Probability & Statistics

Course Coordinator: Dr. Bulbul Jan

Chapter-02
BS-Morning Frist Semester
First Year-2021

DAWOOD UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
 Measure of Central Tendency

(Average)
As average is a value which is representative of a set of data.
Average value may also termed as measures of central tendency.
There are five of averages in common.
(i) Arithmetic Mean or Average
(ii) Median
(iii) Mode
(iv) Geometric Mean
(v) Harmonic Mean
Arithmetic Mean
Properties of Arithmetic Mean
Example-01 For the data given below verify that the sum of the deviations from the
mean is zero 22, 17, 27, 14, 22, 18.

Solution:

x
x
X X-20
n
22 2
22  17  27  14  22  18
 17 -3
6 27 7
120
 14 -6
6 22 2
 20 18 -2
 x  120  0
Example-02 For the values 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, verify that

 x  x    x  A
2 2

Solution:
Let A= 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

x  x  4
2
x  6 2
 x  8
2
x  10
2
x  12
2

4 0 4 16 36 64
6 4 0 4 16 36
8 16 16 0 4 16
10 36 36 4 0 4
12 64 60 16 4 0
  40   120   60   40   60   120

Hence, it is verified that  x  x     x  8

2 2
is a minimum quantity.
Example-03 Weekly price (x) of an item for a sample of 6 weeks is given below
Rs. 25, 20, 30, 17, 25, 21
Find
i) Mean price per week i.e.
ii) if y= 2x-3 then find
Solution: Items X
(i) 1 25
2 20
3 30
4 17
5 25
6 21
Sum 138

ii)

This result can be verified by the following direct transformed values of y

Items X Y=2x-3
1 25 47
2 20 37
3 30 57
4 17 31
5 25 47
6 21 39
Sum 138 258
Arithmetic Mean from frequency Distribution
(Ungrouped Data)

Sales (in Rs.) 1650 1900 2050 2100 2300

No. of Days 3 5 8 7 2
X f fx
1650 3 4950
1900 5 9500
2050 8 16400
2100 7 14700
2350 2 4700
Total 25 50250
Example-02 Find average income from the following data.
Daily Income 200 300 350 700 840 950
(in Rs.x)
No. of Workers (f) 6 2 2 1 1 1

Also find the mean of y if y = 2x-100 by using property of arithmetic mean.

Solution:

Since, X f fx
200 6 1200
300 2 600
350 2 700
700 1 700
840 1 840
950 1 950
Total 13 4990
Arithmetic Mean from a Frequency Distribution
(Grouped Data)
Example-01 Compute Arithmetic mean from the following frequency distribution.
Class Interval 2-6 7-11 12-16 17-21 22-26 Total

Frequency (f) 2 5 11 9 3 30

Solution:
C.I. Frequency Mid Point fx
(f) (x)
2-6 2 4 8
7-11 5 9 45
12-16 11 14 154
17-21 9 19 171
22-26 3 24 72
Total 30 450
Example-02 The following frequency table gives the height (in inches) of 100 students in
a college.

Heights (inches) 60-62 62-64 64-66 66-68 68-70 70-72

No. of Students 5 18 42 20 8 7
Calculate the average height of these students.

Solution: Heights Frequency Mid Point fx

(inches) (f) (x)
60-62 5 61 305
62-64 18 63 1134
64-66 42 65 2730
66-68 20 67 1340
68-70 8 69 552
70-72 7 71 497
Total 100 6558
 Short Cut Method for Computing Mean
(Change of Origin and Scale)
• To reduce computational labor and to save time, a short-cut method is
used.
• This method is based on change of origin, change of scale and both
change of origin and scale.
• By change of origin means addition or subtraction of a constant from
each and every given value of the variable.
• By change of scale means multiplication or division of each and
every value of the variable by constant.
Example-01Calculate the arithmetic mean of the weekly sales of 50
shops by short-cut (change of origin and scale ) method.
Sales in 4000-5000 5000-6000 6000-7000 7000-8000 8000-9000 9000-10000 10000-11000 Total
Rs.
No. of 2 4 6 8 12 10 8 50
Shops

Solution:

Sales in Rs. No. of Shops Mid point fu

(f) (x)
4000-5000 2 4500 -3 -6
5000-6000 4 5500 -2 -8
6000-7000 6 6500 -1 -6
7000-8000 8 7500 0 0
8000-9000 12 8500 1 12
9000-10000 10 9500 2 20
10000-11000 8 10500 3 24
Total 50 36
Example-02 Calculate the arithmetic mean by direct and short cut
method.
C.I. 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 Total
f 1 6 11 16 21 11 7 5 78

Solution:

Sales in (f) Mid point fx fu

Rs. (x)
50-54 1 52 52 -4 -4
55-59 6 57 342 -3 -18
60-64 11 62 682 -2 -22
65-69 16 67 1072 -1 -16
70-74 21 72 1512 0 0
75-79 11 77 847 1 11
80-84 7 82 574 2 14
84-89 5 87 435 3 15
Total 78 5516 -20