MA

ATRICES
S
DEFINIITIONS:

MATRIIX: A set of
o elements arranged
a in a rectangularr array havinng m rows annd n columnns ,
thhe numbers being
b enclossed by brackkets [ ] or ( ) is called m x n matrix(rread as “m by
b n
m
matrix).

A m x n matrix
m is usu
ually writtenn as = .
This matrix contains m x n elemeents. Generaally, a matrixx is denoted by a single capital
c letterr A or
B or C etc.

REAL MATRIX:
M A matrix is saaid to be reall if all its eleements are reeal numbers..

Eg: is a real matrixx.

SQUAREE MATRIX:: A matrix in i which the number of rows

r and collumns are eqqual is calledd a
sqquare matrix
x , otherwisee it is called as
a rectangulaar matrix.

Thus, a matrix
m A= i a square matrix
is m if m=nn and a rectaangular matrrix if m ≠ n.

Eg: A= , a 3 x 3 square maatrix.

Here of
o a square matrix
m are called its diagoonal elemen
nts and the diagonal
d alonng
w
which these elements
e lie is called the principal diagonal.
di
The sum of the diago
onal elementts of a squaree matrix is called
c its tracce.

ROW MAATRIX: A matrix havving only onne row and any

a number of
o columns (i.e.
( a matrixx of
orrder 1 x n) iss called a row
w matrix.
Eg. A=(77 3 4 1) is a row matrixx.

COLUM
MN MATRIX X: A matrix having onlyy one columnn and any nuumber of row
ws (i.e. a mattrix
of order m x 1) is called a column matrix.
Eg: B= is a collumn matrix.

NULL MATRIX:
M A matrix in which
w each ellements is zeero is called a null matrix or a zero
m
matrix.

Eg: is a 3 x 2 zero matrix.

m

NAL MATRIIX: A squarre matrix in which all noon-diagonal elements aree zero is callled a
DIAGON
diagonal matrrix. Thus, A=
= is a diagoonal matrix if
i f i≠j.
for

Eg; Thus the diagonal matrix A can be written as

a
D
D[5,-3,7].

UNIT MATRIX
MA OR IDENTITY Y MATRIX: A square matrix
m in whiich all the leaading diagonnal
ellements are zero and all diagonal eleements are equal to 1 is called
c as uniit matrix.

Eg: ; .

UPPER TRIANGUL LAR MATRIIX: A squarre matrix in which all thhe elements below
b the
prrincipal diag
gonal are zerro is called an
a upper trianngular matriix.

Eg: ; .

LOWER TRIANGUL ULAR MATR RIX: A squaare matrix inn which all thhe elements above the
prrincipal diag
gonal are zerro is called anlowertriang
a gular matrixx.

Eg: ; .
 GULAR MATRIX: A squuare matrix in which all the elementts either beloow or above the
TRIANG
prrincipal diag
gonal are zerro is called a triangular matrix.
m

Eg: ; .
Thus a trriangularmattrix is either upper or low
wer triangulaar matrix.

POSE OF A MATRIX: The transpose of a matriix

TRANSP can be written by
b
chhanging row
ws to columnns and colum
mns to rows denoted
d by .

Eg: then .

LAR MATRIIX: A matrixx A is said too be singularr if the deterrminant of A is zero.

SINGUL

INVERS ATRIX: Leet A be a nonn-singular matrix.

SE OF A MA m Then the
t inverse of
o

ECTORS: Tw
ORTHOGONAL VE wo vectors a orthogonnal if
are .
 
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 MISRIMAL NAVAJEE MUNOTH JAIN ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, CHENNAI - 97

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS (MA2111)

FOR

FIRST SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS

ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

This text contains some of the most important short answer (Part A) and long
answer (Part B) questions and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university
questions. Thus, a total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student
who studies these model problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).

Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics

SEPTEMBER, 2010

www.engg-maths.com
Matrices 2

UNIT I MATRICES

SHORT ANSWER

 3 -1 1 
Problem 1. Two eigen values of A= -1 5 -1 are 3 and 6.
 1 -1 3 
Find the eigen values of A-1.

Solution: Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 3 + 5 + 3 = 11.
If λ is the third eigen value, then 3 + 6 + λ = 11. Therefore λ = 2.
Hence eigen values of A are 2, 3, 6.
The eigen values of A-1 are 1/2, 1/3, 1/6
1 2 3 
Problem 2. Find the eigen values of A , given, A= 0 2 -7  .
3

0 0 3 
Solution: A is an upper triangular matrix.
Hence the eigen values of A are the diagonal elements 1, 2, 3.
The eigen values of A3 are 13, 23, 33. i.e., 1, 8, 27.

