28/02/2022

Structural Mechanics

Presenter: A/Prof. Dr. Shehroze Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, NFC IEFR Faisalabad
Email: shehroze.ali@iefr.edu.pk

Outline
• Review of stress analysis

• Transformation of plane stresses

• Hooks’ law for plane stresses

• Strain rosette for experimental stress analysis

• Stress tensor, plain stress and strain problems

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Transformation equations for plane strain

y
 xy y x1

y  x1
 y1
y1

 x1y1

x
x x

x + y x − y 
 x1 = + cos 2 + xy sin 2
2 2 2
 x1y1  − y 
=− x sin 2 + xy cos 2
2 2 2

Note: strain transformation equations in the xy plane for plane

strain and plane stress are same.
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Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain

Principal Strains:

x + y   x −  y    xy 
2 2

 xy S2 ( aver ,−
 max 1 =  aver + R = +   +  
B( y ,−
2
) 2
) 2  2   2 
x + y   x −  y    xy 
2 2

 2 =  aver − R = −   +  
P2 ( 2 ,0) P1 (1 ,0) x
C( aver ,0) 2  2   2 
2 P  xy
2 P = tan −1
2S A( ,  xy ) x − y
 max
x
S1 ( aver , )
2
 xy 2

2 Maximum Shear Strain:

  x −  y    xy 
2 2
 max
=R=   +  
2  2   2 

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Sign conventions for shear strains

Shear strain in an element is positive when the angle between two positive faces
(or two negative faces) is reduced. The strain is negative when the angle between
two positive faces (or two negative faces) is increased.

y y

x x
Positive Negative

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Problem

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Solution

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Hook’s Law for Plane Stress

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Hook’s Law

• Robert Hook (1635-1703)

• Linear relationship b/w stress and strain
𝝈 = 𝑬𝝐
• 𝐸 is the modulus of elasticity
• 𝝈 is the normal stress and 𝝐 is normal strain
• Limited only uniaxial state of stress or strain

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Poisson’s Ratio

• Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain

𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝐′
𝝂=− =−
𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝝐

• Assuming tensile force is applied on a bar then 𝜖 ′ is the lateral strain

and –ve sign shows contraction and 𝜖 shows longitudinal strain

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Hook’s Law in Shear

• It states that shear strain is directly proportional to shear stress

𝝉 = 𝑮𝜸

• 𝑮 is the shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity

• The modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity are related to each
other
𝑬
𝑮=
𝟐 𝟏+𝝂

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Limitations of Hook’s Law & Poisson’s Ratio

• Homogeneous
• Same composition at every point
• Isotropic
• Same properties in all direction (elastic properties)
• Its generally assumed that material is
• Homogeneous
• Isotropic
• Linear elastic

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Hook’s Law for Plane Stress

• Strain 𝜖𝑥 is due to stress 𝜎𝑥

−𝝂𝝈
• Strain in x-direction due to 𝜎𝑦 is given as 𝒚ൗ𝑬
• Negative sign shows contraction
• Combined normal strains as a result of normal stresses
𝟏
𝝐𝒙 = 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝂𝝈𝒚 ---(a)
𝑬

𝟏 𝝂
𝝐𝒚 = 𝝈𝒚 − 𝝂𝝈𝒙 --(b) 𝝐𝒛 = − 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 --(c)
𝑬 𝑬

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Hook’s Law for Plane Stress

• Shear stress causes shear deformation only

• No normal strain is caused by shear stress
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = ----(d)
𝐺
• The equation (a) and (b) gives the strain in one dimension only by
solving them simultaneously we get
• 𝜎𝑥 = 1−ν𝐸2 𝜖𝑥 + ν𝜖𝑦 --(e) & 𝜎𝑦 =
𝐸
1−ν2
𝜖𝑦 + ν𝜖𝑥 --(f)

• Eq. (a) to (f) are called hook’s law for plane stress
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Derivation of Relation b/w E & G

𝑬
𝑮=
𝟐 𝟏+𝝂

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Special Cases of Hook’s Law

• Special cases includes

• Uniaxial stress
• Biaxial stress
• Pure shear
• Uniaxial Case
• 𝜖𝑥 = 𝜎𝐸𝑥
𝜖𝑦 = 𝜖𝑧 = −
ν𝜖𝑥
𝐸
𝛾𝑥𝑦 =0

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Special Cases of Hook’s Law

• Biaxial case
• 𝜎𝑥 = 1−ν𝐸 𝜖𝑥 + ν𝜖𝑦
2

• 𝜎𝑦 = 1−ν𝐸 𝜖𝑦 + ν𝜖𝑥
2

• 𝜖𝑧 = − 𝐸𝜈 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 0

• Pure shear case

• 𝜖𝑥 = 𝜖𝑦 = 𝜖𝑧 = 0 𝛾𝑥𝑦 =
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝐺

