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9 Stewart Cambio de Variablel (9022) PDF
9 Stewart Cambio de Variablel (9022) PDF
23–24 ■ Use a double integral to find the area of the region. 32. (a) We define the improper integral (over the entire plane ⺢ 2 兲
23. One loop of the rose r 苷 cos 3 2
y 2 兲 2
y 2 兲
I 苷 yy e共x dA 苷 y y e共x dy dx
24. The region enclosed by the cardioid r 苷 1 sin ⺢ 2
共x 2y 2 兲
苷 lim
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
al
yy e dA
25–28 ■
Evaluate the iterated integral by converting to polar Da
coordinates. where Da is the disk with radius a and center the origin.
1 s1x 2 2
Show that
y 2
25. yy ex dy dx 2
y 2 兲
0 0
y y e共x dA 苷
a sa y2 2
29. A swimming pool is circular with a 40-ft diameter. The where Sa is the square with vertices 共a, a兲. Use this
depth is constant along east-west lines and increases to show that
linearly from 2 ft at the south end to 7 ft at the north end. 2 2
30. An agricultural sprinkler distributes water in a circular pat- (c) Deduce that
tern of radius 100 ft. It supplies water to a depth of er feet 2
In Chapter 6 we were able to use single integrals to compute moments and the center
of mass of a thin plate or lamina with constant density. But now, equipped with the
double integral, we can consider a lamina with variable density. Suppose the lamina
occupies a region D of the xy-plane and its density (in units of mass per unit area) at
SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 901
Discovery
Project
The Intersection of Three Cylinders
The figure shows the solid enclosed by three circular cylinders with the same diameter that
intersect at right angles. In this project we compute its volume and determine how its shape
changes if the cylinders have different diameters.
b d
1 y f 共x兲 dx 苷 y f 共t共u兲兲t共u兲 du
a c
b d dx
2 y f 共x兲 dx 苷 y f 共x共u兲兲 du
a c du
902 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
A change of variables can also be useful in double integrals. We have already seen
one example of this: conversion to polar coordinates. The new variables r and are
related to the old variables x and y by the equations
x 苷 r cos y 苷 r sin
where S is the region in the r -plane that corresponds to the region R in the xy-plane.
More generally, we consider a change of variables that is given by a transforma-
tion T from the uv-plane to the xy-plane:
T共u, v兲 苷 共x, y兲
3 x 苷 t共u, v兲 y 苷 h共u, v兲
We usually assume that T is a C 1 transformation, which means that t and h have con-
tinuous first-order partial derivatives.
A transformation T is really just a function whose domain and range are both sub-
sets of ⺢ 2. If T共u1, v1兲 苷 共x 1, y1兲, then the point 共x 1, y1兲 is called the image of the point
共u1, v1兲. If no two points have the same image, T is called one-to-one. Figure 1 shows
the effect of a transformation T on a region S in the uv-plane. T transforms S into a
region R in the xy-plane called the image of S, consisting of the images of all points
in S.
√ y
T
S R
(u¡, √¡) T –!
(x¡, y¡)
0 u 0 x
FIGURE 1
x 苷 u 2 v2 y 苷 2uv
ⱍ
Find the image of the square S 苷 兵共u, v兲 0 u 1, 0 v 1其.
SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 903
√ SOLUTION The transformation maps the boundary of S into the boundary of the image.
So we begin by finding the images of the sides of S. The first side, S1 , is given by
S£
(0, 1) (1, 1) v 苷 0 共0 u 1兲. (See Figure 2.) From the given equations we have x 苷 u 2,
y 苷 0, and so 0 x 1. Thus, S1 is mapped into the line segment from 共0, 0兲 to
S¢ S S™ 共1, 0兲 in the xy-plane. The second side, S2, is u 苷 1 共0 v 1兲 and, putting u 苷 1
in the given equations, we get
0 S¡ (1, 0) u
x 苷 1 v2 y 苷 2v
T Eliminating v, we obtain
y y2
4 x苷1 0x1
(0, 2) 4
¥ ¥
x= -1 x=1- 4
4 which is part of a parabola. Similarly, S3 is given by v 苷 1 共0 u 1兲, whose
image is the parabolic arc
R
y2
5 x苷 1 1 x 0
(_1, 0) 0 (1, 0) x 4
Now let’s see how a change of variables affects a double integral. We start with a
small rectangle S in the uv-plane whose lower left corner is the point 共u0 , v0 兲 and
whose dimensions are u and v. (See Figure 3.)