 3 1
Problem 3. If a, b are the eigen values of A=   , form the matrix whose eigen
 1 5 
values are a3, b3.

Solution: a3, b3 are the eigen values of the matrix A3.

 3 1  3 1 10 8
Now A2 = A.A =   =  
 1 5   1 5   8 26 
10 8  3 1  38 50 
A3 = A2.A =   =  50 138 
 8 26   1 5   
Problem 4. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix
  2 2  3
2 1  6

  1  2 0 

Solution: Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
= -2 + 1 + 0 = -1.
Matrices 3

2 2 3
Product of the eigen values  A  2 1 6  2(0  12)  2(0  6)  3( 4  1)
1 2 0
= 24 +12 +9 = 45.
Problem 5. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3 Х 3matrix A are equal, find
the value of A .

Solution: Sum of the eigen values = λ1+ λ2+ λ3 = sum of the diagonal elements
= trace of A.
Given λ1+ λ2 = trace of A.
i.e., λ1+ λ2 = λ1+ λ2+ λ3
Therefore λ3 = 0.
Then A = Product of the eigen values of A = λ1λ2λ3= 0

Problem 6. Two eigen values of a singular matrix A of order three are 2 and 3. Find the
third eigen value.

Solution: Since A is singular matrix, A = 0.

Product of the eigen values = A = 0. Two eigen values are 2 and 3. Therefore the third
eigen value has to be 0.
Problem 7. State Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

 3 1
Problem 8. Verify Cayley- Hamilton Theorem for the matrix A=  
 1 5 
 3 1
Solution: A=  
 1 5 
The characteristic equation of A is | A - I |= 0
3- 1 
 1 5     0
 
(3   )(5   )  1  0
 2  8  14  0
To prove that A satisfies the characteristic equation i.e., A2 -8A + 14I = 0
 3 1  3 1 10 8
A2 =   =  
 1 5   1 5   8 26 
10 8  3 1 1 0 
A2 -8A + 14I =   - 8  + 14  
 8 26   1 5  0 1 
Matrices 4

10 8 -24 8  14 0 

= 
26   8 40   0 14 
+ +
 8
0 0
= 
0 0 

1 0  2
Problem 9. If A =   , write A in terms of A and I, using Cayley- Hamilton
 0 5 
Theorem.

Solution: The characteristic equation of A is | A - I |= 0

1- 0 
 0 5   0
 
(1   )(5   )  0
 2  6  5  0
By Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, A2 - 6A + 5I = 0
Therefore, A2 = 6A - 5I
1 2  4
Problem 10. Given A =   , find A using Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.
 2  1
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is λ2 – S1λ + S2 = 0 where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + (-1) = 0
S2 = A = 1(-1) -2(2) = -5
The characteristic equation is λ2 – 5 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, A satisfies its characteristic equation.
Therefore A2 – 5I = 0
5 0 
A2 = 5I =  
0 5 
5 0  5 0   25 0 
A4 = A2. A2 =   =  
0 5  0 5   0 25
Problem 11. If the sum of the eigen values of the matrix of the quadratic form equal to
zero, then what will be the nature of the quadratic form?

Solution: Given λ1+ λ2+ λ3 = 0.

Case (i) λ1, λ2, λ3 cannot be all positive
Case (ii) λ1, λ2, λ3 cannot be all negative
Case (iii) Some are positive and some are negative is possible.
Therefore the quadratic form is indefinite.
 cos  sin  
Problem 12. Show that the matrix P = 
cos  
is orthogonal.
  sin 
Matrices 5

 cos  sin   cos   sin  

Solution: P =  PT = 
  sin  cos    sin  cos  

 cos  sin   cos   sin  

PPT =  
  sin  cos    sin  cos  
 cos 2  sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos  
= 
  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin 2   cos 2  
1 0 
  =I
0 1 
Similarly, PTP = I. Therefore the given matrix is orthogonal.
Problem 13. Determine the nature of the quadratic form
x12  3 x22  6 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3  4 x3 x1
1 1 2 
Solution: Matrix of the quadratic form is A  1 3 1 
2 1 6
1 1
D1 = 1  1 ; D2 =  2;
1 3
1 1 2
D3 = 1 3 1  1(18  1)  1(6  2)  2(1  6)  3
2 1 6
D1, D2, D3 are all positive. Therefore the Q.F is positive definite.

Problem 14. Determine the nature of the quadratic form

2x12  x22  3 x32  12 x1 x2  8 x2 x3  4 x3 x1
2 6 - 2

Solution: Matrix of the quadratic form is A   6 1 - 4
- 2  4 - 3
2 6
D1 = 2  2 ; D2 =  34 ;
6 1
D3 = A  2(3  16)  6(18  8)  2(24  2)  162
D1, D3 positive and D2 negative. Therefore the Q.F is indefinite.

