Tanta University

Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Examination For (fourth Year) Pharmacy Students

‫جامعةطنطا‬ Course Code:
‫كليةالصيدلة‬ Pharmaceutical Microbiology
PM704
Total Total Assessment Time Allowed:
pages:8 26 / 1 /2017 First Term Marks:50 2 hour

I-Please mark the correct statement, only one, at the corresponding number in the Answer sheet.
Answers elsewhere are not going to be considered. (40 Marks) total points; 105 bonus 5 points

N0. a b c d e N0. a b c d e

1 23

2 24

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6 28

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10 32

11 33

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 1. All true abut Meropenem Except
a- Active against Gram positive bacteria
@b- Can be used to treat MRSA
c- Active against P. aeruginosa
d- Broad spectrum against Gram negative bacteria
e- Must be given by injection

2. The following is a destructive tests

a- Quality assurance @b- Quality control
c- Good manufacture practice d- Total quality assurance
e- A and B

3. The procedure which builds quality into the product is

Any anser
@c- Total quality assurance d- practice
e- Standard operating procedure

Sterility test is Any anser

4.
a- Quality assurance @b- Quality control
c- Total quality assurance d- Good laboratory practice
e- C and D

5. The most resistant form of microorganisms to sterilization methods and disinfectants is

a- Gram negative bacteria b- Gram positive bacteria
c- Fungal spore's @d- Bacterial spores
e- None enveloped virus

6. Which is not true about Acyclovir

a- It is a pro drug
@ b- Only inhibits viral DNA synthesis
c- Absorption after oral use reaches 60 90
d- It reaches CSF
e- C and D

7. Which is not true about sovaldi

a- inhibits RNA virus b- Well absorbed from GIT
c- Used to treat virus C d- should not be single therapy for hepatitis C
@e- may cause birth defects in ladies under treatment

8. The most selective antibacterial activity would be exhibited by a drug that inhibit
synthesis of
@a- Cell wall b- Protein c- Cell membrane d- Nucleic acid
e- Essential metabolite formation

9. Which of the following is not a bactericidal

@a- Tetracycline b- Natural penicillin c- Ampicillin d- Bacitracin e- Cephalexin
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 10. Vancomycin is the drug of choice for
a- Coagulase negative staphylococci @b- MRSA
c- Gram positive bacilli d- All of the above

11. All of these are characters of tetracycline Except

a- Broad spectrum b- Inhibits chlamydiae
c- Interferes with tRNA and mRNA binding @d- Brown in color
e- None of the above

12. The following antibiotic can be used in meningitis

a- Cephalexin b- Cephradine @ c- Chloramphenicol d- Streptomycin e- Gentamicin

13. It can be used to treat mycoplasma infection

@a- Tetracycline b- Bacitracin c- Moxalactam d- Cefotaxime e- Vancomycin

14. The following is true about Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole combination Except
a- Synergistic @ b- Additive c- Indirectly inhibits DNA
d- Used for urinary tract infection e- Acts by competitive inhibition

15. CAT enzyme is responsible for resistance against

a- Clarithromycin b- Carbincillin c- Cefoxitime d- Cephalexin @ e- Chloramphenicol

16. Resistance of mycoplasma to this antibiotic is considered intrinsic resistance

@a- Amoxacillin b- Tetracycline c- Erythromycin d- Azithromycin e- Chloramphenicol

17. The main disadvantage of the most active Cephalosporin is

a- less stable to-lactamases b- usually narrow spectrum
c -allergy @d- cannot be taken orally e- no activity against G-ve

18. The best drug to treat Herpes simplex is

a) vidarabine b) amantadine @c) acyclovir
d) zidovudine e) ofloxacin

19. Water boils at 121oC at pressure of

a) 5 PSI b) 10 PSI c) 15 PSI d) 20 PSI @e) 30 PSI
20. All true about autoclaving except
a) death results from denaturation of essential molecules
@b) death results from oxidation
c) temperature must be above 100oC
d) temperature is inversely proportion to log time e) b and e

21. The most common method used to control microbes in food is

a) Autoclaving b) ultraviolet @c) pasteurization
d) Ultra heat treatment e) gas plasma sterilization
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 22. The preservative often used in topical and oral preparations is
a-ethyl alcohol @b- methyl and propyl benzoate
c- cetrimide d- chlorhexidine
e- none of the above

