Name : Eva Abdillah

S.R.N : 2201413112

Subject : Approaches and Methods in TESOL

The Most Important Information That I have Learned From The

Harmer's Chapter 6: Popular Methodology

1. A1. Audio – lingualism

This method has forced the pupils to understand each chapter of material by drilling and
repeating after teachers saying. In this method the teachers are also asked to give any
reinforcement or compliment toward the students who has done the imitation.

2. A2. Presentation, Practice, and Production

Based on these procedures, the teacher is able to introduce each situation according to the
context of the language that will be taught. The teachers have to make sure the understanding of
each students by the accurate of reproduction techniques (in this point oral are more
emphasized). Above all, to help and guarantee the successful of this method, teacher must to
follow about three procedures. Such as: presentation, practice, and production.
 Presentation: the teacher showing the students some pictures or video. After
analyzing each of them, the teacher point one of the subject and ask the students to
repeat after him. Example : Eva`s drinking a glass of tea, repeat it (teacher)
Eva`s drinking a glass of tea. (students).
 Practice : The teachers choose one of the subject, again. Later he asks one of the
students to mention it.
Example : Can you tell me, what is Nina doing, Dila? (teacher)
Nina is watering some flowers (student)
Good job Dila. Now everybody repeat it, again(teacher)
 Production : The difficulty of production is higher than Presentation and Practice. It
because in the production aspect, the students are encouraged to use the new language
in sentences with their own diction based on the pictures that teachers has showed.

3. A3. PPP and alternatives to PPP

 Many experts are arguing the effectiveness of PPP methods. Many have said they don`t give
any beneficial inside and have forced the students study in the too straight line. Because of that
many people have provided any kind of alternatives way to change the PPP methods. Such as:
 ARC (Authentic Use, Restricted Use, Clarification and focus)
ARC is a labeling different parts of lesson. We can divide each chapters of materials
in the different qualification. For example: communicative aspect belongs to the
Authentic part. Furthermore drilling, guided writing belong to the Restricted. Error
analyze, grammar, give example belong to the Clarification side.
 OHE/III :
The students are allowed to observe first then they give some problems that they have
to discover with experiment.
 ESA (Engage, Study, Active) :
According to the meaning of ESA, we can take a conclusion that the main subject is
students. They are engaged to study actively. In this point, the teachers should
engaged before asking them to do some questions. After the activity has finished, the
teachers will be easier to repair and determine which is the correct or incorrect side.

4. A4. The Communicative Approach

This method is often called by Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). It is more stressed
on how useful and significance of the using at language function. CLT also lack the focusing on
the grammar and vocabulary. The pupils are only ask to be able to speak a lot and never get doubt
it because CLT activities typically tries to persuade the students talking with appropriate words
and it belongs to the realistic human communication. So that`s why the teacher must to have the
ability to create the students` communication desire as much as possible.

5. A5. Task – Based Learning (TBL)

After the teaching program has done, it is going to be much better if each teacher apply the
Task Based Learning method. This method focuses on the task or questions giving, that related to
the learning before. The students are demanded to involve and solve each problems in the
discussion forum. For example: when the class is over, the teacher gave some feed back toward
the students such as written question or oral question related to the material. Later, the students
have to answer those questions, well. From this feed back giving, the teacher not only evaluate
student`s diction, but also the grammar and vocabulary using. This method is very easy and useful
to do. Because the teachers can understand their student`s ability with one way.

6. A6. Four Methods

 Four methods are considered by humanistic approaches. Although they have many pro and
contra comment, it doesn`t mean they can not contribute toward learning improve. The four
methods are:
a. Community Language Learning :
This method emphasizes the students to speak in English as much as possible bravely. Once
in a while, they are permitted to make a circle group with a tutor inside. The tutor let the students
to speak anything and able to use English as media. After that, the tutor translates each sentence
from students saying into English. Sometimes, tape recorder is able to use as another media.
b. The Silent Way
Silent way is a unique method. The teachers are not allowed to say a lot in the learning
material explanation or even entering the conversation. They just communicate with pointing and
physical object. Imitating the teacher direction is the best way how to catch the students
understanding from each chapter, then the teacher can give some gestures to describe an
agreement or disagreement from the students` answers.
c. Suggestopaedia

Learning some difficult materials (in this point is English) maybe is the great way to create a
students anxiety. Because of that Suggestopedia provides an escape way to solve that problem. It
is by chance the atmosphere or circumstances in the learning environment. The teachers can make
sure that the environment full of joy, cheerful, and comfortable physical surrounding. In addition
the students are also given any different names because it can avoid the traumatic feeling and
increase the desire to learn.

d. Total Physical Response (TPR)

Based on the founder decision, James Asher believes that if children learn the language by
speech directed to perform an action, then when they will be adults the only way to learn best is
the same way too. Basically, this method force the students to respond the language what they
have heard by an action.

7. A7. Humanistic Teaching

To create a comfortable and prevent a traumatic feeling, Humanistic teaching provides a
joyful way. It is by let the students to solve each question and use their own experiment as the
answers. They also permit to involve their lives and their happiness in the classroom activities.
For instance, when they are asked to make a recount text, they can take a memory from their
lives to be written on a paper and put as a text. Or in the descriptive text they are allowed to
describe their favorite things, just like their pets, favorite food and drinks, beautiful flowers and
garden, etc.
8. A8. The Lexical Approach
The Lexical Approach reveals the students that language consists not only about traditional
grammar and vocabularies. In addition, this method is more emphasized about the rich of
language style. For example in the Lexical Phrases aspect has been separated into collocation,
idioms, fixed and semi – fixed phrases, etc.

B.

1. B1. Methods and Culture

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people. Based on
that meaning it means that the difference of behavior is the most determinant of each
culture. So that`s why if two educational culture seem to have come each other, they will
create a different form not only about attitude but also about the way how to speak
(dialect). Unfortunately, if the difference culture can not be handled in the right way, it
has a potential to create a conflict inside. Moreover, there are differing expectation the
teaching learning process can become a large problematic in the terrible mistake. Take an
instance from the students` point of view, this misunderstanding will make a quiet and
embracing position, furthermore they will never realize that the agreement of each norms
has not be used again.

2. B2. Making Choices

Actually to determine the most suitable method for us to teach some lesson is not easy at all.
Each theory that has been found by the expert always contains many pros and contras and still be
argued. These are the theories or methods that has been announced and introduced by the experts
to improve learning system.
 Exposure to language - Discovery
 Input - Grammar and Lexis
 CLT - Methodology and Culture
 The affective – variable - etc

The age, character type of learners, cultural background, and the level they are studying are
the greatest determination to determine the most suitable method. Each student have their own
level of ability. We can not make them in the same level, because it will create any difficulties
toward the poor one. Keep practice constantly and study hardly are able to be run when the
teachers have some high expectation.