Problem 15. Find the rank, index, signature and nature of the Quadratic Form
0 y1  3 y2  14 y3
2 2 2

Solution: The given quadratic form is in the canonical form (C.F).

Matrices 6

Rank of the Q.F = No. of terms in the C.F = 2

Index of the Q.F = No. of positive terms in the C.F = 2
Signature of Q.F. = (No. of positive terms) – (No. of negative terms) = 2 - 0 = 2
Nature of the Q.F. is positive semi definite.

LONG ANSWER

Problem 16. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
  2 2  3
A   2 1  6
  1  2 0 
Solution:
The characteristic equation is | A - I | = 0.

2- 2 3
i.e., 2 1-  6  0
1 2 0-
i.e., (-2 - ) [-(1 - ) -12] - 2[-2 - 6] -3[-4 + 1 - ] = 0
i.e., (-2 - ) [2 -  -12] + 4 + 12 + 9 + 3 = 0
i.e., 3 + 2 - 21 - 45 = 0 (1)
3 2
Now, (-3) + (-3) - 21(-3) - 45 = -27 + 9 + 63 – 45 = 0
 -3 is a root of equation (1).
Dividing 3 + 2 - 21 - 45 by  + 3
 3 1 1  21  45
0 3 6 45
1  2  15 0
Remaining roots are given by
2 - 2 - 15 = 0
i.e., ( + 3) ( - 5) = 0
i.e.,  = -3, 5.
 The eigen values are -3, -3, 5
 2  λ 2 - 3  x1  0
The eigen vectors of A are given by  2 1 - λ - 6   x 2   0
 - 1 - 2 - λ   x3  0
Case 1  = -3
 2  3 2 - 3  1 2 - 3
Now  1  3 - 6 ~  2 4 - 6

 2
 - 1 -2 3  - 1 - 2 3 
Matrices 7

1 2 - 3
~ 0 0 0 
0 0 0 
 x1 + 2x2 - 3x3 = 0
Put x2 = k1, x3 = k2
Then x1 = 3k2 - 2k1
3k 2  2k 1 
 The general eigen vectors corresponding to  = -3 is  k1 

 k 2 
 3
When k1 = 0, k2 = 1, we get the eigen vector 0
1
  2
When k1 = 1, k2 = 0, we get the eigen vector  1 
 0 
 3  2
Hence the two eigen vectors corresponding to  = -3 are 0 and  1  .
 

1  0 
These two eigen vectors corresponding to  = -3 are linearly independent.
Case 2  = 5
  2  5 2 - 3  7 2 - 3
 2 1 - 5 - 6 ~  2 - 4 - 6


 - 1 - 2 - 5  - 1 - 2 - 5
 1  2  5 
~  0  8  16
 0 0 0 
 -x1 - 2x2 - 5x3 = 0
-8x2 - 16x3 = 0
A solution is x3 = 1, x2 = -2, x1 = -1
  1
 Eigen vector corresponding to  = 5 is  2 .
 1 

 1 1 2 
Problem 17. Find the characteristic equation of  2 1 3  and verify Cayley-
 3 2 3
Hamilton Theorem. Hence find the inverse of the matrix.
Matrices 8

 1 1 2 
Solution: Let A   2 1 3   Characteristic eqn. of A is
 3 2 3
 3   2 1  1  3    9  9  1  26  0
i.e  3   2  19  26  0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem  A3  A2  19 A  26 I  0 .

Verification:

 1 1 2  1 1 2   9 2 7 
    
 A  A. A   2 1 3  2 1 3    5
2
9 10 
 3 2 3  3 2 3   10 7 21 
    
 9 2 7  1 1 2   16 21 45 
    
 A3  A2 . A   5 9 10  2 1 3    43 16 67 
 10 7 21  3 2 3   67 45 104 
   
Substituting in the characteristic equation
 16 21 45   9 2 7   19 19 38   26 0 0   0 0 0
         
 43 16 67    5 9 10    38 19 57    0 26 0    0 0 0
 67 45 104   10 7 21   57 38 57   0 0 26   0 0 0 

Hence verified.
Now to find the inverse of the matrix A, premultiply the characteristic equation by A 1
 A2  A  19 I  26 A1  0

 A 1 
1
26
 19 I  A  A2 

19 0 0   1 1 2   9 2 7    9 5 5 
1       1  
   0 19 0    2 1 3    5 9 10     3 9 7 
26  26 
 0 0 19   3 2 3   10 7 21    7 5 1


1 0 3
Problem 18. Given A  2 1  1 , use Cayley-Hamilton Theorem to find the inverse of

