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2
Topics

 Introduction
Electronic Waste Management – Issues  What is E-waste?

and Challenges  Categories in E-waste

 Why we need to manage/recycle?
 E-waste generation in India and comparison with world scenario ; Facts & figures
BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY
 Estimation of waste electronic and electrical equipment(WEEE)
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
 Economic assessment of E-waste (Rare earth minerals, precious metals)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Quantification of health hazard due to informal recycling of E-Waste
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR
 Extraction of precious and rare earth metals from End-of- Life (EOL) electronic products
 E-Waste management in India and comparison with world scenario
 Social impacts of recycling of E-Waste

3 4
Introduction What is E-Waste

 Waste is an outcome of product or a substance that is no longer suited for its
intended use.
 Hazardous and non hazardous waste.
 Threat to human health and the environment if it is not handled properly.
 Industrial, biomedical waste, Electronic & electrical equipment are the examples
categories.
 Highly Required to be disposed off as per national laws.
 E-Waste comprises of a broad and growing range of electronic devices, ranging from
large household devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones, personal
stereos, and consumer electronics to computers which have been discarded by their
users.
 It can be defined as waste equipment which is dependent on electric currents or
electromagnetic fields to work properly and designed for use with a voltage rating not
exceeding 1000 Volt for alternating current and 1500 Volt for direct current.(Townsend.,
2011.
 Robinson 2009 defines E-Waste as "any device connected to a power source that no
longer satisfies the current owner to the purpose for which it was created.", such as
computer, television, cellphones, refrigerator and ovens.

5 6
What is E-Waste (contd..) Classification of E-waste (A)

 With the presence of deadly chemicals and toxic substances in the electronic gadgets,
disposal of E-Waste is becoming an environmental and health nightmare.
 Globally only 15 – 20 percent of E-Waste is recycled while the rest is dumped into
developing countries such as India, China and Nigeria.
E-Waste can be classified as:
 Temperature exchange equipment’s such as cooling and freezing equipment
(refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, heat pumps)

 Screens, monitors (televisions, monitors, laptops, notebooks, and tablets)

 Lamps such as straight fluorescent lamp, compact fluorescent lamp and LED lamps
Image courtesy: www.theverge.com
Image courtesy: www.googleimages.com
etc.

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7 8
Categories of E-waste (Contd..) Classification of E-waste (A)

 Large equipment such as washing machines, clothes dryers, dish washing

machines, electric stoves, large printing machines, copying equipment and
photovoltaic panels.

 Small equipment comprises of vacuum cleaners, microwaves, ventilation Large Household Information and Consumer
equipment, toasters, electric kettles and electric shavers. Appliances Communication Electronics
Technology Equipment
Refrigerator, Freezer, Washing Computers, Laptops, Mobiles, Toaster, Coffee machines,
 Small IT and telecommunication equipment. For example, mobile phones, GPS, Clocks, Watches, Hair dryer,
machine, Cooking appliances Computer Accessories, Printers,
pocket calculators and routers etc. etc. Copying Equipment etc. Shavers etc.

9 10
Classification of E-waste (B) Classification of E-waste

Large Household Small Household Electrical and Consumer Lightning Toys, Leisure and
Appliances Appliances Electronic Tools Equipment Equipment Sports Equipment
Refrigerator, Freezer, Washing Vacuum cleaner, Watch, Drills, Saws, Sewing Machines TV, Radio, Video Camera, CFL, Sodium Vapor Lamp, Computers, Phones, Video
machine, Cooking appliances Grinders, Hair dryer etc. etc. Amplifiers etc. Fan, Switches, Wires etc. games, Electric trains etc.
etc.

