28/02/2022

Structural Mechanics

Presenter: A/Prof. Dr. Shehroze Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, NFC IEFR Faisalabad
Email: shehroze.ali@iefr.edu.pk

Outline

• Review of previous lectures

• Kern/core of section

• Stresses on inclined planes

• Transformation of stresses (Analytical approach)

• Principal stresses

• Mohr’s circle for transformation of stresses

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Review of previous lectures

• Mechanics of materials deals with the development of internal

forces and displacements due to the influence of externally applied
loads/forces on the bodies
Stress
• Stress is defined as the force acting on a unit area and expressed as
the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting area

• Stresses can be classified as normal stress, flexural stress, shear

stress, torsional and bearing stress etc.
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Axial Stress
• Axial stress is generated when the applied force is parallel to the axis of
member

• It may be +ve or –ve depending upon whether the applied force is tensile
or compressive

Tension (+ve) Compression (-ve)

• Tie rods, columns, truss etc.

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Flexural Stress

• Flexuralstresses develop when applied force is perpendicular or

transverse to the axis of the member

𝜎𝑓 = 𝑀𝐶ൗ𝐼

Shear Stress

• Shear stress develops when applied force is parallel to the resisting

area
𝜏 = 𝑉ൗ𝐴

• Shear stress tends to split of one segment from the other

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Torsional Stress

• This type of stress is generated in a member when a twisting forces is

applied on the member.

𝜋 4
𝜏 = 𝑇𝐶ൗ𝐽 𝐽= 𝑟 J = Polar moment of inertia
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Combined Stresses

• When two or more type of stresses develop due to the applied

force/forces then the resultant stress is called combined stress

• Combined axial and flexural loading/stresses

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Combined Stress

• The combined stress is given as

𝑃 𝑀𝐶
𝜎=± ±
𝐴 𝐼

• The +ve or –ve sign depends upon the position of the point where the
combined stress is to be calculated

Application of Combined Axial and Flexural Loading

• Wind pressure on walls, chimney etc.

• Retaining walls
• Dams

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Kern/Core of a Section

• It is defined as the area in a cross section of a member with in which if

the load is applied results in generation of only one type of stress that
may be compressive or tensile

• Consider a small short strut under eccentric axial loading. The stresses
developed will be axial and flexural

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Kern/Core of a Section

• The position of N.A can be determined by comparing following

equation to zero

𝑃 𝑀𝐶 𝑃 𝑀𝐶
𝜎=± ± 0= − +
𝐴 𝐼 𝐴 𝐼

𝑃 (𝑃𝑒)𝑎
=
𝐴 𝐼

𝐼
𝑎=
𝐴𝑒
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Kern/Core of a Section

• It is evident that there will be no tensile stress at the base if ‘a=c=d/2’.

(N.A is at corner of the cross section)

• For this condition, the maximum eccentricity at which the load can be
applied will be given as
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𝐼 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 ൗ12
𝑎= =
𝐴𝑒 2 𝑏𝑑𝑒
𝑑
𝑒=
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Kern/Core of a Section

• It has been shown that the maximum eccentricity allowed is d/6 to

avoid the tensile stresses in the members

• This is the basis of a well-known rule used for designing the masonry,
concrete structures (weak in tension), that the resultant of forces
should fall in the middle third of the section

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Kern/Core of a Section

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Beams Subjected to Bending and Shear

• Consider a small element of the beam
• If the orientation of the element is changed the magnitude of the
stresses will also be changed
• The maximum stress resulting from these stresses are called
principal stresses and the are used for design and analysis, such as
joints welds of isotropic materials etc.

σy

P
σx σx

σy
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Sign Convention for Combined Stresses

The first subscript
of the shear stress
denotes the normal
to the axis on which
the shear stress is
applied, and the
second index refers
to the direction of
the shear stress
𝜏x y Acting parallel to y-axis

Acting normal to x-axis 17

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Plane Stress
• Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal
stress σz and the shear stresses 𝝉xz and 𝝉yz are zero

• The applied stresses are only in one plane

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Special Cases of Plane Stress

• Uniaxial stress

• Biaxial stress

• Pure shear
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Variation of Stresses with Inclination

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Variation of Stresses with Inclination of Element

• Two approaches to calculate stress

on the rotated element are
➢Analytical approach
➢Mohr’s Circle approach
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2D Stress element on inclined plane

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Weld in a plate (for how much

Failure of
strength it should be designed??)
Wooden strut
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Analytical Approach
Stress transformation equations
(to calculate stresses on inclined plane)

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Stresses on inclined plane

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Stresses on inclined plane (Cont..)

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Transformation equations for plane stress

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Example # 1

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Solution

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Maximum normal stress (principal stress)

1. The maximum (σ1) and minimum normal stresses (σ2) are called
the principal stresses.
2. θP1 and θP2 are the angles corresponding to two principal
stresses respectively.

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Maximum shear stress

1. Τmax and τmin are the maximum and minimum shear stress.
2. θS1 and θS2 are the angles corresponding to the maximum shear stress
and minimum shear stress respectively.