1  1 1 
A and also find A4
Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is
1 λ 0 3
2 1 λ 1  0
1 1 1 λ
Matrices 9

i.e., (1-) [(1 - ) (1 - ) -1] + 3[-2 - (1 - )] = 0

i.e., (1 - )3 - (1 - ) – 6 -3 + 3 = 0
i.e., 1 - 3 + 32 - 3 – 1 +  - 9 + 3 = 0
i.e., -3 + 32 +  - 9 = 0
i.e., 3 - 32 -  + 9 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A3-3A2 – A + 9I = 0
To find A , multiplying by A , A2-3A - I + 9A-1 = 0
-1 -1

1
 A-1 = [-A2 + 3A + I]
9
1 0 3  1 0 3  4  3 6
A  2 1  1 2 1  1  3 2 4
2   
1  1 1  1  1 1  0  2 5
  4 3  6  3 0 9  1 0 0
A 1    3  2  4  6 3  3  0 1 0
  
1
9
 0 2  5 3  3 3  0 0 1
0 3 3 
 3 2  7 
1
9
3  1  1 
To find A4:
We have A3- 3A2 – A + 9I = 0
i.e., A3 = 3A2 + A - 9I (1)
Multiplying (1) by A, we get,
A4 = 3A3 + A2-9A 
= 3(3A2 + A - 9I) + A2 - 9A using (1)
= 10A2 - 6A - 27I
 4  3 6  1 0 3 1 0 0
 10 3 2 4  6 2 1  1  27 0 1 0
   
0  2 5 1  1 1  0 0 1
 7  30 42
  18  13 46
  6  14 17 

 0 0 2
Problem 19. . If A   2 1 0  express A6  25 A2  122 A as a single matrix
 1 1 3 
 
Solution: To avoid higher powers of A like A6 we use Cayley Hamilton Theorem.
Characteristic equation is  3  4 2  5  2  0
By Cayley Hamilton Theorem A3  4 A2  5 A  2 I  0
To find A6  25 A2  122 A we will express this in terms of smaller powers of A using the
characteristics equation. We know that (Divisor) X (Quotient) + Remainder = Dividend
Matrices 10

Assuming A3  4 A2  5 A  2 I as the divisor we get,

A3  4 A2  11A  22 I
A6  0 A5  0 A4  25 A2  122 A  0 I
A3  4 A2  5 A  2 I
A6  4 A5  5 A4  2 A3
4 A5  5 A4  2 A3  25 A2  122 A
4 A5  16 A4  20 A3  8 A2
11A4  22 A3  33 A2  122 A
11A4  44 A3  55 A2  22 A
22 A3  88 A2  100 A
22 A3  88 A2  110 A  44 I
10 A  44 I

 A6  25 A2  122 A   A3  4 A2  5 A  2 I  A3  4 A2  11A  22 I    10 A  44 I 

But A3  4 A2  5 A  2 I  0
A6  25 A2  122 A  0  10 A  44 I
  10 A  44 I 
 0 0 20   44 0 0  
   
   20 10 0    0 44 0  
 10 10 20   0 0 44  
 44 0 20 
 
   20 54 0
 10 10 74 

 44 0 20 
 
   20 54 0 
 10 10 74 


Problem 20. If i are the eigen values of the matrix A, then prove that
i k  i are the eigen values of kA where ‘k’ is a nonzero scalar.
ii. im are the eigen value of Am and
1
iii. are the eigen values of A1 .
i
Solution: Let i be the eigen values of matrix A and Xi be the corresponding eigen
vectors. Then by defn: AXi  iXi......( I ) ( i.e by defn. of eigen vectors)
i. Premultiply ( I ) with the scalar k. Then
k  AXi   k   iXi 
i.e.  kA  X i   k i  Xi
Matrices 11

 k i are the eigen values of kA (comparing with ( I ) i.e by defn.)

ii. Premultiply ( I ) with A, then

A  AXi   A  iXi 
i.e. A2 X i  i  AXi 
  i  i Xi  from (I)
  i  Xi
2

1y we can prove that A3 Xi   i  Xi and so on Am Xi    i  Xi

3 m

 i m are the eigen values of the Am (comparing with ( I ) i.e. by defn.)

iii. Premultiply ( I ) with A1 , then

A1  AXi   A1  iXi 
i.e.  A1 A  Xi  i  A1 Xi 
i.e. IXi   i  A1 Xi 
1
i.e. A1 Xi  Xi
i
1
are the eigen values of A1 (comparing with ( I ) ).

i
2 0 1
Problem 21. Find the characteristic vectors of  0 2 0  and verify that they are
1 0 2
 
mutually orthogonal.