11 12
Classification of E-waste Composition of E-waste ( Previous Scenario)
Composition of E-waste
Others
Ferrous Metal Iron and Steel Glass Ferrous 
7%
15% Metal
Non-ferrous Aluminium, Copper,
Metal Lead, Cadmium, 36%
Mercury, Gold, Silver,
Palladium, Indium,
Arsenic, Selenium Plastic
23% Non‐ferrous 
Plastic Brominated and Non- Metal
brominated Plastic 19%
Medical Devices Monitoring and Controlling
Equipment and Automatic Glass Lead glass and normal
Radiotherapy, Cardiology, Neurology, Dialysis Dispenser glass
equipment etc. Smoke Detector, Thermostat, ATM, Coffee vendors Others
etc.
Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition
E‐waste Composition (%)

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13 Composition of E-waste ( Present 14

Composition of E-waste (Indian Scenario) Scenario) Small Household Appliances
Material Large Small ICT & Lamps
Household Household Consumer
Appliance Appliance Electronics ICT and Consumer Electronics 7%
29%
Ferrous 43 29 36 - 6%
Metal 38%
19% 36%
Non-ferrous 27.67 26.19 9 14.3
Metal
9% 26%
30%

Plastic 19.31 37.75 30 3.7

Glass 0.02 0.16 19.3 77 Ferrous Metal Non-ferrous Metal
Ferrous Metal Non-ferrous Metal
Others 10 6.9 5.7 5 Plastic Glass
Plastic Glass
Others
Total 100 100 100 100 others
Source: “E-WASTE IN INDIA”, RESEARCH UNIT (LARRDIS), RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI, JUNE, 2011

15 State Wise E-Waste Generation ( in Tonnes) in India

16
Sources of E-Waste in India
 The volume of E-Waste is
Type of Waste Percentage expected to reach nearly
contribution 1.72 million MT by 2020
Others, 10% Consumer
Electronics,
.
Consumer 14%  The present annual
14%
Electronics growth rate of E-Waste in
IT 34% Large IT India is about 7-10%
Household communication
communication appliances, 42% and Technology,
and Technology 34%  The top 9 states are
generating around 65%-
Large Household 42% 70%
appliances
Others 10% Source: Science Reporter, May 2013
Source: MAIT, 2013
Total 100%

Top 10 E-Waste Generating Cities ( in Tonnes) 17 18

City E-Waste in India
Generated ( Surat
E-waste Growth in India (in MT)  Highest per capita E-waste generating
185.14

in Tonnes) 4% state – DELHI

Nagpur 200
X 10000

Mumbai 11017 Pune

6%
4% Mumbai 180  Lowest per capita E-waste generating
153

Hyderabad 24%
Delhi 9730 160 State – BIHAR
126.45

6%
Ahmedabad
Bangalore 4648 7% 140
 India is the fifth biggest producer of
104.5

Chennai 4132 Kolkata 120 E-Waste in the world, discarding 1.7

86.37

9%
Delhi 100 million tonnes (Mt) of electronic and
71.38

Kolkata 4025 21%

58.99

Chennai
80 electrical equipment in 2014
48.75

9%
Ahmedabad 3287
40.29

Bangalore
10% 60
33.3

Hyderabad 2833
14.68

40
Source: Country level WEEE assessment study by the
Pune 2584 20 International Resource Group Systems South Asia Pvt.
Ltd (IRGSSA), (m/s IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Ltd),
Surat 1836 0 2005.

2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Nagpur 1769 Source: Rajya Sabha, 2011

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19 20
Worldwide Per Capita (Kg/capita/day Per Capita generation of E-Waste in
generation of E -Waste Asian continent
25

Per capita generation

20

(Kg/Capita/day)
15

10

China, Hong Kong…

Lao People's Democratic…

0

Mongolia

Armenia
Philippines
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

Japan

Viet Nam

Maldives
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan

Pakistan

Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Cyprus

Jordan

Oman
Qatar

United Arab Emirates

Yemen
China

Taiwan 2

Cambodia

Thailand

Sri Lanka
Republic of Korea

Indonesia

Malaysia

India

Georgia
Iraq

Saudi Arabia
Singapore

Timor-Leste

Nepal

Israel

Kuwait

Turkey
Brunei Darus- salam

Myanmar

Lebanon
Iran
Source: Global E-Waste Source: Global E-Waste
Monitor,2014
Monitor,2014

