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Section 2.1 Average Velocity
x 10 m
P2.1 (a) vavg = = = 5 ms
t 2s
5m
(b) vavg = = 1.2 m s
4s
x2 x1 5 m 10 m
(c) vavg = = = 2.5 m s
t2 t1 4 s2 s
x2 x1 5 m 5 m
(d) vavg = = = 3.3 m s
t2 t1 7 s4 s
(e) x2 x1 0 0
vavg = = = 0 ms
t2 t1 8 0
x 10t 2 : For
RS t asf 2.0 2.1 3.0
T x am f
P2.2
40 44.1 90
x 50 m
(a) v 50.0 m s
t 1.0 s
x 4.1 m
(b) v 41.0 m s
t 0.1 s
x 10 m
P2.3 (a) v 5 m s
t 2s
5m
(b) v 1.2 m s
4s
x 2 x 1 5 m 10 m
(c) v 2.5 m s
t 2 t1 4s2 s
x 2 x 1 5 m 5 m
(d) v 3.3 m s
t 2 t1 7s4s
x 2 x1 0 0
(e) v 0 m s
t 2 t1 8 0
32 Motion in One Dimension
v
e
2 15.0 m 2 s 2 j 3.75 m s
8.00 m s
(b) She starts and finishes at the same point A. With total displacement = 0, average velocity
0 .
Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
P2.5 (a) at t i 1.5 s , x i 8.0 m (Point A)
e
Thus, at t i 3.00 s : x i 3.00 m s 2 3.00 s
2
27.0 m .
(b) e ja
At t f 3.00 s t : x f 3.00 m s 2 3.00 s t , or f 2
b g e
x f 27.0 m 18.0 m s t 3.00 m s 2 t ja f 2
.
continued on next page
Chapter 2 33
(c) The instantaneous velocity at t 3.00 s is:
v lim
FG x x IJ lim e18.0 m s e3.00 m s jt j
f i 2
18.0 m s .
t 0 H t K t 0
(x)1 L
P2.7 (a) v1 L / t1
(t )1 t1
(x) 2 L
(b) v2 L / t2
(t ) 2 t1
(x) total (x)1 (x)2 L L 0
(c) vtotal 0
(t ) total t1 t2 t1 t2 t1 t2
totaldistancetraveled (x)1 (x) 2 L L 2L
(d) (ave.speed ) trip
(t ) total t1 t2 t1 t2 t1 t2
(5 - 0) m
P2.8 (a) v= = 5 m s
(1 - 0) s
(5 - 10) m
(b) v= = -2.5 m s
( 4 - 2) s
(5 m - 5 m )
(c) v= = 0
(5 s - 4 s )
0 - (-5 m ) FIG. P2.8
(d) v= = +5 m s
(8 s - 7 s )
Section 2.3 Analysis ModelsThe Particle Under Constant Velocity
P2.9 The plates spread apart distance d of 2.9 × 103 mi in the time interval Δt and the reate of 25
3
mm/year. Converting units: 2.9 103 mi 1609m 10 mm 4.7 109 mm.
1mi 1m
Use d = vΔt , and slove for Δt:
d
d vt t
v
4.7 109 mm
t 1.9 108 years .
25mm / year
34 Motion in One Dimension
P2.10 Once it resumes the race, the hare will run for a time of
x f xi 1 000 m 800 m
t 25 s .
vx 8m s
In this time, the tortoise can crawl a distance
a f
x f - x i = 0.2 m s ( 25 s )= 5.00 m .
Section 2.4 Acceleration
P2.11 Choose the positive direction to be the outward direction, perpendicular to the wall.
v f = v i + at : a =
Dv 22.0 m s - -25.0 m s
=
a
= 1.34´10 4 m s 2 .
f
Dt 3.50 ´10-3 s
P2.12 (a) Acceleration is constant over the first ten seconds, so at the end,
e ja
v f v i at 0 2.00 m s 2 10.0 s 20.0 m s . f
Then a = 0 so v is constant from t = 10.0 s to t = 15.0 s . And over the last five seconds the
velocity changes to
e ja
v f v i at 20.0 m s 3.00 m s 2 5.00 s 5.00 m s . f
(b) In the first ten seconds,
x f xi vit
1 2
2
1
e
at 0 0 2.00 m s 2 10.0 s
2
ja f 2
100 m .
Over the next five seconds the position changes to
x f = xi + vit +
1 2
2
a f
at = 100 m + 20.0 m s (5.00 s )+ 0 = 200 m .
