TABLE OF FORMULAS (Gases)

Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Gay-Lussac’s Law

𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2 𝑇1
= 𝑇2

Combined Gas Law Ideal Gas Law Avogadro’s Law

𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2 𝑛1
= 𝑛2

ADDITIONAL FORMULAS

Kinetic Energy
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑉

Pressure
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Force
F = mass(kg) × acceleration due to
2
gravity (9.8 m/𝑠 )

2
π𝑟 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒

CONSTANTS and CONVERSION TABLE

Variable SI Unit Metric Unit English Unit

Volume Cubic meter 𝑚

3 Liter 𝐿 Quart 𝑞𝑡
3 Milliliter 𝑚𝐿 Gallon 𝑔𝑎𝑙
Cubic Decimeter 𝑑𝑚
3
Cubic Centimeter 𝑐𝑚
Pressure Pascal 𝑃𝑎 Atmosphere 𝑎𝑡𝑚 Torr
Millimeters of Mercury 2
𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 (psi)
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
Centimeters of Mercury
𝑐𝑚𝐻𝑔

Volume Weight

● 1 (𝑚𝐿) = 0. 001 (𝐿) ● 1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 grams (g)

● 1 (𝐿) = 1000 (𝑚𝐿) ● 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
● 1 (𝑐𝑐) = 1 (𝑚𝐿) ● 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
● 1 (𝑚³) = 1000 (𝐿) ● 1 metric ton (t) = 1000 kilograms (kg)
● 1 (𝑔𝑎𝑙) = 3. 78541 (𝐿) ● 1 ounce (oz) = 28.3495 grams (g)
● 1 (𝑞𝑡) = 0. 946353 (𝐿) ● 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz) = 0.453592 kilograms
● 1 (𝑝𝑡) = 0. 473176 (𝐿) (kg)
● 1 (𝑓𝑙 𝑜𝑧) = 0. 0295735 (𝐿) ● 1 short ton (US) = 2000 pounds (lb) = 0.907185
● 1 (𝑖𝑛³) = 0. 0163871 (𝐿) metric tons (t)
● 1 (𝑓𝑡³) = 28. 3168 (𝐿) ● 1 long ton (UK) = 2240 pounds (lb) = 1.01605
● 1 (𝑦𝑑³) = 764. 555 (𝐿) metric tons (t)

Pressure Temperature

● 1 𝑃𝑎 = 1 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟² (𝑁/𝑚²) ● 1 degree Celsius (°C) = 1 Kelvin (K) - 273.15

● 1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1000 𝑃𝑎
● 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎
● 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101, 325 𝑃𝑎 = 101. 325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
● 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 6, 894. 76 𝑃𝑎 = 0. 0689476 𝑏𝑎𝑟
● 1 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 133. 322 𝑃𝑎 = 0. 00133322 𝑏𝑎𝑟
● 1 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 133. 322 𝑃𝑎 = 0. 00133322 𝑏𝑎𝑟
● 1 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔 = 3, 386. 39 𝑃𝑎 = 0. 0338639 𝑏𝑎𝑟
● 1 degree Fahrenheit (°F) = (1 degree Celsius (°C) x
1.8) + 32
● 1 Kelvin (K) = 1 degree Celsius (°C) + 273.15
● 1 Rankine (°R) = 1 degree Fahrenheit (°F) + 459.67
Some examples for converting between the common
temperature scales:

● To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit: Multiply

the temperature in Celsius by 1.8 and add 32.
● To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius: Subtract
32 from the temperature in Fahrenheit and
divide the result by 1.8.
● To convert from Celsius to Kelvin: Add 273.15
to the temperature in Celsius.
● To convert from Kelvin to Celsius: Subtract
273.15 from the temperature in Kelvin.
● To convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin: Subtract
32 from the temperature in Fahrenheit, multiply
the result by 5/9, and then add 273.15.
● To convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit: Subtract
273.15 from the temperature in Kelvin, multiply
the result by 1.8, and then add 32.

Constants in solving GAS LAWS

There are several constants used in solving gas laws. Here are some of the most common ones:

1. Avogadro's number (NA) - This constant represents the number of particles in one mole of a substance,
and is equal to 6.022 × 10^23 particles per mole.

2. Ideal gas constant (R) - This constant relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of particles
of an ideal gas, and is commonly expressed in units of Joules per mole per Kelvin (J/molK). The value of
the ideal gas constant depends on the units of pressure and volume used, but a commonly used value is
8.314 J/molK.

3. Boltzmann constant (kB) - This constant relates the temperature of a gas to the average kinetic energy of
its particles, and is commonly expressed in units of Joules per Kelvin (J/K). The value of the Boltzmann
constant is approximately 1.38 × 10^-23 J/K.
 4. Gas constant for a specific gas (Rspecific) - This constant is the ideal gas constant divided by the molar
mass of a specific gas. It is commonly expressed in units of Joules per kilogram per Kelvin (J/kg*K).

5. Universal gas constant (Ru) - This is a constant that relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and
number of particles of any gas, regardless of its molecular weight. It is equal to the ideal gas constant
divided by Avogadro's number and has a value of approximately 8.314 J/mol*K.

6. These constants are used in various gas laws, such as Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, and
the combined gas law, to describe the behavior of gases under different conditions.

The kinetic molecular theory is a model used to explain the behavior of gases based on the motion of
their molecules.

The theory assumes the following:

1. Gas particles are in constant, random motion.

2. Gas particles are point masses with no volume.
3. Gas particles do not interact with each other, except through elastic collisions.
4. The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.

Based on these assumptions, several formulas can be derived to describe the behavior of gases. Here
are some of the key formulas:

Kinetic energy of a gas particle: KE = (1/2)mv^2, where m is the mass of the gas particle and v is its
velocity.

Root-mean-square (rms) speed of gas particles: vrms = sqrt(3kBT/m), where kB is the Boltzmann
constant, T is the absolute temperature of the gas, and m is the mass of the gas particle.

Average speed of gas particles: vavg = (8kBT/pi*m)^0.5

Pressure of a gas: P = (1/3)Nmv^2/V, where N is the number of gas particles, V is the volume of the gas,
m is the mass of a gas particle, and v^2 is the average of the squared speeds of the gas particles.

These formulas are used to calculate various properties of gases, such as their pressure, temperature,
and density, based on their molecular motion.