21 22
Facts & Figures Environmental and Health Hazards
Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger
Arsenic Semiconductors, diodes, Chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to various diseases of the
 Current estimates predict close to 50 million tons of E-Waste worldwide per year (StEP microwaves, LEDs (Light- skin and decrease nerve conduction velocity. Chronic exposure to
Initiative, 2010; Huisman, 2012).. emitting diodes), solar cells arsenic can also cause lung cancer and can often be fatal
 Globally about to 20 – 50 million tons of E-Waste are disposed each year, accounts 5%. Barium Electron tubes, filler for Short-term exposure to barium could lead to brain swelling,
plastic and rubber, lubricant muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver and spleen. Animal
 According to Comptroller and Auditor-General’s (CAG) Report, over 7.2 MT of Industrial additives studies reveal increased blood pressure and changes in the heart
Hazardous Waste, 4 lakh Tons of electronic waste, 1.5 MT of Plastic waste, 1.7 MT of medical from ingesting barium over a long period of time
waste and 48 MT of municipal waste are generated in the country annually.. Beryllium switch boards and printed Carcinogenic; Chronic Beryllium Disease (beryllicosis), a disease
circuit board which primarily affects the lungs. Exposure to beryllium also
 The Exponential growth of E-Waste in India causes a form of skin disease that is characterised by poor wound
 Informal sector accounts for 95% E-Waste recycling, only 5% E-Waste reaches to authorized healing and wart-like bumps
recycler. Brominated Flame Casing, circuit boards Combustion of halogenated case material and printed wiring
Retardant (plastic), cables, PVC cables boards at lower temperatures releases toxic emissions including
dioxins which can lead to severe hormonal disorders
Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm

23 24
Environmental and Health Hazards Environmental and Health Hazards
Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger

Cadmium Batteries, pigments, solder, alloys, circuit boards, A carcinogen. Long-term exposure causes Itai-itai disease, which Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger
computer batteries, monitor cathode ray tubes causes severe pain in the joints and spine. It affects the kidneys and
(CRTs) softens bones Liquid Crystals Displays
Chrome Dyes/pigments, switches, solar Inhaling hexavalent chromium or chromium 6 can damage liver and Lithium Mobile telephones, photographic Corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory
kidneys and cause bronchial maladies including asthmatic bronchitis equipment, video equipment (batteries) tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the
and lung cancer.
substance may cause lung oedema
Cobalt Insulators Accumulate to toxic levels in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and heart, as
well as the skeleton and skeletal muscle. Cobalt has been found to Mercury Components in copper machines and Affects the central nervous system, kidneys and
produce tumors in animals and is likely a human carcinogen as well steam irons; batteries in clocks and immune system. It impairs foetus growth and harms
pocket calculators, switches, LCDs infants through mother’s milk.
Copper Conducted in cables, copper ribbons, coils, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Liver Damage, Kidney Damage, Death
circuitry, pigments Nickel Alloys, batteries, relays, lung cancer, nose cancer, larynx cancer and prostate
Lead Lead rechargeable batteries, solar, transistors, A neurotoxin that affects the kidneys and the reproductive system. semiconductors, pigments cancer, Asthma and chronic bronchitis,
lithium batteries, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) High quantities can be fatal. It affects mental development in children Carcinogenic.
stabilizers, lasers, LEDs, thermoelectric elements,
circuit boards

Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm

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25 26
Environmental and Health Hazards Environmental and Health Hazards

Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger Pollutant Use/ Occurrence Danger

PCBs (polychlorinated Transformers, capacitors, softening
biphenyls) agents for paint, glue, plastic
Plastics circuit boards, cabinets and cables
Selenium Photoelectric cells, pigments,
photocopiers, fax machines
Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm
PCBs have also been shown to cause a number of
serious non-cancer health effects in animals, including
effects on the immune system, reproductive system,
nervous system, endocrine system and other health
effects
Carcinogenic. It can harm reproductive and immune
systems. Burning PVC, a component of plastics, also
produces dioxins. BFR can leach into landfills.
Exposure to high concentrations of selenium
compounds cause selenosis. The major signs of
selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and
neurological abnormalities (such as numbness and
other odd sensations in the extremities)
Silver Capacitors, switches (contacts), Cardiac abnormalities, permanent brain and
batteries, resistors nervous system damage
Zinc Steel, brass, alloys, disposable and Too much zinc can still cause eminent health
rechargeable batteries, luminous problems, such as stomach cramps, skin irritations,
substances vomiting, nausea and anaemia
Toner Dust Toner cartridges for laser printers / An irritant to people with respiratory conditions
copiers such as asthma or bronchitis
Americium Medical equipment, fire detectors, active Radioactivity
sensing element in smoke detectors
Chlorofluorocarbon Cooling unit, Insulation foam deleterious effect on the ozone layer. This results in
(CFC) increased incidence of skin cancer in humans and
in genetic damage in many organisms
Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition & http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/index.htm

27 28
Hazard due to Improper Disposal Why do we need to recycle ?

