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Pri PPT PDF
Pri PPT PDF
Transformer Sequence Circuit Model
X3
IY0 ZH0 (+/-) ZX0
Y1
Y2 * H0 X0
IN
N H1
C S X
* IY0 ZY0
IC0 X1 X
* Polarizing Current
X2 N
H2
(a) Autotransformer with delta tertiary (b) Zero sequence circuit
Single Phase Testing
T Branch Model
2
Three‐phase Autotransformer
Positive Sequence Impedance Testing
ZHX1 ZHY1
Three‐phase Autotransformer
Zero Sequence Impedance Testing
ZHX0 ZHY0
Effect of Core Type on
Zero Sequence Impedance
Effect of Core Type on
Zero Sequence Impedance
Phantom Tertiary
Effect of Core Type on
Zero Sequence Impedance
T Branch Model
• ZY0 may vary 0.5 to 1.0 times
positive sequence measurement
• Refer to IEEE Standard
C57.12.90 – 2010 for zero
sequence impedance testing
Impedances for Different
Winding Arrangements
Winding Configuration Positive Sequence Positive Sequence
Impedance Impedance
H ‐ X H ‐ Y X ‐ Y H X Y
1 Core‐TV‐LV‐HV 10.6 29.0 14.4 12.6 ‐2.00 16.4
2 Core‐LV‐TV‐HV 10.2 8.4 11.4 3.6 6.6 4.8
3 Core‐LV‐HV‐TV 10.4 39.7 70.3 ‐10.1 20.5 49.8
All impedances are in % on 0.6*280 MVA base at rated winding voltage. ZBase = kV2/MVA,
ZW = ZBase x Z%/100, HVR ‐ regulating winding
280 MVA Autotransformer
Zero Sequence Currents for Single ‐G
Ground Fault on HV and LV
SC Case Winding HV (kA) LV (kA) TV (kA)
Configuration Line Series Line Common Line Winding
winding winding
280 MVA Autotransformer
Determining k0
Perunit
Current
Zero Sequence T Branch Model
Relative Amps in Three Winding
YYD Transformers
Autotransformer Conventional
Application Criteria for Polarization
High Side Fault Low Side Fault
Delta 1 1
Neutral / /
Field Application Study
Utility A Utility B Both
Total units in survey 57 28 85
# (%) with negative high side branch
0 0 0
impedance
Buried or Non‐loaded Tertiary Loaded Tertiary
Mitigation
Alternative to Neutral Current Polarization
• Use equivalent delta tertiary polarization current if delta cts
are not available.
Neutral and Low Side Cts High and Low Side Cts
Mitigation – Transformer Design
• Delta tertiary current reversal is
eliminated by a varied number of
designs changing the relative
impedance between windings.
– Example: placing the tertiary
between the series and common
windings.
– Effects on transformer’s first and
operating costs are considered.
• Specified by some utilities
• Neutral current may still reverse
as it is dependent on VX/VH ratio
for high side fault
Mitigation
[Compensated] Polarizing Voltage
• Zero and Negative sequence voltages are far more
reliable polarization methods if sensitivity is not an
issue.
• This is particularly true in applications where mutual
coupling affects the reliability of both zero sequence
voltage and current polarization methods and negative
sequence voltage polarization needs to be used.
• Microprocessor technology methods have been
developed that reliably compensate zero and negative
sequence polarizing voltages with the respective line
zero or negative sequence current to address
sensitivity issues
Mitigation
[Compensated] Polarizing Voltage
• Zero sequence voltage compensated with zero sequence current
Conclusions
• Voltage polarization and impedance compensated voltage
polarization are recommended as first choices.
• Reliable polarization current can generally be obtained from the
delta tertiary winding.
– There are a few exceptions where zero sequence source
impedance is very small and does not allow its use.
– Schemes involving the neutral and line cts are available to provide
a proportional quantity when tertiary windings are not provided
with cts.
– Each application should be reviewed with system changes.
• Polarization current from the neutral ct is not generally reliable
and, therefore, not recommended where alternatives are
available.
– Using the neutral ct connected to line cts with an auxiliary
transformer may very well be suitable (above).
Conclusions
• Accurate zero sequence testing is desired for
development of the T branch model.
• Different winding configurations can eliminate
the negative impedance.
– The possible extra costs, first and evaluated,
should be considered
• Different winding configurations can move the
negative impedance to the high voltage side.
– Possible for transformers with high VH/VX turns
ratios (e.g. 345/34.5 kV).