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To be Continued (Next week)

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Example 01
A rectangular steel plate with thickness t= 0.25 inch. is subjected to
uniform normal stresses 𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 , as shown in the figure. Strain gages A
and B, oriented in the x and y directions, respectively, are attached to the
plate. The gage readings give normal strains 𝜖𝑥 = 0.001 & 𝜖𝑦 = −0.0007
• Knowing that E= 30 × 106 psi & ν=0.30, determine the stresses 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦
and the change in the thickness of the plate (assumptions)

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Solution

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Maximum Stresses in Beams

The stresses generated can be calculated by utilizing the following

simple expressions

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Stress Trajectories
Stress trajectories are the lines connecting the points having same direction of
principal stress (the magnitude of the principal stress is variable)

Solid lines shows tensile principal stress and dashed lines indicate
compressive principal stress

Strength of Materials by F.L Singer, pg 340-342 43

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Stress Contours

The curve connecting the points of same principal stress is called stress
contour

Contours for tensile stress only

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Strain Rosettes

• Working principal

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Strain Rosette

𝛾𝑥𝑦
Here 𝜀𝑥𝑦 = ൗ2

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Standard Rosettes

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Standard Rosettes

Case 2: 60-degree strain rosette

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Case 1: Plane Stress

Hooke’s Law:
x =
E
(x + y )
1 − 2
y =
E
(y + x )
1 − 2
E
 xy = G xy , G =
2(1 + )
or
x =
1
(x − y )
E
 y = ( y − x )
1
Features: E
z=yz=zx=0 
z = − (x +  y )
E
 xy E
 xy = , G=
G 2(1 + )
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Unit Volume Change for Plane Stress

1 − 2
e= ( x +  y )
E

General equation V
for any case: e= = x +  y + z
V0

Strain-energy Density for Plane Stress

1
u= (x  x +  y  y +  xy  xy )
2
General equation
1
for any case: u= ( x  x +  y  y +  z  z +  xy  xy +  yz  yz +  zx  zx )
2
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Case 2: Biaxial Stress

Hooke’s Law:

x =
E
(x + y )
or
x =
1
(x − y )
E
1 − 2
 y = (y − x )
1
y =
E
(y + x ) E
1 − 2

z = − (x + y )
E
Unit Volume Change :
1 − 2
Features: e =  x +  y + z = (x + y )
Plane stress with τxy=0 E
Strain-energy Density:
1
u= (x x + y y )
2
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Case 3: Uniaxial Stress

Hooke’s Law:
or x
x = Ex x =
E

 y = − x
E

z = − x
E
Unit Volume Change :
1 − 2
Features: e = x +  y + z = x
Plane stress with σy=0 E
and τxy=0 Strain-energy Density :
1
u= x x
2
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Case 4: Pure Shear

Hooke’s Law:
 x =  y = z = 0
 xy = G xy or
 xy
 xy =
G

Unit Volume:

e=0

Features: Strain-energy Density:

Plane stress with σx=0
and σy=0 u=
1
 xy  xy
2

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Case 5: Triaxial Stress

Hooke’s Law:
x 
x =
E
(1 + )(1 − 2)
(1 − )x + (y + z ) or x = − ( y + z )
E E

y =
E
(1 + )(1 − 2)
(1 − )y + (x + z ) 
 y = y − ( x + z )
E E
z =
E
(1 + )(1 − 2)
(1 − )z + (x + y )  
z = z − ( x +  y )
E E

Unit Volume Change :

1 − 2
Features: e =  x +  y + z = (  x +  y + z )
σx, σy and σz are the E
principal stresses. Strain-energy Density :
xy =yz=zx=0 1
u = (  x  x +  y  y + z z )
2
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Case 6: Spherical Stress

Hooke’s Law:
 x =  y =  z = 0 or x = y = z = 0
E 0 0
0 = 0 = (1 − 2)
(1 − 2) E

Unit Volume Change:

30 (1 − 2)
e =  x +  y + z =
Features: E
Triaxial stress with Strain-energy Density :
σx=σy=σz = σ0
3
u= 0  0
2
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Problem-I

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Solution

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Problem-II

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Solution
(1)  x = 480 10−6  y = 140 10−6
 xy = −350 10−6
S2 (310,−244)
(2) x + y
A(480,−175)  aver =
2
= 310  10−6 = 310
P2 (66,0) C(310,0) 2 P P1 (544,0)
 x 10 −6
2S
x − y  
2

B(140,175) R= ( ) +  xy 
2

S1 (310,244)
2  2 
 xy
10 −6 = 244  10−6 = 244
2

Draw Mohr’s circle

Microstrain (με)=10-6
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S2 (310,−244) (3) Principal strains