√ y
u=u ¸
r (u ¸, √)
Î√ S T
(x¸, y¸) R
(u¸, √ ¸) Îu
√=√ ¸ r (u, √ ¸)
0 u 0 x
FIGURE 3
is the position vector of the image of the point 共u, v兲. The equation of the lower side
of S is v 苷 v0 , whose image curve is given by the vector function r共u, v0兲. The tangent
vector at 共x 0 , y0 兲 to this image curve is
x y
ru 苷 tu共u0 , v0 兲 i hu共u0 , v0 兲 j 苷 i j
u u
904 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
Similarly, the tangent vector at 共x 0 , y0 兲 to the image curve of the left side of S (namely,
u 苷 u0 ) is
x y
rv 苷 tv共u0 , v0 兲i hv共u0 , v0 兲j 苷 i j
v v
ⱍ ⱍⱍ ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
FIGURE 5 i j k
x y x x
x y
0 u u u v
ru rv 苷 u u 苷 k苷 k
x y y y
x y
0 v v u v
v v
The determinant that arises in this calculation is called the Jacobian of the transforma-
tion and is given a special notation.
▲ The Jacobian is named after the 7 Definition The Jacobian of the transformation T given by x 苷 t共u, v兲 and
German mathematician Carl Gustav y 苷 h共u, v兲 is
ⱍ ⱍ
Jacob Jacobi (1804 –1851). Although
the French mathematician Cauchy x x
first used these special determinants 共x, y兲 u v x y x y
involving partial derivatives, Jacobi 苷 苷
developed them into a method for 共u, v兲 y y u v v u
evaluating multiple integrals. u v
With this notation we can use Equation 6 to give an approximation to the area A
of R:
8 A ⬇ 冟 冟
共x, y兲
共u, v兲
u v
Next we divide a region S in the uv-plane into rectangles Sij and call their images
in the xy-plane Rij . (See Figure 6.) Applying the approximation (8) to each Rij, we
approximate the double integral of f over R as follows:
m n
yy f 共x, y兲 dA ⬇ 兺 兺 f 共x , y 兲 A
i苷1 j苷1
i j
冟 冟
R
m n
共x, y兲
⬇ 兺 兺 f 共t共u , v 兲, h共u , v 兲兲
i苷1 j苷1
i j i j
共u, v兲
u v
where the Jacobian is evaluated at 共ui, vj 兲. Notice that this double sum is a Riemann
sum for the integral
Sij
R ij
Î√ R
S
Îu
T
(u i , √ j ) (x i , y j)
0 u 0 x
FIGURE 6
The foregoing argument suggests that the following theorem is true. (A full proof
is given in books on advanced calculus.)
1
9 Change of Variables in a Double Integral Suppose that T is a one-to-one C
transformation whose Jacobian is nonzero and that maps a region S in the
uv-plane onto a region R in the xy-plane. Suppose that f is continuous on R
and that R and S are type I or type II plane regions. Then
dA 苷 冟 共x, y兲
共u, v兲
du dv 冟
Notice the similarity between Theorem 9 and the one-dimensional formula in Equa-
tion 2. Instead of the derivative dx兾du, we have the absolute value of the Jacobian, that
ⱍ
is, 共x, y兲兾共u, v兲 . ⱍ
As a first illustration of Theorem 9, we show that the formula for integration in
polar coordinates is just a special case. Here the transformation T from the r -plane
to the xy-plane is given by
x 苷 t共r, 兲 苷 r cos y 苷 h共r, 兲 苷 r sin
906 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
¨ and the geometry of the transformation is shown in Figure 7. T maps an ordinary rect-
∫
¨=∫ angle in the r -plane to a polar rectangle in the xy-plane. The Jacobian of T is
ⱍ ⱍ
x x
冟 冟
r=a S r=b
共x, y兲 r cos r sin
å 苷 苷 苷 r cos2 r sin2 苷 r
0
¨=å 共r, 兲 y y sin r cos
r
0 a b r
Thus, Theorem 9 gives
冟 冟
T
共x, y兲
yy f 共x, y兲 dx dy 苷 yy f 共r cos , r sin 兲 共r, 兲
dr d
y R S
r=b
b
¨=∫ 苷y y f 共r cos , r sin 兲 r dr d
a
R
which is the same as Formula 12.4.2.
