Subculture, a concept from the academic fields of sociology and cultural studies, is a group of

people within a culture that differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs, often
maintaining some of its founding principles.
The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological
innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. Subsequently, cultural lag
does not only apply to this idea only, but also relates to theory and explanation. It helps by
identifying and explaining social problems to predict future problems.
Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment
which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when
experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between
social environments, or simply transition to another type of life.[1] One of the most common causes of
culture shock involves individuals in a foreign environment. Culture shock can be described as
consisting of at least one of four distinct phases: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and
adaptation.
Common problems include: information overload, language barrier, generation gap, technology gap,
skill interdependence, formulation dependency, homesickness (cultural), infinite regress
(homesickness), boredom (job dependency), response ability (cultural skill set).[2] There is no true
way to entirely prevent culture shock, as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural
contrasts differently.[3]
Cultural dualism is a political and cultural program designed to affirm this cultural duality
in a legally symmetrical way, based on hopes of achieving harmony that are that are
well intended but often largely abstract and illusory
uring the time of Sri-Vijaya Empire (1180 CE), India was Asia’s most advance
civilization as well as the richest country. The province of Sulu and the Visayas
region was the center of trading in our country. The emperor of Sri-Visjaya is so
powerful that it extended to the Bay of Malay, Sumatra, Ceylon, Java, Celebes and
Borneo. When the empire collapses, it was replaced by the Majapahit Empire on
1300 CE.

Indian Influence to Philippine Culture

There is no much evidence found by archeologists that proves the direct influence of
India to the Philippines. But during the reign of the two empires in India (Sri-
Visjaya & Majapahit), there are evidences that the Filipino Culture was indeed
had been influenced by India. There were many Sanskrit words that were mixed
and used by the Filipinos. One example of this is the word “Bathala” which is the
term used by Filipinos to call their God. This word came from the Sanskrit word
“Bhattara Guru (the highest of all the Gods in India).
The oldest form of writings used by our Filipino Ancestors also came from India.
In fact, many of our Tagalog words today are of Sanskrit origin. Some of these
include asawa (spouse), puri (reputation), wika (dialect), guru (teacher), maharlika
(noble), to name a few. The subjects and characters of our epics are similar to the
Indian epics. For example, the subject and characters of the epic from Lanao entitled
“Darangan” are in similar to that of Indian epic. The Hindu epic entitled
“Mahabharata” is similar to the Ifugao epic about their gods. The Ilocano epic
“Lam-ang” is similar structure with the Hindu. The Filipino fables such as “And
Lawin at angInahing Manok” (The Eagle and the Mother Hen) and “Ang
Unggoy at ang Pagong” (The Monkey and the Turtle) as well the legends like
“Alamat ng Agusan” (The Legend of Agusan) has similar to that of India.

The industry of cotton weaving,boat making, and mining are all knowledge we learn
from India. India alsobrings to us some of the well-known fruit bearing and
flowering plants and vegetable such as mango, jackfruit, sponge gourd
(patola), bittergourd (amplalaya), and more.
Even the cloths such as the sarong, putong, pantalong hapit, and burdadong
balabal which were used by many of our Muslim-Filipinos brother are all inherited
from the Hindu. The use of the veil and cord and the splashing of rice during a
wedding are all of Hindu roots. It is only here in the Philippines and other Catholic
countries have this kind of customs.

The “Bahala Na” Attitude and the “Leaving of our fate to God” are behaviors
that we inherited from India. The giving of “dote” (dowry) by the groom’s family to
the parents of the bride is a custom that we probably inherited from the Hindu
Culture.
Even some of our superstitions belief came from India. An example of these is
“when a lady is singing while cooking in from of a stove will marry a widower” or
“a pregnant women who eats a twin banana will bear a twins” and “the occurrence
of a comet in the sky means a war or calamity is coming”.

Author’s note: Another compiling story and history of my motherland and

its citizens.