Basic

principles
#2
Maria Yuliana

PAGE 1
 WHAT IS FORCE?
Force is proportional to product of mass and
acceleration (according to Newton second law of
motion)
 Force has two common units
Newton (SI) lbf (pounds force)
(AES)
𝑚𝑚
4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 9
What force would be 𝑠𝑠 2 = 36 𝑁𝑁 What force would be
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
required to accelerate a 1 2
𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁 required to accelerate a
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
mass of 4 kg at a rate of 4 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 9 2
𝑠𝑠 = 1.12 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 mass of 4 lbm at a rate of
9 m/s2 32.174 2𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 . 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 9 ft/s2
𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓
gc
  gc is different with g (= gravity or gravitational acceleration =
vertical acceleration due to gravity). Gravity varies with latitude.
Gravity value at sea level (approx. 45° latitude) is 9.8066 m/s2 =
What is 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2

gravitational  gc is used to denote the conversion factor from a natural force

constant? unit to a derived force unit

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚.𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
 gc = 1 = 32.174
𝑠𝑠 2 𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓

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 Mass  Mass is a basic dimension, weight is a derived dimension.
 Weight is an equal opposite FORCE required to support a mass
vs
Weight
Water has a density of 62.4 lbm/ft3 . How much does 2 ft3 of water weigh at
sea level and in Colorado where the altitude is 5374 ft and the gravitational
acceleration is 32.139 ft/s2 ?

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Mole(s)
 A certain number of molecules, atoms, electrons, or
other particle entities
g mol = mol
mol = kg mol x 1000
mol = lb mol x 453.6
1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
Avogadro’s number
 1 mol Carbon = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
 1 mol Helium = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
• 2 mol Oxygen (O2) = 2x6.02x1023 molecules
= 12.04x1023 molecules
= 1.2x1024 molecules
TRY !
2.5 mol Hydrogen (gas) = ???
1 lb mol Carbon = ???
PAGE 6
Mole(s) TRY !

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝒈𝒈) How many grams is the mass of 3 moles

𝒈𝒈 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝒈𝒈
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 (𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴, ) Carbon (MW carbon = 12) ?
𝒈𝒈 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒎𝒎)
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒎𝒎 A hydrogen cylinder weighs 100 kg (MW
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 (𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴, )
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 2 kg/kg mol). How many moles of
hydrogen does it contain?
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝒌𝒌𝒈𝒈)
𝒌𝒌𝒈𝒈 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝒌𝒌𝒈𝒈
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 (𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴, )
𝒌𝒌𝒈𝒈 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

PAGE 7
Mole(s)
How do you calculate MW?

SUM IT !
Molecular weight of the compound is TRY !
THE SUM OF THE WEIGHTS
What is the MW of sulfuric
of the atoms of which it is composed acid (H2SO4)?
Molecular weight of water (H2O) =
2 H atoms + 1 O atom
(2)(1.008) + (1)(16.000) = 18.02 g/gmol
= 18 g/mol

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Crack these problems !

 145 grams of AgNO3 is weighed.

 What is the value of MW ?
 How many kilogram moles of AgNO3 does it contain?

 If a bucket holds 5.00 lb of K2SO4 (MW = ?), how many:

 Pound moles of K2SO4 does it contain ?
 Gram moles of K2SO4 does it contain ?

PAGE 9
 Density (ρ) is ratio of mass per unit
volume
 Density of solid / liquid is independent to
pressure but not to temperature
 Density of gas is dependent to both
pressure and temperature
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 1
Density, Specific
 Specific volume = =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Volume (Ṽ), and
 Specific gravity =
𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Specific Gravity (SG)
 Reference:
Liquid/solid = water at 4°C
(1 g/cm3, 62.4 lbm/ft3)
Gas = air / other gas
 Specific gravity = dimensionless quantity
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 Example:
If a liquid dibromopentane (DBP) has a
specific gravity of 1.57, what is the
density in (a) g/cm3 and (b) lbm/ft3?

Density, Specific
Volume (Ṽ), and
Specific Gravity (SG)

PAGE 11
Mole/mass fraction

Mole fraction. Mass (weight) fraction. Example.

The moles of a particular The mass of a particular An industrial-strength drain
substance divided by the total substance divided by the total cleaner contains 5.00 kg of water
number of moles present mass of all substances present and 5.00 kg of NaOH. What are
the mass fraction and mole
fraction of each component in
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 the drain cleaner container?
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴
= =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)

PAGE 12
 Example:
An industrial-strength drain cleaner
contains 5.00 kg of water and 5.00 kg of
NaOH. What are the mass fraction and
mole fraction of each component in the
drain cleaner container?

Mole/mass fraction

PAGE 13
 TRY !
Calculate the average molecular weight
of air where mole percent of air : 21% O2
and 79% N2. Basis: 100 mol air.

Mole/mass fraction

PAGE 14
 PLEASE BE
ACTIVE DURING
THE CLASS, AS IT
TAKES TWO TO
Maria Yuliana TANGO !
Phone:
+62 81 330 563 170
Email:
mariayuliana@ukwms.ac.id