r=a ¨=å
∫
å EXAMPLE 2 Use the change of variables x 苷 u 2 v 2, y 苷 2uv to evaluate the inte-
0 x gral xxR y dA, where R is the region bounded by the x-axis and the parabolas
y 2 苷 4 4x and y 2 苷 4 4x.
FIGURE 7 SOLUTION The region R is pictured in Figure 2. In Example 1 we discovered that
The polar coordinate transformation T共S兲 苷 R, where S is the square 关0, 1兴 关0, 1兴. Indeed, the reason for making the
change of variables to evaluate the integral is that S is a much simpler region than R.
First we need to compute the Jacobian:
ⱍ ⱍ
x x
共x, y兲
共u, v兲
苷
u
y
v
y
苷
2u
2v 冟 2v
2u 冟
苷 4u 2 4v 2
0
u v
Therefore, by Theorem 9,
yy y dA 苷 yy 2uv
R S
冟 共x, y兲
共u, v兲 冟 1 1
dA 苷 y y 共2uv兲4共u2 v 2 兲 du dv
0 0
1 1 1 u苷1
苷8y
0
y
0
共u3v uv 3 兲 du dv 苷 8 y
0
[ 1 4
u
4 v 12 u2v 3 ]
u苷0 dv
1
苷 y 共2v 4v 3 兲 dv 苷 v 2 v 4
0
[ ]
1
0 苷2
NOTE● Example 2 was not a very difficult problem to solve because we were given
a suitable change of variables. If we are not supplied with a transformation, then the
first step is to think of an appropriate change of variables. If f 共x, y兲 is difficult to inte-
grate, then the form of f 共x, y兲 may suggest a transformation. If the region of integra-
tion R is awkward, then the transformation should be chosen so that the corresponding
region S in the uv-plane has a convenient description.
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate the integral xxR e 共xy兲兾共xy兲 dA, where R is the trapezoidal region
with vertices 共1, 0兲, 共2, 0兲, 共0, 2兲, and 共0, 1兲.
SECTION 12.9 CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ◆ 907
10 u苷xy v苷xy
11 x 苷 12 共u v兲 y 苷 12 共u v兲
The Jacobian of T is
ⱍ ⱍ冟
x x
共x, y兲
共u, v兲
苷
u
y
v
y
苷
1
2
1
2
2
1
12 冟
苷 12
u v
To find the region S in the uv-plane corresponding to R, we note that the sides of R
lie on the lines
冟 冟
x-y=1
1 2 共xy兲兾共xy兲
共x, y兲
yy e dA 苷 yy e u兾v du dv
0 x
R S
共u, v兲
R
_1 x-y=2 2 v 2 u苷v
苷y y e u兾v ( 12 ) du dv 苷 12 y [ve u兾v ]u苷v dv
1 v 1
_2
2
苷 12 y 共e e1 兲v dv 苷 34 共e e1 兲
FIGURE 8 1
Triple Integrals
There is a similar change of variables formula for triple integrals. Let T be a transfor-
mation that maps a region S in uvw-space onto a region R in xyz-space by means of
the equations
ⱍ ⱍ
x x x
u v w
共x, y, z兲 y y y
12 苷
共u, v, w兲 u v w
z z z
u v w
Under hypotheses similar to those in Theorem 9, we have the following formula for
triple integrals:
13 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV
冟 冟
R
共x, y, z兲
苷 yyy f 共x共u, v, w兲, y共u, v, w兲, z共u, v, w兲兲 du dv dw
共u, v, w兲
S
EXAMPLE 4 Use Formula 13 to derive the formula for triple integration in spherical
coordinates.