23. …………… has a sporocidal activity

a- ethanol b- zephiran @ c- glutaraldethyde
d- chlorhexidine e- a&c
The following subjects undergo sterilization, choose the best sterilization control method from the four
choices on the list (a -d ) mentioned above.( questions 24-31)
a) Dry heat b)autoclaving c) membrane filtration d) ionizing radiation
24. Heat stable fixed oil
25. Insulin solution ccc
26. Surgical dressing sterilization bb
27. Disposable syringes dd
28. Endoscope and cyst scope dd
29. Glass ware aa
30. Water for injection ampoules bbb
31. Surgical dressings for burns containing antibiotics dddd

32. Hydrogen peroxide is

a- Fungicidal and bactericidal but not sporicidal agent
b- A strong oxidizing agent
c- Used as disinfectant and preservative
d- All of the above

@e- B and C
33. Concerning the susceptibility to biocides, the following, in general, are true Except
a- Bacterial spores are more resistant than fungal spores
@b- Nicked viruses are more resistant than enveloped viruses
c- Molds are more resistant than yeasts
d- Mycobacteria are more resistant than Staphylococcus aureus
e- C and D

34. Chick – Martin phenol coefficient test is differentiated from Rideal-Walker test by all the
following Except
a- Salmonella typhi is used as test organism
b- The test is done in duplicated
c- Method of calculation of phenol coefficient of the unknown

d- Contact time is 30 min at 20oC @e- A and D

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 35. Evaluation of preservative is only applied
a- For non-sterile pharmaceuticals @b- On the finished product
c- At the beginning of shelf life d- At the end of shelf life
e- For sterile products only
36. Exchange of short DNA segments between Plasmids and bacterial chromosome is called
a- Conjugation b- Transformation c- Transduction

@d -Transposition e- All of the above

37. Advantage of dry heat is
a- high heat content b- control process is easier than autoclaving
c- does not contaminate materials with toxic substances

d- a and c @e- all of the above

38. The following can not be sterilized with ethylene oxide

a- surgical dressing b- powder for external use

@c- Powder for internal use d- fabric and cloths

e- Surgical tools

39. All the following pharmaceuticals are more likely to be spoiled than others EXCEPT
a- Raw materials form animal or plant origin
b- Preparations containing vitamins or hormones
c- Preparations containing low level of sugar or glycerol

@- Oily preparations
e- None of the above
40. The following is related to sterility assurance Except
a- Depend upon bioburden b- Numerical value

c- Measure probability @d- Depend on the sterilization method

e- D-value can be used to determine it any answer

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Compare the methods of sterilization; fill the information in the following table.(12marks)

Characters Ethlyene oxide Autoclaving

Mode of action Alkylation of amino ,hydroxyl Coagulation and denaturation
and COOH groups INPROTEIN of macromolecules leading to
And nucleic acid of the killing of microbes
microbes

Concentration of the gas 800- 121C for 15 min. or 115 for

Conditions 1000 mg /liter temp.35-65C 30min or 134C for 3.5 min for
Humidity 30-60% time 3-4 surgical dressings ONE
hours CONDITION IS ENOUGH

- Application 1- PLASTIC SYRINGES

a) suitable for 2- 2powder for external
3 examples only use
3- Surgical dressings
4- Urinary catheters
not suitable for
3 examples Aqueous solutions
Powder for internal use
Vitamins and hormones
Large containers
* Advantages
2 advantages Used for thermo labile powder
Good surface sterilizer for
plastic syringes and medical
supplies
Water for injections in glass
vials
Microbiological media
Surgical dressings
Sterilization of surgical tools
Powders
Thermo labile materials
Vitamins ;hormones
Very efficient method of
sterilization .simple
equipments less time and
heat than dry heat etc

* Disadvantages
2 disadvantages Toxic
Explosive Cannot be used for thermo
Weak penetration power labile medicaments
Not suitable anhydrous
materials like oil poder

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III) Write the main differences between the following pairs. (22 Marks)

1) UV and IR

UV is radiation with specific Wave length causing thymidine diamer not able to be sterilizing
agent limited use for keeping sterilized place sterile.
IR wave main function production of heat used in IR tunnel to sterilize empty ampoules
……..