2 0 1
Solution: A =  0 2 0  Characteristic equation is  3  6 2  11  6  0
1 0 2
 
Solving:   1, 2,3
Consider the matrix equation  A   I  X  0
Case (i) when   1;
 1 0 1  x1   0  1x1  0 x2  1x3  0  1
    
 0 1 0  x2    0  i.e. 0 x1  1x2  0 x3  0   2  equation (1) & (3) are identical.
 1 0 1  x   0  1x1  0 x2  1x3  0   3 
  3   
Solving (1) and (2) using the rule of cross multiplication
 1
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3  
  i.e.    X 1   0 
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
 
Matrices 12

Case (ii) when   2;

 1 0 1  x1   0  0 x1  0 x2  1x3  0 x3  0
    
 0 1 0  x2    0  i.e. 0 x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 i.e. x2 is arbitrary say k
 1 0 1  x   0  1x1  0 x2  0 x3  0 x1  0
  3   

 0  0
   
 X 2   k  i.e  1  .
 0  0
   
Case (ii) when   3;
 1 0 1  x1   0   x1  0 x2  1x3  0
    
 0 1 0  x2    0  i.e. 0 x1  1x2  0 x3  0 Solving (1) and (2)
 1 0 1 x   0  1x1  0 x2  1x3  0
  3   
1
x1 x2 x3  
   X3   0
1 0 1 1
 
Thus the eigen values are 1,2,3 and the correspondent eigen vectors are
 1  0  1
     
 0  ,  1  and  0  . To check orthogonallity, X 1 X 2  0
T

 1  0 1
     
X 2T X 3  0
X 1T X 3  0
 X1, X 2 , X 3
are mutually orthogonal.
 6 6 5 
Problem 22. Find the latent vectors of 14 13 10 
 7 6 4 
 
Solution: Characteristic equation is    1  0    1, 1, 1
3

When   1 (repeated 3 times)  we have to find 3 corresponding latent vectors.

 7 6 5   x1   0  7 x1  6 x2  5 x3  0
    
14 12 10   x2    0  i.e. 14 x1  12 x2  10 x3  0 All three equation are identical
 7 6 5   x   0  7 x1  6 x2  5 x3  0
  3   
.i.e. we get only one equation, but we have to find three vectors that are linearly
independent.
0
x2 x3  
 Assume x1  0  6 x2  5 x3  0 i.e.  6 x2  5 x3 i.e.   X 1   5 
5 6 6
 
Matrices 13

 5 
x1 x3  
Assume x2  0  7 x2  5 x3  0 i.e. 7 x1  5 x3i.e..   X 2   0 
5 7 7
 
6
x1 x2  
And assume x2  0  7 x2  6 x3  0 i.e. 7 x1  6 x2 0i.e..   X 3   7 
6 7 0
 
X1, X2 and X3 are linearly independent.

 1 1 1
Problem 23. Find the eigen vectors of the matrix A   0 2 1
 4 4 3

Solution:
1 -  1 1 
The characteristic equation of A is  0 2- 1   0
  4 4 3 -  

i.e., (1 - ) [(2 - ) (3 - ) - 4] -1[0 + 4] +1[0 + 4(2 - )] =0

i.e., (1 - )(2 - 5 + 6 - 4) – 4 + 8 - 4 =0
i.e., (1 - )(2 - 5 + 2) + 4 - 4 =0
i.e., (1 - )(2 - 5 + 2 + 4) =0
i.e., ( -1)(2 - 5 + 6) =0
i.e., ( -1)( - 2)( - 3) =0
 The eigen values of A are  = 1, 2, 3.

1 - λ 1 1   x 1  0 

The eigen vectors are given by  0 2 - λ 1   x   0 
 2  
  4 4 3 - λ   x 3  0

Case 1 =1
 0 1 1  4 4 2
 0 1 1 ~  0 1 1
   
 4 4 2  0 0 0
-4x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 0
x2 + x3 = 0
A solution is, x3 = 2, x2 = -2, x1= -1
  1
 Eigen vector X1 =  2
 2 
Matrices 14

Case 2=2
  1 1 1  1 1 1 
 0 0 1 ~  0 0 1
   
 4 4 1  0 0 0
-x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
x3 = 0
A solution is, x3 = 0, x2 = 1, x1 = 1
1
 Eigen vector X2 = 1
0

Case 3=3
 2 1 1  2 1 1
 0  1 1 ~  0  1 1
   
 4 4 0  0 0 0
-2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
-x2 + x3 = 0
A solution is, x3 = 1, x2 = 1, x1 = 1