SOLUTION Here the change of variables is given by
ⱍ ⱍ冟
We compute the Jacobian as follows:
sin cos sin sin cos cos
共x, y, z兲
苷 sin sin sin cos cos sin
共 , , 兲
cos 0 sin
苷 cos 冟
sin sin cos cos
sin cos cos sin
sin 冟sin cos sin sin
sin sin sin cos 冟
苷 cos 共 2 sin cos sin2 2 sin cos cos2 兲
sin 共 sin2 cos2 sin2 sin2 兲
苷 2 sin cos2 2 sin sin2 苷 2 sin
冟 冟
共x, y, z兲
共 , , 兲 ⱍ ⱍ
苷 2 sin 苷 2 sin
12.9 Exercises ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
3. x 苷 , y苷
uv uv 17. (a) Evaluate xxxE dV, where E is the solid enclosed by the
4. x 苷 sin
, y 苷 cos
ellipsoid x 2兾a 2 y 2兾b 2 z 2兾c 2 苷 1. Use the transfor-
mation x 苷 au, y 苷 bv, z 苷 cw.
5. x 苷 uv, y 苷 vw, z 苷 uw (b) Earth is not a perfect sphere; rotation has resulted in
6. x 苷 e uv
, y苷e uv
, z 苷 e uvw flattening at the poles. So the shape can be approxi-
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
mated by an ellipsoid with a 苷 b 苷 6378 km and
c 苷 6356 km. Use part (a) to estimate the volume of
7–10 ■ Find the image of the set S under the given Earth.
transformation.
18. Evaluate xxxE x 2 y dV , where E is the solid of Exercise 17(a).
ⱍ
7. S 苷 兵共u, v兲 0 u 3, 0 v 2其;
x 苷 2u 3v, y 苷 u v 19–23 ■ Evaluate the integral by making an appropriate change
11. xxR 共3x 4y兲 dA, where R is the region bounded by the
lines y 苷 x, y 苷 x 2, y 苷 2x, and y 苷 3 2x;
21. yy cos
R
冉 冊
yx
yx
dA, where R is the trapezoidal region
x 苷 13 共u v兲, y 苷 13 共v 2u兲 with vertices 共1, 0兲, 共2, 0兲, 共0, 2兲, and 共0, 1兲
12. xxR 共x y兲 dA, where R is the square with vertices 共0, 0兲, 22. xxR sin共9x 2 4y 2 兲 dA, where R is the region in the first
共2, 3兲, 共5, 1兲, and 共3, 2兲; x 苷 2u 3v, y 苷 3u 2v quadrant bounded by the ellipse 9x 2 4y 2 苷 1
13. xxR x 2 dA,
where R is the region bounded by the ellipse 23. xxR e xy dA, where R is given by the inequality
9x 4y 苷 36; x 苷 2u, y 苷 3v
2 2
ⱍxⱍ ⱍyⱍ 1
14. xxR 共x 2 xy y 2 兲 dA,
where R is the region bounded ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
by the ellipse x xy y 2 苷 2;
2
24. Let f be continuous on 关0, 1兴 and let R be the triangular
x 苷 s2u s2兾3 v, y 苷 s2u s2兾3 v region with vertices 共0, 0兲, 共1, 0兲, and 共0, 1兲. Show that
15. xxR xy dA,where R is the region in the first quadrant
1
bounded by the lines y 苷 x and y 苷 3x and the hyperbolas yy f 共x y兲 dA 苷 y u f 共u兲 du
0
xy 苷 1, xy 苷 3; x 苷 u兾v, y 苷 v R