Probability and Statistics

Course Code: - BS-301

Lecture-05

Dr. Bulbul Jan 1

Frequency Curve :
In frequency polygon the plotted points were joined by means of
straight lines, where in the frequency curve they are joined by means of
a free hand or a smooth curve.
The frequency curve is used exactly the same way as the histogram
to present the data.
Both the frequency curve and the frequency polygon may also be
drawn by help of histogram.

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Example 1: Draw a frequency curve and Frequency Polygon by the help of
following frequency distribution.

Ages in years 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14

Frequency 2 6 10 4 1
(f)

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 Cumulative Frequency Curve:
A graphical representation of cumulative frequency distribution. If the points
are joined by smooth curve, the graph is called cumulative frequency curve.

Example: 1
Draw “less than” and “more than “ cumulative frequency curve for the following data.

Ages in years 2-4 5-7 8-10 11-13 14-16

Frequency 1 3 5 4 1
(f)

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Solution:
First we find cumulative frequency distributions for less than and more than
type

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Class Frequency Less than More than
C.I. Boundaries f
U.C.B. C.f. L.C.B. C.f.
2-4 1.5-4.5 1 4.5 1 1.5 12
5-7 4.5-7.5 3 7.5 4 4.5 11
8-10 7.5-10.5 5 10.5 9 7.5 8
11-13 10.5-13.5 2 13.5 11 10.5 3
14-16 13.5-16.5 1 16.5 12 13.5 1
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Important Shapes of Frequency Curves:
Following are the three important shapes of frequency curves.

 In a positively skewed distribution there is a long tail on the right of the mean.
 In a negatively skewed distribution there is a long tail on the left of the mean.

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Bar Chart:
In this diagram the height of each bar is directly proportional to the magnitude
of the variable. The space separating the bars should not exceed the width of
the bar and should not be less than half of its width

Example:01 Draw a simple Bar Diagram for the following the sales of a store.
Years Sales Rs. In (000)
1990 20
1991 25
1992 35
1993 50
1994 60
1995 80 9
Solution:

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Multiple Bar Diagram:

 Multiple Bar Diagram is used when a comparison is to be made between two

or more phenomena over a number of years.
 In this diagram separate bars are drawn for each phenomenon.
 The different bars for a period or related phenomenon are placed together.
 After leaving some space another set of bars for next phenomenon are drawn.
 This is good advice for the comparison of two or three phenomena at a time.
 For example population of men and women in different years can be
represented by multiple Bar Diagram.

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Example: The following table gives the results of B.Com. (Statistics) students of a
college for three years. Represent the data by multiple bar diagram.

Division
Years
First Second Third

1996 8 18 28

1997 10 20 32

1998 12 32 48

Multiple Bar Diagram showing the number of students

Division-wise from 1996-1998

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 Pie Chart:
 Pie charts are different types of data presentation. This data is presented in the form of a
circular shape divided into sub-divisions. There subdivisions are called sectors into which a
pie chart is being divided and each of these sectors forms a certain portion of the total data (in
terms of percentage).
 To construct a pie-diagram, first we draw a circle of any suitable radius then the whole
quantity which is to be divided is equated to 360º. In the pie-chart, the total of all the data is
equal to 360 degrees. The degree of angles that are used to represent different items are
calculated in the form of proportionality.
 The sectors are colored differently to show the relationship of parts to the whole quantity.
 The different parts of the circle is terms of angles are calculated in terms of angles are
calculated by following formula;

component value
Sector   360
whole quantity
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Example:01
The following data showing the expenditure of a salaried employee. Represent the
data by pie-diagram.

Items Expenditures
Food 1200
House Rent 1000
Clothing 500
Education 300
Total 3000

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Solution:
Items Expenditures Angles of sectors Percent (%)
Food 1200 1200 1200
 360  144  100  40%
3000 3000
House Rent 1000 1000 1000
 360  120  100  33.3%
3000 3000
Clothing 500 500 500
 360  60  100  16.7%
3000 3000
Education 300 300 300
 360  36  100  10%
3000 3000
Total 3000 360 100%
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Example:02 The distribution of sales of the laptop industry between five
companies. Construct a pie chart.
Company % in Market share Angles of sectors

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HP 22  360  79.2
100
33
Dell 33  360  118.8
100
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Lenovo 13  360  46.8
100
15
Asus 15  360  54.0
100
17
Acer 17  360  61.2
100 17
Solution:

The pie chart represented above shows a circle of 360 degrees which represents 100 % of the
values of the continuous variable. Thus, 3.6 degree of the pie chart represents 1% of the total
values of the variables being represented.

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 Summary
Statistics is a branch of science that deals with the collection, presentation,
Statistics analysis and interpretation of numerical data.
Applications of Statistics in Commuter Science Importance of Statistics
Statistics is used for data mining, speech recognition, visualization Statistics helps us to summarizes large set of data and in a
and image analysis, data compression, artificial intelligence, and form which is easily understandable.
network and traffic modeling.  It help to get solid information about any problem.
 A statistical background is essential for understanding  Helps for reliable and objective decision making.
algorithms and statistical properties that form the backbone of
 Presented facts in precise & definite form.
computer science.
 Facilitates comparison and prediction of data.
 Computer scientists tend to focus on data acquisition/cleaning,
recovery, mining, and reporting. They are often tasked with the  Helps in formulation of suitable policies.
development of algorithms for prediction and systems efficiency.  Assists in designing an experiment in a field and to
 It is an important for robustness analysis, measurement system survey.
error analysis, testing of data, probabilistic risk management and  It assists in planning in any field of inquiry.
many others fields in engineering and computer science.

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Dr. Bulbul Jan 20
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Pie Chart:

Pie charts represents data in the form of a circular shape that divided into
sectors and each of these sectors forms a certain portion of the total data (in
terms of percentage).
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