2) Quality control and quality assurance. Any answer on no answer takes 2 p0ints

3) MIC and MBC. Mic measure static effects while MBC measures cidal effects if he writes
definition is ok

4) Acquired and native {natural} resistance to antibiotics with examples. Acquired means the
organism was sensitive to the antibiotics after use for many times acquired resistance eg.
Staphylococcus in 1950-1960 were sensitive to PenicillinG now mainly resistance by several
mechanisms. Natural resistance the organisms were never sensitive to the antibiotic from the
beginning eg Mycoplasma were sensitive to penicillin

5) Beta lactamases in Gram, positive and Gram negative. In Gram positive B.lactamases are
secreted outside the cells in the medium Gram negative the enzymes are found inside the
microbe in the periplasmic space

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6) Both D and Z values in sterilization
any answer or no answer are accepted

7 ) Antiseptics and disinfectants with examples

Same effect in use antiseptic for use on living tissues disinfectants on nonliving obects table
floor etc

8) Tincture iodine and betadine (organic iodine) same effect but oganic iodine is non irritant
does not stain clothes contains no alcohol can be used as mouth wash

9) Fluid thioglycolate and Trypticase soya broth in sterility test FTB for detrction of aerobic
and anaerobic bacteria TSB for detection of fungi and highly aerobic mbacteri

10) Amoxicillin and augmentin

Amoxicillin broad spectrum antibiotic but sensitive to penicillinase enzyme augmentin

contains amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid which can bind to penicillinase enzyme protecting
amoxicillin from degradation the net results will be penicillinase resistant

11) Sensitivity of enveloped and non enveloped viruses to biocides

From the book diagram required

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IV- Give reasons why (15 marks)

1-Ethylene oxide cannot be used to sterilize large package of plastic syringes

Weak penetration power

2- Emulsion cannot be sterilized by filtration

The paricles of emulsion will be traped by the filter

3-ciprofloxacin must not be given to children under 14 years old

Interferes with cartilage formation and tendons lead to very dangerous side effects

4-Aminoglycosides are not effective in systemic infection when taken orally

They do not absorbed from GIT to reach blood very polar compounds

5- Treatment of TB must be achieved by combined antibiotic therapy

Reduce side effects;prevent overcome development of resistance it is a chronic infection takes a
long time to treat ;nature of organism needs more than one drug at the same time

6-role of rezasurine dye in FTM for sterility test any answer is accepted or no answer

8-TSB is used to detect Bacillus in sterility test test any answer is accepted or no answer

9-Cilastin is added to imipenem injections to prevent its degradation by dihydropeptidaze produced

by the kidney

10- Ethyl alcohol cannot be used as sterilizing agent

Has no sporocidal effects

11-pasturized milk must be kept in refrigerator because it might spores and non pathogenic infew
numbers to prevent their growthand prevent milk spoilage

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12-TSB medium in sterility test is incubated at25c degree suitable for fungal growth

13- Eye drops must contain preservative multidose sterile preparation to prevent growth of any
microbes introduced during usage

14-parabens are common preservatives in oral and cosmetics preparations

No smell 9odor) no taste less toxic than other compounds also wide number of compounds with
different chemical and biological characters

15-Filtration is the most delicate method of sterilization comparing to other methods

The subject will not be exposed to heat or even any temp. increase than the room and the obeject
will not be exposed to any toxic chemicals or any chemical or radiation

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 V-Complete the table of Classification of Penicillin's (16 marks)

Classification Two examples Antimicrobial spectrum

First Group Penicillin G Active against Gram Positive cocci such as staphylococcus
injection only spp . streptococci and Gram negative cocci also T.
and penicillin V palladium not active against most of Gram negative bacilli
can be used
no activity against TB no activity against M.pneumonia
orally
sensitive to penicillinase enzyme produced by both Gram+
and G- microbes the grup is narrow spectrum antibiotics

Second Group Dicloxacillin Mainly used to treat gram positive organisms resistant to
;flucloxacillin penicillin G and also for penicillinase producing S.aureus the
methicillin group is still narrow spectrum active against gram positive cocci
and some bacilli

Third Group Ampicillin Broad spectrum active against many G+ and G-such as
Amoxicillin staphylococci and strpeptcocci E.coli .salmonella ; S.dysntari
other shigella spp. Niesssiria not active agains Pseudomonas
and sensitive to penicillinase enzyme

Fourth Group Ticarcillin Broad spectrum G+ and G- active against P.aeuginosa and
Carbinicillin proteus spp. Klebsilla ………..etc

Write Down the mechanism of action of penicillin's

Binds to trans peptidase inhibits the formation of cross linkage of peptidoglycan so the
peptidoglycan lose its strength and bacteria became without well formed cell wall and will be
(lyse or for long filaments ; … or die r

Writ 3 mechanisms by which bacteria acquire resistance to penicillin's

Production of Beta lactamases which open the Beta lactam ring of penicillin make it
inactive
2-change of target site
3-change of membrane permeability
Two main side effects of penicillin's
1-hyper sensitivity
2- GIT problems with oral taken medications
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