Probability & Statistics

Course Coordinator: Dr. Bulbul Jan

Chapter-02
BS-Morning Frist Semester
First Year-2021

DAWOOD UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
 Mode

• Mode is that value which occurs maximum

number of times in a data.
• A data may have one mode, two modes and so
on, or even may have no mode.
• For example in 2,3,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,7 mode is 5 as
it has come three times which is maximum
comparing to all others.
• For a grouped frequency distribution mode is
f m  f1
Mode  l  h
2 f m  f1  f 2
Where,
l = lower class boundary of modal class.
fm = maximum frequency ( frequency of modal class).
f1 = frequency preceding modal class
f2 = frequency following modal class
h = width of class interval
Example:01 Find the mode of following frequency distribution
C.I 2-4 5-7 8-10 11-13 14-16
f 2 5 9 3 1
Solution: First arrange the class intervals into class boundaries
C.I f C.B f1 = preceding frequency
2-4 2 1.5-4.5
5-7 5 4.5-7.5 fm = Max. frequency
8-10 9 7.5-10.5 f2 = following frequency
11-13 3 10.5-13.5
14-16 1 13.5-16.5
Since the class (7.5-10.5) has maximum frequency, therefore it is our modal class.
Where l =7.5, h =3, f =9, f =5, f =3
m 1 2

f m  f1
Mode  l  h
2 f m  f1  f 2
9 5
 7.5  3  7.5  1.2  8.7
2 9   5  3
Example: 02 Calculate the mode of the following distribution

Marks 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50

No. of Students 1 10 20 8 6 3 1

Solution:
In this case the maximum number of students are concentrated in the
class interval (25-30), so the modal class is (25-30)
Therefore,
l =25, h =5, fm =20, f1=10, f2=8
Now by putting all values we get
f m  f1
Mode  l  h
2 f m  f1  f 2
20  10
 25  5
220   10  8

 25 
50
 27.27 Mode  27.27
22
A Histogram is used to determine the mode graphically.
The steps involved in this process are:

1. Draw a histogram of the given distribution.

2. The highest rectangle will be modal class
3. Join the top right and left corners of this rectangle with the top
right corner of the rectangle representing the preceding class and
top left corner of the rectangle representing the following class
respectively.
4. From the point of intersection of both the lines draw a
perpendicular on the x-axis; the point where the perpendicular
meets the x-axis is the value of the Mode.
Example:01 Draw a histogram for the following data
C.I 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
f 5 8 24 16 10 6 4

Calculate the mode.

Solution:
• Histogram for the above data is drawn below.
• Select the tallest bar (the bar with largest frequency) i.e. 20-30.
• Draw two lines intersecting each other, one from the lower class
limit to lower class limit of next interval i.e. 20 to 30.
• Then from upper class limit to the upper class limit of previous
class interval i.e.30 to 20.
Example:02 Draw a histogram for the following data
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No. of 5 11 19 21 16 10 8 6 3 1
Students

Measure the modal value. Verify it by actual calculations.

Solution: Since the class (30-40) has maximum frequency, therefore it is
our modal class. Where

l =30,
h =10,
fm =21,
f1=19,
f2=16

f m  f1
Mode  l  h
2 f m  f1  f 2
21  19
 30   10  30  2.8  32.8
221  19  16
Theorem : - Show that AM ≥ GM ≥ HM :
• Proof: - Let x and y be two +ve values and suppose x ≥ y,
then x  y or x  y 0
• squaring both sides using formula
x y
x  y  2 xy  0 or x  y  2 xy or  xy
2
i.e. AM  GM …………….. (i)
Now multiplying both sides of above inequality by xy
We get,

xy 
x y
 xy  x y
2
xy or xy   xy
2
2 xy
xy  or 2 xy  1
x y xy
xy 
x  y  1 xy
 2 2
xy  xy 
x y or
 1 1
xy xy 
y x

2
or xy 
1 1

x y

i.e.
GM  HM …………………. (ii)

Combining (i) and (ii) we get,

AM  GM  HM