1
 Eigen vector X3 = 1
1
2 2 0
Problem 24. Diagonalise the matrix  2 5 0  using orthogonal transformation.
 0 0 3
 
Solution: Characteristic equation is   10  27  18  0
3 2

Solving we get the eigen value as   1, 3, 6

 2  0 1
     
When   1, X 1   1  ; When   3, X 2   0  ; When   6, X 3   2 
0 1 0
     
 2   1 
 5  0  5
 1    2 
Normalizing each vector, we get  , 0 and
5     5
  1  
 0     0 
   
Matrices 15

 2 0 1   2 1 0
 5 5  5 5 
 2  . N  NT   0
 Normalized Modal Matrix, N   1 1,
5
0 0
5  
   1 2 0 
 0 1 0 
 5 5 
 
Then by the orthogonal transformation,
 2 
 2 1 0  0 1
 5 5  2 2 0 5 5
  
N AN   0 0 1 2 5 0 0 0 2  . On simplifying, we get
 
 1   5
2 0   0 0 3   1
 5 5   1 0 
 5 
N AN  D  1 , 2 , 3 
1 0 0
  which is diagonal matrix with eigen values along the
 D 1,3, 6    0 3 0 
0 0 6
 
diagonal (in order).

 6 2 2 
Problem 25. Reduce  2 3 1 to a diagonal matrix by orthogonal reduction.
 2 1 3 
 
Solution: Characteristic equation is   12 2  36  32  0    8, 2, 2
3

When   8
 2 2 2   x1   0 
    
 2 5 1   x2    0 
 2 1 5   x   0 
  3   
i.e 2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0
2 x1  5 x2  1x3  0
2 x1  1x2  5 x3  0
2
x1 x2 x3  
Solving any two equations    X 1   1 
2 1 1 1
 
When   2 (repeated twice)
 4 2 2  x1   0 
    
 2 1 1 x2    0  i.e 2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0 . All the equations are identical.
 2 1 1  x   0 
  3   
Matrices 16

0
x2 x3  
To get one of the vectors, assume x1  0  x2  x3  0 i.e.   X 2   1 
1 1 1
 
a
 
X 1 X 2  0 . Therefore X 1 and X 2 are orthogonal. Now assume X 3   b  to be mutually
T

c
 
orthogonal with X1 and X2.
a 
  
X 1 X 3  0 i.e.  2 1 1  b   0 i.e.2a  b  c  0 
T

c  a
  b c
 i.e  
a  2 2 2
 
and X 2T X 3  0 i.e.  0 1 1  b   0 i.e.0a  b  c  0 
c 
  
1
 
 X3   1  .
 1 
 
After normalizing these 3 mutually orthogonal vectors, we get the normalized Modal
 2 0 1 
 6 3
 
Matrix N   1 1 1 
 6 2 3
 1 1 1 

 6 2 3
Diagonalizing we get

2 1 1   2 1 1 
 6 6 6   6 2 2   6 6 3
    
D  N T AN   0 1 1  2 3 1  1 1 1 
 2 2    6 2 3
 2 1 3  
 1
 1 1   1 1 1 
 3 3 3  6 3 3
on simplifying we get D  D  1 , 2 , 3 
8 0 0
 
0 2 0
0 0 2
 
 D  8, 2, 2 
Matrices 17

3 1 1 
Problem 26. Diagonalise the matrix A  1 3 -1
1 -1 3 

Solution:
3- 1 1 
The characteristic equation of A is  1 3- -1   0

 1 -1 3- 

i.e., (-1)(2 - 8 + 16) = 0

 The eigen values of A are  = 1, 4, 4.

3-λ 1 1   x1   0 
The eigen vectors are given by  1 3-λ -1   x 2   0 

 1 -1 3-λ   x 3  0 

Case 1 =1
 1
Eigen vector X1 =  1 
 1 
Case 2  = 4
0
Eigen vector X2 =  1
 
 1 
a
 
Now assume X 3   b  to be mutually orthogonal with X1 and X2.
c
 
X 1 X 3  0 i.e.  a  b  c  0 
T
a b c
 i.e  
and X 2 X 3  0 i.e.  b  c  0 
T
2 1 1
 2
 
 X3   1 .
1
 
 1 0 2 
Hence the modal matrix M   1 1 1 
 1 1 1 
Matrices 18

 1 0 2 
 3 6
 
The Normalized Modal Matrix is N   1 1 1 
 3 2 6
 1 1 1 

 3 2 6
Diagonalizing, we get

 1 1 1   1 0 2 
 3 3 3 3 1 1 
 3 6
   
D  N AN   0
T 1 1   1 3 1  1 1 1 
 2 2   
 3 2 6
 1 1 3  
 2
 1 1  
 1 1 1 
 6 6 6  3 2 6

1 0 0 
 0 4 0  = D(1, 4, 4)
0 0 4 

Problem 27. Reduce the Quadratic From 10 x12  2 x22  5 x32  6 x2 x3  10 x3 x1  4 x1 x2 into
canonical form by orthogonal reduction. Hence find the nature, rank, index and the
signature of the Q.F. Find also a nonzero set of values of X which will make the Q.F.
vanish.

