Complex Stresses

Stress at angle θ
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σx = ' + cos 2θ+ τ xy sin 2 θ
2 2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y=
' − cos 2θ−τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
−σ x −σ y
τ x ' y' = sin 2θ+ τ xy cos 2θ
2

Principal stresses
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y 2
τ 1,2 =
2
±
√( 2 ) +τ x y 2

( σ +2 σ )
σ avg= x y

Location of principal plane stress

1 2 τ xy
θ p = tan
2
−1
(
σ x −σ y )
Maximum in plane shear stress:

σ x −σ y 2 2
τ max=
√( 2 )
+τ xy

σ 1 −σ 2
τ max=
2

Plane of maximum shear stress

−1 −1 −σ x −σ y
θ s=
2
tan
2 τ xy( )
 Plane Strain Transformation
Strain at angle θ
ϵ x + ϵ y ϵ x −ϵ γ xy
ϵx = ' + cos 2 θ+ sin 2 θ
2 2 2
ϵ x +ϵ y ϵ x −ϵ y γ xy
ϵ y=
' − cos 2 θ− sin 2θ
2 2 2
γ x ' y' −ϵ x −ϵ y γ xy
= sin 2θ+ cos 2 θ
2 2 2

Principal Strains
ϵ x −ϵ y 2 γ xy 2
ϵ x+ ϵ y
ϵ 1,2
2
±
√( 2 ) ( )
+
2

Location of principal Strain

γ xy ϵ x+ ϵ y
1
θ p = tan
2
−1
(
ϵ x −ϵ y ) (
σ avg=
2 )
Maximum in plane shear strain:

ϵ x −ϵ y 2 γ xy 2
γ max
2
=
√( 2 ) ( )
+
2
ϵ x −ϵ y
τ max=
2

Location of maximum in shear strain

1 −1 −ϵ x −ϵ y
θ p = tan
2 (
γ xy )

Finding Principal Stresses from Strains

 E E
σ x= (ϵ x +v ϵ y ) or σ 1 = (ϵ 1 +v ϵ 2)
1−v 2 2
1−v
E E
σ y= (ϵ y + v ϵ x ) or σ 2= (ϵ 2 + v ϵ 1)
1−v 2 1−v 2
−v −v
ϵz= ¿¿ or ϵ z = ¿¿
E E
where γ xy=0