Disposal Type Hazard  Land filling of E Wastes can lead to the leaching of lead into the ground water

Incineration Brominated flame retardants at a high temperature of 600-800ºC generate

extremely toxic polybrominated dioxins (PBDDs)and polybrominated furans  If the CRT is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air
(PBDfs); PVCs generate toxic flue gas;
Landfilling Hazardous metal (e.g. Lead, Chromium, Mercury, Cadmium etc.), PCBs, PBDEs
leach into the soil and groundwater.  The cadmium from one mobile phone battery is enough to pollute 600 m3 of water

Recycling It often causes hazardous emission, due to recycling of plastics, halogenated

substances and heavy metals like lead, cadmium etc. Shredding without proper  Huge impact on health & Environment because of E-Waste around
disassembly causes hazardous substances dispersed into environment.

 Unfortunately, Barely 4% of the E-Waste produced in India is recycled.

Source: http://ewasteguide.info/e-waste-composition

29
Why do we need to recycle ?

Huge gap between generation &

recycling of E-Waste
QUANTIFICATION OF E-WASTE

BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR

Image courtesy: www.cleanindia.org

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31 32
Method of Estimation of E-Waste
Method of Estimation of E-Waste
(Contd..)
 Various evaluation methods are available for quantifying E-Waste generation
 Factor models (using determinant factors for correlation)
 It can be classified into four groups:
 Based on hypothesized causal relationships between exogenous factors like
 Disposal related analysis
population size and income level versus e-waste generation
 Disposal related analysis uses E-Waste figures obtained from collection channels,
 Least explored method due to complexity and high uncertainty in long-term patterns
treatment facilities and disposal sites.
 Requirement of advanced modelling techniques
 Requires empirical data from parallel disposal streams to estimate the overall generation.
 Input–Output Analysis
 Time series analysis (projections)
 Most frequently used method with multiple model variations
 Forecast the trend of E-Waste generation by extrapolating historical data into the future.
 Applied for estimation of E-Waste generation in many regional and country studies
 It can be also applied to fill in the gap of past unknown years from available datasets

33 34
Quantification of E-Waste (Example for Basic Model
Kolkata City) Recycled
(X10)
Stored(X5)
Landfilled
 To estimate the e-waste generation and disposition quantities related to entire India (X11)
Reuse(X1) recycled(X6)

Landfilled
 Includes a wide variety of items which includes desktop PCs, notebook PCs, B&W (X7)
and color television, refrigerators and washing machines
Purchase Obsolete Recycled(X8)
electronic electronic
items items stored(X2)
 Uses Time-series analysis landfilled(X9)
recycled(X3) X1…….X11= Fraction of the
obsolete electronic items for
 Assume multiple lifespan for different products various EOL scenario (reuse,
Source: Dwivedy and Mittal.,2007 landfilled(X4)
stored, recycled, landfill)

35 36
Basic assumptions Basic Data Assumption
Product Type
Electronic Average Average weight
item lifespan (year) (kg) All values are in percentage
 Total ban on illegal exports of electronic items Refrigerator 11 30 Method of Mobile Television Computer DVD Refrigerators
Disposal players

Television 9 24
Reuse 37 25 21 30 11
 Lifespan of the reused and stored electronic items are considered as 3 years Desktop 7 (HH), 27.2
5(Business Landfill 7 1 0 2 0
establishment)
 50% of the total reused items are further stored, whereas 20% and 30% items are Notebook 4 2.9 Recycle 50 70 79 58 83
recycled and landfilled (X5=0.50; X6=0.20; X7=0.30)
DVD 4 5
players Store 6 4 0 10 6

