Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba

engleza
Direct and indirect (reported) speech
Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in engleza
Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul indirect (vorbirea indirecta).

 In direct speech, we repeat the original speaker’s exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: “Mi-am pierdut umbrela”.)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.

 In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse că şi-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain,
object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect.

When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.

 TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:

He sais that …. (El a spus că….) - vorbirea indirecta

= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he’ ll never get married.

2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta

Direct speech - vorbirea Indirect speech - vorbirea

directa indirecta
Simple Present - Vorbirea Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta
directa = He explained that he never ate
"I never eat meat" he explained. meat.
(“Eu niciodată nu mănânc (El explică faptul că nu mânca
carne” explică el). niciodată carne.)
Present Continuous - Vorbirea Past Continuous - Vorbirea
directa indirecta
‘"I’ m waiting for Ann" he said. = He said (that) he was waiting
(“O aştept pe Ana” spuse el). for Ann.
(Spuse că o aştepta pe Ann).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea Past Perfect - Vorbirea
directa indirecta
‘"I have found a flat" she said. = She said (that) she had found a
(“Am găsit un apartament” flat.
spuse ea). (Ea spuse că îşi găsise un
apartament).
Present Perfect Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous -
Vorbirea directa Vorbirea indirecta
He said "I’ ve been waiting for = He said (that)he had been
ages". waiting for ages.
(El spuse: “Am aşteptat o (El spuse că aşteptase o groază
groază de timp.”) de timp).
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa Past Perfect - Vorbirea
‘"I took it home with me" she indirecta
said. = She said she had taken it home
(“L-am luat acasă cu mine” with her.
spuse ea.) (Ea spuse că îl luase acasă cu
 ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
He said, ‘"I shall/will be in = he said he would be in Rome
Rome on Monday". on Monday.
(El spuse: “Voi fi în Roma (El spuse că va fi în Roma luni.)
luni.”)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea = Conditional Continuous -
directa Vorbirea indirecta
"I will/shall be using the car on She said she’d be using the car on
the 1st " she said. the 1st.
(“Voi folosi maşina pe data de (Ea spuse că va folosi maşina pe
1” spuse ea) data de 1).
Conditional - Vorbirea directa Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said, ‘"I would/should like to I said I would/should like to see it.
see it" . (Eu am spus că aş vrea să o văd.)
(Eu am spus: “Aş vrea să o
văd.”)
Direct speech - vorbirea Indirect speech - vorbirea
directa indirecta

3. Note on I/we shall/should

I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
(“Voi împlini 21 ani mâine”. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse că va împlini 21 ani în ziua următoare.)

But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we would.

 PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1. In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged.
He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday.
(El spuse: “Ann a ajuns luni.” = El spuse că Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.)
He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis.
(El spuse: "Când i-am văzut eu, jucau tenis.” = El spuse că atunci când i-a văzut, jucau tenis.)

2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: “M-am hotărât să nu cumpăr casa pentru că era pe strada principală.” = Ea spuse că s-a hotărât să nu cumpere casa pentru că era pe strada principală).

 SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH - vorbirea indirecta

1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:
"It’ s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began planning their holidays.
(“Este timpul să începem să ne planificăm concediul”. Spuse el. = El spuse că era timpul să înceapă să îşi planifice concediul.)

2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged.

You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive.
"You’d better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water.
(“Mai bine nu ai bea apă.” Spuse ea. = Ne sugeră să nu bem apă.)

3. Conditional sentences remain unchanged.

"If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were older, he would emigrate.
(“Dacă ar fi mai mari copiii mei, aş emigra”. Spuse el. = el spuse că dacă ar fi mai mari copiii lui, ar emigra.)

 MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form:
He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day.
(El spuse: “S-ar putea să sune Ann astăzi.” = El spuse că s-ar putea să sune Ann în acea zi.)

2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:

"They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road.
(“Ar trebui să lărgească strada.” Spuse el. = El spuse că ar trebui să lărgească strada.)

3. Would in statements does not change.

"I’d be very grateful if you’d keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed.
(“Aş fi foarte recunoscător dacă m-ai ţine la curent.”Spuse el = El mă rugă să îl ţin la current.)

4. Used to does not change.

"I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there.
(“Cunosc bine locul pentru că am stat acolo.” Explică el. = El explică faptul că ştia locul pentru că a stat acolo.)
  PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when the speaker is reporting his own words:

I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: “Îmi place casa mea nouă.” = El a spus că îi plăcea casa lui nouă.)

This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next day.
(El a spus: “Vom discuta (problema) mâine.” = El a spus că vor discuta (problema) yiua următoare.)

 EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech - vorbirea Indirect speech - vorbire

directa indirecta
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
Next week/ year etc. The following week/ year etc.
Last week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc.
A year ago A year before/ the previous year
Direct speech - vorbirea Indirect speech - vorbire
directa indirecta

 SAY AND TELL

1. Say and tell with direct speech
Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say and noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but
inversion with tell is not possible.
"I’m leaving at once" Tom said. (“Plec odată.” A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
"I’m leaving at once" Tom told me. (“Plec odată.” Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa

2. Say and tell with indirect speech

Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.