MASS BALANCE

W/O REACTION
PART 1
Maria Yuliana
 DO YOU REMEMBER ?
RAW FINAL
MATERIALS PRODUCT

INPUT OUTPUT

2 TYPE OF STATES

STEADY STATE
INPUT = OUTPUT  INPUT – OUTPUT = 0

UNSTEADY STATE
2 INPUT ≠ OUTPUT  INPUT – OUTPUT ≠ 0
HERE IS THE GENERAL
EQUATION…
Input  Output  Generation Consumption  Accumulation 
through  through  within  within  within 
         
 − + − = 
 system   system   the   the   the 
boundaries boundaries system  system  system 

Accumulation term refers to a

The transfer through the
change in mass or moles within the
system bound-aries refers to
system with respect to time (dm/dt).
inputs and outputs of the
system. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=0 ≠0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Steady Unsteady
state state
 A SIMPLE CONCEPT
“WHAT COMES IN MUST GO OUT”

Input  Output  Generation Consumption 

through  through  within  within 
       
 −
  +
  −
  =0
system  system  the  the 
boundaries boundaries system  system 

When mass generated = mass consumed then Generation –

Consumption = 0. The number of atoms flowing in and out must remain
the same, even in the presence of a chemical reaction.

4
WHAT IS A SYSTEM ?
Any portion considered for analysis
There are 2 kinds of system :
1. Closed  no mass transfer across system boundary
2. Open  material crosses system boundary

5
STEADY STATE SYSTEM
The conditions inside of system remain unchanged
with time

STEADY STATE
INPUT – OUTPUT = RATE OF ACCUMULATION = 0

6
UNSTEADY STATE SYSTEM
The conditions inside of system change with time

7
A SIMPLE TIPS

DRAW YOUR PROCESS IN A BLOCK

DIAGRAM

FILL IN ALL THE DATA PROVIDED

LOOK FOR WHAT YOU NEED TO CALCULATE

8
STEADY STATE SYSTEM - EXAMPLE
An 80% NaOH solution is dried through a vacuum dryer system. The
flowrate of the solution passing through dryer is 500 kg/hour. The
product is of 95% NaOH solution. How many kilograms of water are
evaporated from the system? The process is in a steady state.

9
UNSTEADY STATE SYSTEM - EXAMPLE
The accumulation of water in the tank was 3000 kg in 3 hours. There are
2 feed streams in the system, with the first feed flowrate is 10000 kg per
hour, while the product stream is 12000 kg per hour. What is the
flowrate of the second stream ?

1
0
 A MORE ADVANCED TIPS
Read and understand the problem

Draw your process in a block diagram

Fill in the data into your diagram (the known

values), give label to each flow and necessary data

Select a basis if necessary

1
1
A MORE ADVANCED TIPS
Write down the unknown values (both the one
you can solve with the data provided and the
final problem to be accomplished)

Write down all the equations to solve and carry

out a degree of freedom analysis

Solve the equations

Check your answers

12
 WHAT IS DEGREE OF FREEDOM ?
Degree of freedom (ND) is a indicator whether the problem is
solvable or not.
Can be expressed as
no. of independent equation (NE) - no. of unknown (Nu)

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WHAT IS DEGREE OF FREEDOM ?
– Feed 21% mol O2 and 79% mol N2.
– Product 25% mol O2 and 75% mol N2.
– Waste stream is 80% input (W=0.8F)
– What is the value of product and waste stream as well as the
composition in the waste stream ?

The unknown values (Nu) = 4 (P, W, XW O2, XW N2)

The equation (NE) = 5
1.F=W+P

2.W = 0.8 F

3.xW O2 + xW N2 =1

4.F.xF O2 = W.xW O2 + P.xP O2 & F.xF N2 = W.xW N2 + P.xP N2

Degree of freedom = 5 – 4 = 1  overspecified

14
MASS BALANCE - EXAMPLE
A nanoporous membrane that
is made by coating a very thin
layer of polymer on a porous
graphite-supporting layer is
used to separate nitrogen and
oxygen from air.
What is the composition of the
waste stream if the stream
amounts to 80% of the input?

15
MASS BALANCE - EXAMPLE

Basis = 100 g mol = Input

Waste = 80% input = 80 g mol 16
 MASS BALANCE - EXAMPLE

Input = 100 moles,

waste 80 moles

3 unknowns still exist  Output, XOx / nOx, XNi / nNi

Equations list that is still available:
Input = Waste + Output
N2  Input . Xinput Ni = Output . Xoutput Ni + Waste . Xwaste Ni
O2  Input . Xinput Ox = Output . Xoutput Ox + Waste . Xwaste Ox
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XOx + XNi = 1 or nOx + nNi = 80
 MASS BALANCE - EXAMPLE

Input = 100 moles,

waste 80 moles

Equations list :
O2  100 . 0.21 = Output . 0.25 + 80 . Xwaste Ox
Total 100 = Output + 80  Output = 20 g moles
O2  100 . 0.21 = 20 . 0.25 + 80 . Xwaste Ox
 Xwaste Ox = 0.20 then
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XOx + XNi = 1  Xwaste Ni = 1 – 0.20 = 0.80
TRY ! – USING THE ADVANCED TIPS
A gasohol manufacturer is having a bit of difficulty with a distillation
column. Technician think too much alcohol is lost in the bottom (waste).
Calculate the composition of the bottoms and the mass of the alcohol lost
in the bottoms.
TRY ! – USING THE ADVANCED TIPS
Dilute sulfuric acid has to be added to dry charged batteries at service
stations to activate a battery. You are asked to prepare a batch of new
18.63% acid as follows. A tank of old weak battery acid (H2SO4) solution
contains 12.43% H2SO4 (the remainder is pure water). If 200 kg of 77.7%
H2SO4 is added to the tank, and the final solution is to be 18.63% H2SO4,
how many kilograms of battery acid have been made?
TRY ! – USING THE ADVANCED TIPS
In the processing of the fish, after the oil is extracted, the fish cake is dried
in rotary drum dryer, finely ground, and packed. In a given batch of fish
cake that contains 80% water (the remainder is dry cake), 100 kg of water is
removed, and it is found that the fish cake is then 40% water. Calculate the
weight of the fish cake originally put into the dryer.
CRACK THIS PROBLEM!
1. A cereal product containing 55% water is made at the rate of 500 kg/h.
You need to dry the product so that it only contain 30% water. How much
water has to be evaporated per hour ?
CRACK THIS PROBLEM!
2. Salt in crude oil must be removed before the oil undergoes processing in
refinery. The crude oil is fed to washing unit where freshwater fed to the
unit mixes with the oil and dissolves a portion of the salt contained in the
oil. The oil (containing some salt but no water), being less dense than the
water, can be removed at the top of the washer. If the “spent” wash water
contains 15% salt and crude contains 5% salt, determine the concentration
of salt in the “washed” oil product if the ratio of crude oil (with salt) to
water used Is 4:1.
 PLEASE BE ACTIVE
DURING THE CLASS,
AS IT TAKES TWO
TO TANGO !
Maria Yuliana

Phone:
+62 81 330 563 170
Email:
mariayuliana@ukwms.ac.id