 10 2 5 
 
Solution: Matrix of the given Q.F. is A   2 2 3  , which is a real and symmetric
 5 3 5 
 
matrix. The characteristic equation is   17  42  0
3 2

Solving, we get   0, 3, 14
1 1  3 
     
When   0, X 1   5  ; When   3, X 2  1 ; When   14, X 3   1 
4 1 2
     
and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 are mutually orthogonal since X 1 , X 2  0, X 2 X 3  0 andX 3 X 1  0
T T T

Normalizing these vectors we get the normalized model matrix

 1 1 3 
 42 3 14 
 
N   5 1 1 
 42 3 14 
 4 1 2 
 
 42 3 14 
Matrices 19

Diagonalising we get D  N T AN
 D  12 , 3  in order
 D  0, 3, 14 
0 0 0 
 
i.e D   0 3 0  (i.e. the eigen values in order along the principal
 0 0 14 
 
diagonal).
Now to reduce the Q.F to C.F (.i.e Canonical form)
 y1 
 
Consider the orthogonal transformation X = NY where Y   y2 
y 
 3
Then the Q.F. X T AX becomes  NY  A  NY   Y T  N T AN  Y
T

= Y T DY since N T AN  D
0 0 0  y1 
  
  y1 y2 y3   0 3 0  y2 
0 0 14  
  y3 
 0 y1  3 y2  14 y3
2 2 2

Thus = 0 y1  3 y2  14 y3 is the Canonical form of the given Q.F. And the equations of
2 2 2

this transformation are got from X= NY.

 1 1 3 
 x1   42 3 14   y1 
    
x  NY   5 1 1   y2 
 2
x   42 3 14  
 3  4 1 2   y3 
 
 42 3 14 

1 1 3
 x1  y1  y2  y3
42 3 14
5 1 3
x2   y1  y2  y3
42 3 14
4 1 3
x3  y1  y2  y3
42 3 14

To get the non-zero set of values of x which make the Q.F zero we assume values
for y1 , y2 and y3 such that the C.F. vanishes.
Matrices 20

i.e 0 y1  3 y2  14 y3 will vanish if y2  0, y3  0 and y1 is any arbitrary value (for

2 2 2

simplicity sake, assume y1 as the denominator of the coeff. of y1 in the equations) let
y1  42

 x1 
1
42

42 
1
3
0 
3
14
(0)

i.e. x1  1  0  0  1
III 1 y x2  5  0  0  5
and x3  4  0  0  4
Thus the set of values of x i.e 1, 5, 4  will reduce the given Q.F. to zero.
To find the rank, index, signature and nature using canonical form:
C.F. is 0 y1  3 y2  14 y3
2 2 2

 rank is 2 (no. of terms in C.F)

Index is 2 (no. of positive terms)
Signature of Q.F. = ( no. of positive terms) – (no. of negative terms) = 2
Nature of the Q.F. is positive semi definite.

Problem 28. Reduce the Q.F. 2 xy  2 yz  2 zx into a form of sum of squares. Find the
rank, index and signature of it. Find also the nature of the Q.F.
0 1 1
 
Solution: Matrix of the Q.F. is A   1 0 1 
1 1 0
 
Characteristic equation is   3  2  0 solving   2, 1, 1
3

1
 
When   2, X 1  1
1
 
When   1 (repeated twice) we get identical equations as x1  x2  x3  0
x x
x1  0  x2  x3  0 i.e. x2   x3 i.e. 2  3
1 1
Assume 0
 
 X 2  1
1
 
which is orthogonal with X 1.
a
 
Now to find X 3 orthogonal with both X 1 and X 2 assume X 3   b 
c
 
Matrices 21

if X 2T X 3  0, a  b  c  0 

if X 2T X 3  0, 0a  b  c  0 
a b c
i.e.  
2 1 1
2  2 
   
 X 3   1 i.e.  1 
 1 1
   
which is orthogonal with X 1 and X 2 .
 1 0 3 
 3 2 6
 
Normalising these vectors we get N   1 1 1  and D  N AN
 3 2 6
 1 1 2 
 
 3 2 6 
2 0 0 
 
= D  1 , 2 , 3    0 1 0  .Consider the orthonormal transformation X = NY
 0 0 1
 
such that Q.F.is reduced to C.F.