A(480,−175)
1 =  aver + R
2 P
P2 (66,0) C(310,0) P1 (544,0)
= 554  10−6 = 554
 x 10 −6
2S
 2 =  aver − R
B(140,175)
S1 (310,244) = 66  10−6 = 66
 xy
10 −6
2
2 p = −ACP1
y y1
 xy
= − tan −1 ( )
66 10 −6 x − y
= −45.83o
554 10 −6
x
22.92o
 p = −22 .92 o
x1

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(4) Maximum shear strains

 max
= R = 244 10−6
2
y For the maximum shear strains (S1)
 S 1 =  max = 488  10 −6 = 488 
−6 y1
488  10

x
2S1 = −ACS1  S 1 =  aver = 310  10 −6 = 310 
67.92 o 310 10 −6
= −(900 + ACP1 )
= −135.83o
310  10 −6
x1 S1 = −67 .92 o
For the minimum shear strains (S1)

310  10 −6
y
 S 2 = − max = −488  10 −6 = −488 
y1
2S2 = ACS2 S2 =  aver = 310  10 −6
488 10 −6 x1
= 900 − ACP1
310  10 −6
22.08o
= 44.17o
x
S2 = 22 .08 o 63

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Problem-III

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Solution
−6
(1)  x =  A = 520 10  y =  C = −80 10−6
 x1 =  B = 360 10−6 at  = 45o
 xy is unknown
x + y x − y 
(2)  x1 = + cos 2 + xy sin 2
2 2 2

2 x1 − ( x +  y ) − ( x −  y ) cos 2
 xy =
S2 (220,−331)
sin 2
B(−80,−140)
= 280  10 = 280
−6

 x −  y 2   xy 
2
P2 (−111,0) C(220,0) P1 (551,0)
x + y = +  
 x 10 −6
(3)  aver = R ( )  2 
2 P
2 2  
A(520,140)
= 220  10−6 = 220 = 331  10−6 = 331
2S1
S1 (220,331)
 xy
10 −6
2
Draw Mohr’s circle
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(4) Principal strains

1 =  aver + R
= 551  10−6 = 551

 2 =  aver − R
= −111  10−6 = −111

 xy
y 2p1 = ACP1 = tan−1 ( )
y1 11110 −6
x − y
55110 −6 = 25o
x1

12.5o
x
p1 = 12 .5o

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(5) Maximum shear strains

 max
=R  max = 662  10 −6 = 662 
y1
2
= 331  10−6
y

662 10 −6 220 10 −6

For the maximum shear strains (S1)
 S1 =  max = 662  10 −6 S1 =  aver = 220  10 −6
x
32.5o 2S1 = −ACS1 = −(900 − ACP1 )

220 10 −6 = −65o

x1 S1 = −32 .5o
y
For the minimum shear strains (S1)
 S2 = −  max = −662 10 −6 S2 =  aver = 220  10 −6
x1
220  10 −6
2S2 = ACS2 = 900 + ACP1
−6
y1 220 10
= 115o
57.5o
662 10 −6
S 2 = 57 .5o
x 67

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Problem-IV

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Solution
(1) Plane stress
 x =  A = 1100  10−6
 x1 =  B = 1496  10−6 at 1 = 40o
 x 2 = C = −39.44  10−6 at 2 = 140o
 y and  xy are unknown
(2) Strain transformation equations in the xy plane for
plane strain and plane stress are same

x + y x − y 
For strain gauge B:  x1 = + cos 21 + xy sin 21
2 2 2

(1 − cos 21 ) y + (sin 21 )  xy = 2 x1 − (1 + cos 21 ) x

0.8264  y + 0.9848  xy = 1701  10 −6

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(3) For strain gauge C:

x + y x − y 
x 2 = + cos 22 + xy sin 22
2 2 2

(1 − cos 22 ) y + (sin 22 )  xy = 2 x 2 − (1 + cos 22 ) x

0.8264  y − 0.9848  xy = −1369 .9  10 −6

(4) 0.8264  y + 0.9848  xy = 1701  10 −6 Eqn.(1)

0.8264  y − 0.9848  xy = −1369 .9  10 −6 Eqn.(2)

Eqn.(1)+Eqn.(2):

 y = 200 .3  10 −6 = 200 .3

Eqn.(1)-Eqn.(2):

 xy = 1559 .1  10 −6 = 1559 .1 70

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(5) Stress σx

Hooke’s Law for plane stress

x =
E
(x + y )
1 − 2

E = 70GPa,  = 0.33

x = 91.6MPa

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Quiz # 01

Please arrange your seats

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THANKS

QUESTIONS?

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