And at t = 20.0 s ,
x f = xi + vit +
1 2
2
a 1
2
f 2
c
at = 200 m + 20.0 m s (5.00 s )+ -3.00 m s 2 (5.00 s ) = 262 m . h
Chapter 2 35
dx dv
P2.13 x 2.00 3.00t t 2 , v= = 3.00 - 2.00t , a= = -2.00
dt dt
At t = 3.00 s :
(a) x = ( 2.00 + 9.00 - 9.00) m = 2.00 m
(b) a f
v 3.00 6.00 m s 3.00 m s
(c) a = -2.00 m s 2
2
*P2.14 (a) At t = 2.00 s , x = 3.00( 2.00) - 2.00( 2.00)+ 3.00 m = 11.0 m .
a f
At t = 3.00 s , x 3.00 9.00
2
a f
2.00 3.00 3.00 m 24.0 m
so
x 24.0 m 11.0 m
v 13.0 m s .
t 3.00 s 2.00 s
(b) At all times the instantaneous velocity is
v=
d
dt
c h
3.00t 2 - 2.00t + 3.00 = (6.00t - 2.00) m s
At t = 2.00 s , v = 6.00( 2.00)- 2.00 m s = 10.0 m s .
At t = 3.00 s , v = 6.00(3.00)- 2.00 m s = 16.0 m s .
v 16.0 m s 10.0 m s
(c) aavg 6.00 m s 2
t 3.00 s 2.00 s
(d) At all times a
d
dt
a f
6.00t 2.00 6.00 m s 2 . This includes both t = 2.00 s and t = 3.00 s .
(e) From (b), v (6.00t 2.00) 0 t (2.00) / (6.00) 0.333s .
36 Motion in One Dimension
Choose x = 0 at t = 0 .
At t = 3 s , x =
1
2
a f
8 m s (3 s)= 12 m .
a f
At t = 5 s , x = 12 m + 8 m s (2 s )= 28 m .
At t = 7 s , x = 28 m +
1
2
a f
8 m s (2 s )= 36 m .
8 m s
(b) For 0 < t < 3 s , a = = 2.67 m s 2 .
3s
For 3 < t < 5 s , a = 0 .
16 m s
(c) For 5 s < t < 9 s , a = - = -4 m s 2 .
4s
(d) a f
At t = 6 s , x = 28 m + 6 m s (1 s )= 34 m .
(e) At t = 9 s , x = 36 m +
1
2
a f
-8 m s (2 s)= 28 m .
FIG. P2.15
Dv 8.00 m s
P2.16 (a) a= = = 1.3 m s 2 .
Dt 6.00 s
(b) Maximum positive acceleration is at t = 3 s , and is approximately 2 m s 2 .
(c) a = 0 , at t = 6 s , and also for t > 10 s .
(d) Maximum negative acceleration is at t = 8 s , and is approximately -1.5 m s 2 .
Section 2.5 Motion Diagrams
P2.17 (a)
(b)
(c)
continued on next page
Chapter 2 37
(d)
(e)
(f) One way of phrasing the answer: The spacing of the successive positions would change
with less regularity.
Another way: The object would move with some combination of the kinds of motion
shown in (a) through (e). Within one drawing, the accelerations vectors would vary in
magnitude and direction.
Section 2.6 The Particle Under Constant Acceleration
*P2.18 (a) x f - xi =
1
2
c h 1
a f
v i + v f t becomes 40 m = v i + 2.80 m s (8.50 s ) which yields v i 6.61 m s .
2
v f vi 2.80 m s 6.61 m s
(b) a 0.448 m s 2
t 8.50 s
P2.19 Method One
Now consider a car moving at v i2 70.0 mi h and stopping to v f 0 with a 32.9 ft s 2 . From
the same equation its stopping distance is
v f 2 2 vi 2 b
0 70.0 mi h g FG 5280 ft IJ FG 1 h IJ
2 2 2
2e32.9 ft s j H 1 mi K H 3600 s K
x f 2 xi 2
160 ft
2a
Method Two
32.0
-8.00 = 24.0 + 2 a a=- = -16.0 cm s 2 .
2
*P2.21 (a) v i = 100 m s , a = -5.00 m s 2 , v f = v i + at , so 0 100 5t t 20.0 s
(b) No . See reason in (c).
(c) Find the distance (displacement) in which the plane needs to stop:
v 2 v 2 2a x f xi v 2 2ax
f i i
0 100 2 5 x x 1000 m 1.00 km .