The Q.F. is reduced as

X T AX   NY  A  NY 
T

 Y T  N T AN  Y
 Y T DY
 2 0 0  y1 
  
  y1 , y2 , y3 ,   0 1 0  y2 
 0 0 1 y 
  3 

 The C.F. is 2 y12  y2 2  y3 2

rank of Q.F.is = no. of terms in C.F=3
index of Q.F. = no. of positive terms in C.F. = 1
signature of Q.F. = ( no. of positive terms) – (no. of negative terms)
= 1-2 = -1
Nature of the Q.F. is indefinite.

Problem 29. Reduce the quadratic form 8 x12  7 x 22  3 x32  12 x1 x 2  4 x1 x3  8 x 2 x3 to the

canonical form by an orthogonal transformation. Find also the rank, index, signature and
the nature of the quadratic form.
Matrices 22

Solution:
 8 6 2 
The matrix of the quadratic form is A   6 7  4
 2  4 3 
The eigen values of this matrix are 0, 3 and 15 and the corresponding eigen vectors are
1  2 2
 
X 1   2 , 
X2   1  , X 3   2 , which are mutually orthogonal.
2  2  1 

1/3 2/3 2/3 

The normalized modal matrix is N  2/3 1/3  2/3

 2/3  2/3 1/3 
0 0 0 
and N AN = D  0 3 0 
T

0 0 15
Now the orthogonal transformation X = NY will reduce the given quadratic form to the
canonical form 0y12  3y 22  15y 32 .
Also rank = 2, index = 2, signature = 2. The quadratic form is positive semi definite.

Problem 30. Find the orthogonal transformation which reduces the quadratic form
2 x12 
2 x 22  2 x1 x 2  2 x 2 x3  2 x1 x3 into the canonical form. Determine the rank, index,
2 x32
signature and the nature of the quadratic form.

Solution:
 2 1 1 
The matrix of the quadratic form is A   1 2  1
 1  1 2 
2- -1 1
The characteristic equation of A is -1 2- -1  0
1 -1 2-
Expanding  - 6 + 9 - 4 = 0
3 2

 = 1 is a root
Dividing 3 - 62 + 9 - 4 by  -1,
1 6 9 4
0 1 5 4
1 5 4 0
The remaining roots are given by 2-5 + 4 = 0
2 - 5 + 4 = ( - 1) ( - 4) = 0
i.e.,  = 1, 4
Matrices 23

The eigen values of A are  = 4, 1, 1

Case 1 =4
2 - 4 - 1 1   x 1  0 
The eigen vectors are given by  - 1 2 - 4 - 1 
  x   0 
 2  
 1 - 1 2 - 4  x 3  0
 2  1 1  1 - 1 - 2
  1  2  1  ~ 0 - 3 - 3 
   
 1  1  2 0 0 0 
 x1 - x2 - 2x3 = 0
-3x2 - 3x3 = 0
A solution is x3 = 1, x2 = -1, x1 = 1.

1
 The corresponding eigen vector is X1 =  1
 1 
Case 2 =1
2 - 1 - 1 1   x1  0
The eigen vectors are given by  - 1 2 - 1 - 1   x 2   0

 1 - 1 2 - 1  x3  0
 1 - 1 1  1  1 1
- 1 1 - 1 ~ 0 0 0
   
 1 - 1 1  0 0 0
 x1- x2 + x 3 = 0
Put x3 = 0. We get x1 = x2 = 1. Let x1 = x2 = 1
1
 The eigen vector corresponding to  = 1 is X2 = 1
0
X1 and X2 are orthogonal as X 1T X 2 = 10 + (-1) 1 + 11 = 0.
a 
To find another vector X3 = b  corresponding to  =1 such that it is orthogonal to both
 c 
X1 and X2 and satisfies x1- x2 + x3 = 0
i.e., X1.X3 = 0, X2.X3 = 0 and a – b + c = 0
i.e., 1.a -1.b + 1.c = 0, 1.a + 1.b + 0.c = 0 and a – b + c = 0.
i.e., a – b + c = 0 and a+b=0
i.e., a = -b and c = 2b
Put b =1, so that a = -1, c = 2
Matrices 24

 1
 X 3   1 
 2 
 1 1  1
The modal matrix is  1 1 1 
 1 0 2 
 1/ 3 1/ 2  1/ 6
 
Hence the normalized modal matrix is N   1 / 3 1 / 2 1/ 6 
 1/ 3 0 2/ 
 6

 The required orthogonal transformation is X = NY will reduce the given quadratic
form to the canonical form.
C.F= 4 y12  y 22  y 32
Rank of the quadratic form = 3, index = 3, signature = 3. The quadratic form is positive
definite.