STATIC FAILURE

THEORIES
CHAPTER 3.
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

Dra. Ana María Becerra Ferreiro

 BRITTLE MATERIALS

Rankine Theory (Ultimate strenght) for

Uniaxial load even materials (Sut=Suc) or if s1
and s2 are same sign

Modified Mohr Theory for even and

Biaxial load uneven materials (Suc  Sut) or if s1
and s2 are different sign
 Ductile Materials

Rankine Theory (Yiel strenght for

Uniaxial load uniaxial static normal stresses)

Guest –Tresca Theory (Maximun shear

stress) for combined stresses and
shear stresses
Biaxial load

Von Mises Theory (distorsion energy

method)
combined stresses
principal stresses
 General two-dimensional stress state

s zz sy

yz
xy
xz
s yy

xy
s xx
 sx
s

Three-dimensional stress state

Two-dimensional stress state
in a differential element
 Normal and shear stresses in an oblique plane
P
y  np d A y
P
n

n
s nd A
 
x s x (d A C o s )
d A C o s x
dA

 xy (d A S e n  )

dA S en  xy (d A S e n  )

F n = 0 s y (d A S en  )

𝜎𝑛 𝑑𝐴 − 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦

𝜎𝑛 = + 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (1)
−𝜎𝑦 (𝑑𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (𝑑𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 2 2

Fnp = 0
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
 np dA + s x (dACos ) Sin −  xy (dACos )Cos − 𝜏𝑛𝑝 = − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2 (2)
− s y (dASin )Cos +  xy (dASin ) Sin = 0
 Principal Stresses

From eq. 1 to obtain 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 :

ds n sx − sy
= −2 Sen2 + 2 xy Cos2 = 0
d 2
 xy  xy
sen 2 1 = = − sen 2 2 Tan2 =
s x − s y 
2 Principal planes 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 sx − sy (3)
  +  xy
2

 2  2
sx − sy
2 Principal Stresses:
cos 2 1 = = − cos 2 2
s x − s y 
2

  +  xy
2

 2 
sx + sy s x − s y 
2

s max ,min = s1,2 =    +  xy

2
(4)
2  2 
Maximum and minimum Shear
Stresses
From eq. 2 to obtain 𝝉𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 :

𝑑𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
= −2 cos 2 𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝜃 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
2 (5)
Principal planes 𝜃3 , 𝜃4 tan 2 𝜃 = −
𝜏𝑥𝑦

s x − s y 
2

Shear Stresses:  max ,min =   +  xy

2
(6)
 2 

s1 − s 2
 max =
2
Relationship among original stress element, principal stress element, and
máximum shear stress

s1 + s 2
s avg =
2
 Mohr´s Circle

𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )Τ2 sx + sy s x − s y 

2
𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑎
𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 𝑅 s max ,min = s1,2 =    +  xy
2

𝑅= 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
2  2 
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 − 𝑅 𝑏
2∅𝜎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔
𝑎 = (𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 )/2 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑎

𝑏 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2∅𝜏 = 90° − 2∅𝜎

Mohr´s Circle for special stress conditions

a) Pure uniaxial tension b) Pure uniaxial compression

Mohr´s Circle for special stress conditions

c) Pure torsion b) uniaxial tensión combined with

torsional shear
 BRITTLE MATERIALS
Uniaxial load Rankine Theory (Ultimate strenght) for
even materials (Sut=Suc) or if s1 and
s2 are same sign
Coulomb- Mohr Theory, and Modified Mohr
Theory for even and uneven materials (Suc 
Biaxial load Sut) or if s1 and s2 are of different sign.
(Considers a high compressive strength defined in
correspodence with certain allowable distortion)

Failure theory First Quadrant Fourth quadrant

Máximum normal stress Kts1 < Sut /N Not recomended

Kcs3 < Suc /N

Coulomb – Mohr (internal Kts1 < Sut /N 𝜎1 𝜎3 1

friction theory) − =
𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑐 𝑁

Modified Mohr Kts1 < Sut /N Kts1 < Sut/N s2 ≥ - Sut

𝑠𝑢𝑡 𝜎2 𝑆𝑢𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑡 s2 < - Sut

𝜎1 − =
𝑠𝑢𝑐 − 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑁(𝑠𝑢𝑐 − 𝑆𝑢𝑡 )

For s1 and s2 different from cero and s1≥s2 . Notice that Suc is always considered as a positive quantity
Modified Mohr Method for biaxial static Stress on Brittle Materials
For safety, the combination of the two principal stresses must lie withing the
area shown in figure.
Comparison between failure theories for
brittle materials
 Ductile Materials

Rankine Theory (Yiel strenght for

Uniaxial load uniaxial static normal stresses)

Guest –Tresca Theory (Maximun shear

stress) for combined stresses and
shear stresses
Biaxial load

Von Mises Theory (distorsion energy

method)
 Maximum shear stress theory (Guest-Tresca)

A ductile material begins to yield when the máximum shear stress in a load-
carrying component excedes that in a tensile-test specimen when yielding begins.

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜏𝑦𝑝 /𝑁

Tensile-test max = 0.5 s ; yp =syp/2 ductile material

s yp
And  max =
1
2
(s x − s y ) + 4
2 2
xy
N
= (s x − sy )
2
+ 4 xy2

Also  max = (smax-smin)/2 smax-smin ≤ Syp/N

In a torsional and bending load condition, that is sz = sy = xz = yz = 0 ; sx  0 ; xy  0
Results:
𝑆𝑦 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 𝑇𝑒
= 𝜎𝑥2 + 4𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 Also 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑁 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝
 Distortion energy Method or von Mises- Hencky Theory
(octahedral shear stress)

A ductile material begins to yield when the máximum distortion energy in a load-
carrying component excedes that in a tensile-test specimen when yielding begins.
Distortion energy von Mises Stress
Ud= U – Up 𝜎′ = 𝜎12 + 𝜎22 + 𝜎32 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎1 𝜎3 + 𝜎2 𝜎3

Failure criteria: 𝜎′ = 𝜎12 + 𝜎22 − 𝜎1 𝜎2

𝜎ƴ < 𝜎𝑑 = 𝑆𝑦/𝑁,
𝜎′ = 𝜎𝑥2 + 𝜎𝑦2 − 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 +3𝜏𝑥𝑦

In a torsional and bending load condition,

that is when sz = sy = xz = yz = 0 ; sx  0 ; xy  0

The von Mises stress is

𝜎′ = 𝜎𝑥2 + 3𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
 Comparison between failure theories for ductile
materials under static loads

Distortion
energy method:
max≤ 0.577 𝑆𝑦
Maximum
shear method:
max≤ 0.5 𝑆𝑦