v2  u 2 
GMm 1
Ans. (i) (ii) (iii) 1
R 2

Ex. 3 Find displacement of a particle in 1-D if its velocity is v = (2t – 5) m/s, from t = 0 to t = 4 sec.

dx
Sol.  2t  5
dt
x2 4
x1
dx   (2t  5)dt
0

x 2  x1   t 2  5t 
4

0
displacement = 16 – 20 = – 4m

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