2
The required distance is greater than 0.800 km. The plane would overshoot the runway.
P2.22 We have vi 2.00 10 4 m s , v f 6.00 106 m s , x f xi 1.50 10 2 m.
1 2 x f xi 2 1.50 10 2 m
(a) x f xi (vi v f )t : t 4.98 109 s
2 vi v f 2.00 104 m / s 6.00 106 m / s
(c) v 2xf v 2xi 2a x f xi :
6.00 10 m / s 2.00 10 m / s
2 2
v 2xf v 2xi 6 4
ax 1.20 1015 m / s 2
2 x x
f i 2 1.50 10 m 2
P2.23 In the simultaneous equations:
R| v xf = v xi + ax t U| R|v = v - c5.60 m s h(4.20 s)U|
xf xi
2
S|x - xi =
1
c
v xi + v xf ht V|W we have S|T 62.4 m = 12 cv + v h(4.20 s) V|W .
T f
2 xi xf
So substituting for v xi gives 62.4 m
1
2
e ja
v xf 5.60 m s 2 4.20 s v xf 4.20 s f a f
14.9 m s = v xf +
1
2
c
5.60 m s 2 ( 4.20 s ). h
continued on next page
Chapter 2 39
Thus
v xf = 3.10 m s .
R| v xf = v xi + ax t U|
Take any two of the standard four equations, such as S
P2.24
|Tx f
1
c
- x i = v xi + v xf t
2
h V|W
. Solve one for v xi ,
and substitute into the other: v xi = v xf - ax t
x f xi
1
2
d i
v xf ax t v xf t .
Thus
1
x f - x i = v xf t - ax t 2 .
2
We note that the equation is dimensionally correct. The units are units of length in each term. Like
1
the standard equation x f x i v xi t ax t 2 , this equation represents that displacement is a
2
1
a
quadratic function of time. Back in problem 23, 62.4 m v xf 4.20 s 5.60 m s 2 4.20 s
2
f e 2
ja f
62.4 m - 49.4 m
v xf = = 3.10 m s .
4.20 s
P2.25 (a) Compare the position equation x = 2.00 + 3.00t - 4.00t 2 to the general form
1 2
x f = xi + vit + at
2
to recognize that x i = 2.00 m , v i = 3.00 m s , and a = -8.00 m s 2 . The velocity equation,
v f = v i + at , is then
c
v f = 3.00 m s - 8.00 m s 2 t . h
3
The particle changes direction when v f = 0 , which occurs at t = s . The position at this
8
time is:
continued on next page
40 Motion in One Dimension
1 2 2v
(b) From x f = x i + v i t +
at , observe that when x f = x i , the time is given by t = - i . Thus,
2 a
when the particle returns to its initial position, the time is
t=
a
-2 3.00 m s f = 3 s
2
-8.00 m s 4
P2.26 (a) The time it takes the truck to reach 20.0 m s is found from v f v i at . Solving for t yields
v f - vi 20.0 m s - 0 m s
t= = = 10.0 s .
a 2.00 m s 2
The total time is thus
10.0 s + 20.0 s + 5.00 s = 35.0 s .
(b) The average velocity is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. The
distance traveled during the first 10.0 s is
FG 0 20.0 IJ a10.0f 100 m .
x 1 vt
H 2 K
With a being 0 for this interval, the distance traveled during the next 20.0 s is
1 2
x 2 = vit + at = ( 20.0)( 20.0)+ 0 = 400 m .
2
The distance traveled in the last 5.00 s is
FG 20.0 0 IJ a5.00f 50.0 m .
x 3 vt
H 2 K
The total distance x = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 100 + 400 + 50 = 550 m , and the average velocity is
x 550
given by v 15.7 m s .
t 35.0
P2.27 Take the original point to be when Sue notices the van. Choose the origin of the x‐axis at Sue’s car.
For her we have x is = 0 , v is = 30.0 m s , as = -2.00 m s 2 so her position is given by
af
x s t x is v is t
1 2
2
b 1
g
as t 30.0 m s t 2.00 m s 2 t 2 .
2
e j
continued on next page
Chapter 2 41
For the van, x iv = 155 m , v iv 5.00 m s , av = 0 and
af
x v t x iv v iv t
1
2
b g
av t 2 155 5.00 m s t 0 .
To test for a collision, we look for an instant t c when both are at the same place:
30.0t c t c2 155 5.00t c
0 t c2 25.0t c 155 .