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Example # 2

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Solution

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Example # 3

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Solution
 x = −40MPa  y = −16MPa
 xy= 17 MPa  = 48o

x +y x − y
 x1 = + cos 2 +  xy sin 2
2 2
 x1 = −9.84 MPa 

x +y x − y
 y1 = − cos 2 −  xy sin 2
2 2
 y1 = −46.2 MPa 

x − y
 x1 y 1 = − sin 2 +  xy cos 2
2
 x1 y1 = 10.16MPa 
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Mohr’s circle
(Alternative approach for 2D stress transformation)

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Mohr’s circle
Mohr’s circle is a 2D graphical representation of the transformation
equations.

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Construction of Mohr’s circle

Mohr’s circle is a 2D graphical representation of the transformation equations.

1. We know the stresses σx, σy and τxy.

2. Draw a set of coordinate axes with σx1 as x axis (positive to the right) and τx1y1
as y axis (positive downward).

Negative τ

σx1

Positive τ

τx1y1
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Construction of Mohr’s circle (Cont..)

3. Locate point A, representing the stress condition on the x face of the
element, by plotting its coordinates σx1= σx and τx1y1=τxy. Point A on the circle
corresponds to θ=0o.

σx1

τxy
σx
A(θ=0°)

τx1y1

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Construction of Mohr’s circle (Cont..)

4. Locate point B, representing the stress condition on the y face of the
element, by plotting its coordinates σx1= σy and τx1y1=-τxy. Point B on the circle
corresponds to θ=90o.

B(θ=90°)
σy
-τxy
σx1

A(σx,τxy)

τx1y1

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Construction of Mohr’s circle (Cont..)

5. Draw a line from point A to point B. The intersection of the line and x axis
is Point C(σave,0). Point C is the centre of Mohr’s circle.

σave=(σx+σy)/2

B(σy,-τxy)

C(σave,0) σx1

A(σx,τxy)

τx1y1
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Construction of Mohr’s circle (Cont..)

6. Radius (R) of Mohr’s circle is the distance between Point A and Point C.
Consider the right-angle triangle marked below, R can be calculated by

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Construction of Mohr’s circle (Cont..)

7. Draw Mohr’s circle through points A and B. The centre is Point C and the
radius is R.

B(σy,-τxy)

C(σave,0) σx1
R

A(σx,τxy)

τx1y1

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Stresses on an inclined element

Stresses σx1, σy1 and τx1y1 acting on the face of a plane stress element oriented
at angle θ from the x axis can be determined by Mohr’s circle.

1. Point A corresponds to θ=0o

and is the reference point we
B(σy,-τxy)
D(θ=θ) measure the angles.
β
2. Measure an angle 2θ
σx1
2θ counter-clockwise from
C γ
radius CA.
A(σx,τxy) 3. The angle 2θ locates point D
on the circle.
4. The stresses are calculated
τx1y1 by

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Principal stresses

Principal stresses

B(σy,-τxy)

P2(σ1,0) 2θP2 σx1

P1(σ1,0)
C 2θP1 The principal angle θP1 is determined by
A(σx,τxy)
the geometrical relation. θP2 = θP1 +90o

τx1y1

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Maximum shear stresses

The maximum and minimum

shear stresses are located at S1
and S2

θS1 = θP1 - 45o θS2 = θP1 + 45o

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Example-IV

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Solution

(1)  x = 0 MPa  y = 0 MPa

 xy= 19 MPa

(2) x + y
aver =
2
= 0MPa
x − y
R= ( )2 +  xy2
2
= 19 MPa
Draw Mohr’s circle

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(3) Stress at an angle θ=52o

 x1 =  aver + R cos P1CD1

=  aver + R cos(2  520 − 900 )
= 18.44 MPa
 x1 y1 = − R sin P1CD1
= − R sin( 2  52o − 90o )
= −4.60MPa

 y1 =  aver − R cos P1CD1

=  aver − R cos(2  52o − 90o )
= −18.44 MPa

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(4) Principal stresses

 1 =  aver + R
= 19 MPa

 2 =  aver − R
= −19 MPa
y

19MPa  p1 = ACP1 / 2
-19MPa
= 45o
45o
x

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Example-V

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y
Solution
14MPa
(1)  x = 27MPa  y = 14MPa
 xy = 6MPa  = 40o

x + y
x
27MPa (2)
6MPa
aver =
2
= 20.50MPa

x − y
R= ( ) 2 +  2xy
2
B(14,−6) = 8.85MPa
D1 2 xy
20 = tan −1 ( )
C(20.5,0) 80o x
x − y
= 42.71o
20
D2
A (27,6)

 xy
Draw Mohr’s circle

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B(14,−6)
D1 ( x1 ,  x1y1 ) (3) Stress at an angle θ=40o
P2 C(20.5,0) x
 x1 = aver + R cos P1CD1
o
80
P1

D 2 ( y1 ,− x1y1 )
20
= aver + R cos(80 − 20 )
= 27.5MPa
A (27,6)

 xy
 y1 = aver − R cos(P1CD1 )
y = aver − R cos(80o − 20 )
13.46MPa
27.5MPa
= 13.46MPa

 x1y1 = −R sin( P1CD1 )

40o -5.36MPxa

= −R sin(80o − 20 )
= −5.36MPa

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Assignment

Due date: 22 Feburary 2022

Total Marks = 10

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Problem # 1

Note: Student may solve the problem using the bending stress values as the registration no.
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Problem # 2

Note: Student may solve the problem using the bending stress values as the registration no.
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THANKS

QUESTIONS?

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