From the quadratic formula
2
25.0 ( 25.0) - 4(155)
tc = = 13.6 s or 11.4 s .
2
The smaller value is the collision time. (The larger value tells when the van would pull ahead again
if the vehicles could move through each other). The wreck happens at position
a f
155 m + 5.00 m s (11.4 s )= 212 m .
*P2.28 (a) For the first car, the speed as a function of time is
v1 vi at 3.5cm / s 2.4cm / s 2 t.
For the second car, the speed is
v2 vi at 5.5cm / s 0.
Setting the two expressions equal gives
3.5cm / s 2.4cm / s 2 t 5.5cm / s t (9cm / s) / (2.4cm / s 2 ) 3.75s .
(b) The first car then has speed
v1 vi at 3.5cm / s (2.4cm / s 2 s) 5.50cm / s .
and this is the constant speed of the second car also.
(c) For the first car, the position as a function of time is
x1 xi vi t (1 / 2) at 2 15cm (3.5cm / s t (0.5) 2.4cm / s 2 )t 2 .
continued on next page
42 Motion in One Dimension
For the second car, the position is
x2 10cm (5.5cm / s t 0.
At passing, the positions are equal:
15cm (3.5cm / s t (1.2cm / s 2 )t 2 10cm (5.5cm / s t
(1.2cm / s 2 t 2 (9cm / s t 5cm 0.
We solve with the quadratic formula:
9 (9) 2 4(1.2)(5) 9 57
t 6.90s, or 0.604s .
2(1.2) 2.4
(d) At 0.604 s, the second and also the first car’s position is
10 cm+(5.5 cm / s) 0.604 s 13.3 cm .
At 6.90 s, both are at position 10 cm+(5.5 cm / s) 6.90 s 47.9 cm .
(e) The cars are initially moving toward each other, so they soon arrive at the same position x
when their speeds are quite different, giving one answer to (c) that is not an answer to (a).
The first car slows down in its motion to the left, turns around, and starts to move toward
the right, slowly at first and gaining speed steadily. At a particular moment its speed will
be equal to the constant rightward speed of the second car, but at this time the accelerating
car is far behind the steadily moving car; thus, the answer to (a) is not an answer to (c).
Eventually the accelerating car will catch up to the steadily‐coasting car, but passing it at
higher speed, and giving another answer to (c) that is not an answer to (a).
Section 2.7 Freely Falling Objects
P2.29 We can solve (a) and (b) at the same time by assuming the rock passes the top of the wall and
finding its speed there. If the speed comes out imaginary, the rock will not reach this elevation.
v 2f vi2 2a( y f yi ) (7.4m / s) 2 2(9.8m / s 2 )(3.65m 1.55m) 13.6m 2 / s 2
v f 3.69m / s
So the rock does reach the top of the wall with vf = 3.69 m/s .
continued on next page
Chapter 2 43
(c) The rock travels from yi 3.65 m to y f 1.55 m . We find the final speed of the rock thrown
down:
v 2f vi2 2a ( y f yi ) (7.4m / s) 2 2(9.8m / s 2 )(1.55m 3.65m)
95.9m 2 / s 2 v f 9.79m / s
The change in speed of the rock thrown down is 9.79 7.4 2.39m / s
(d) The magnitude of the speed change of the rock thrown up is 7.4 3.69 3.71m / s . This
does not agree with 2.39 m/s.
(e) The upward‐moving rock spends more time in flight because it average speed is smaller
than the downward‐moving rock, so the rock has more time to change its speed.
P2.30 (a) v f = v i - gt : v f = 0 when t = 3.00 s , g = 9.80 m s 2 . Therefore,
c h
v i = gt = 9.80 m s 2 (3.00 s )= 29.4 m s .
(b) y f - yi =
1
2
cv f + vi t h
y f yi
1
2
b ga f
29.4 m s 3.00 s 44.1 m
1 2 2
P2.31 (a) y f - yi = vit + at : 4.00 = (1.50)v i -( 4.90)(1.50) and v i = 10.0 m s up ward .
2
(b) v f = v i + at = 10.0 -(9.80)(1.50)= -4.68 m s
v f = 4.68 m s d own w ard
1
P2.32 We have y f = - gt 2 + v i t + y i
2
c h a f
0 = - 4.90 m s 2 t 2 - 8.00 m s t + 30.0 m .
Solving for t,
8.00 64.0 + 588
t= .
-9.80
Using only the positive value for t, we find that t = 1.79 s .
44 Motion in One Dimension