 20% and 80% of the stored items are recycled and landfilled (X8, X10=0.20; X9, Source: Dwivedy and Mittal.,2007 Source: GIZ study in Kolkata
X11=0.80)

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37 38
The projected/input sales figure for Basic Equation for Estimation
estimation of E-waste under KMA# Desktop computer Item Value of parameter Equation
Business
Year Refrigerator DVD players Household Notebook Television Ru= 0.25 OK
enterprise
1999-2000 112500 St = 0.04 OK + 0.125 OK-3
2000-2001 132500 X1= 0.25, X2= 0.04, X3= 0.70, X4= 0.01, X5= 0.50, X6=
Rc = 0.70 OK + 0.058 OK-3 +0.025
2001-2002 150000 Television 0.20, X7= 0.30, X8= 0.20, X9= 0.80, X10= 0.20, X11=
2002-2003 168750 OK-6
0.80
2003-2004 185000 La = 0.01 OK + 0.107 OK-3 +0.10 OK-
2004-2005 194250 182819 64747 16650 16650
6
2005-2006 192500 98200 81530 28510 28510
Ru= 0.11 OK
2006-2007 210000 300000 88635 142986 29354 29354
2007-2008 242500 360000 148477 185065 57190 57190 X1= 0.11, X2= 0.06, X3= 0.83, X4= 0, X5= 0.50, X6= St = 0.06 OK + 0.055 OK-3
2008-2009 295000 420000 67339 339267 95685 95685 Refrigerator 0.20, X7= 0.30, X8= 0.20, X9= 0.80, X10= 0.20, X11= Rc = 0.83 OK + 0.0232 OK-3 +0.011
2009-2010 325000 372000 77440 513300 128155 128155 0.80 OK-6
2010-2011 409200 89056 769951 177450 177450
2011-2012 450120 102414 1139527 254119 254119 La = 0.081 OK-3 +0.044 OK-6
2012-2013 495132 117776 1652314 376993 376993 Ru= 0.30 OK
2013-2014 534743 135443 2346286 548122 548122 X1= 0.30, X2= 0.10, X3= 0.58, X4= 0.02, X5= 0.50, X6=
St = 0.10 OK + 0.15 OK-3
2014-2015 577522 155759 3284801 777410 777410 DVD players 0.20, X7= 0.30, X8= 0.20, X9= 0.80, X10= 0.20, X11=
2015-2016 623724 1071702 1071702 Rc = 0.58 OK + 0.08 OK-3 +0.03 OK-6
0.80
2016-2017 673622 La = 0.02 OK + 0.17 OK-3 +0.12 OK-6

39 40
Basic Equation for Estimation Estimated Quantity of E-Waste
(contd..) (product wise)
Item Value of parameter Equation
Item Year Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled
Desktop X1= 0.21, X2= 0, X3= 0.79, X4= 0, X5= 0.50, X6= 0.20, Ru= 0.21 OK Unit (Number)
X7= 0.30, X8= 0.20, X9= 0.80, X10= 0.20, X11= 0.80 St = 0.105 OK-3 2016-2017 1050000 262500 144812 798805 162907
Rc = 0.790 OK + 0.042 OK-3 +0.021 2017-2018 1207500 301875 159862 914952 179322
OK-6 Television 2018-2019 1295000 323750 174300 982590 194810
La = 0.063 OK-3 +0.084 OK-6 2019-2020 1347500 336875 185150 1024713 208075
Notebook X1= 0.37, X2= 0.06, X3= 0.50, X4= 0.07, X5= 0.50, X6= Ru= 0.37 OK 2020-2021 1400000 350000 206937 1072348 232452
0.20, X7= 0.30, X8= 0.20, X9= 0.80, X10= 0.20, X11= St = 0.06 OK + 0.185 OK-3 2016-2017 192500 21175 20831 164927 18619
2017-2018 210000 23100 22775 180049 20815
0.80 Rc = 0.50 OK + 0.86 OK-3 +0.037
Refrigerator 2018-2019 242500 26675 25234 207432 22334
OK-6
2019-2020 295000 32450 28287 251172 23017
La = 0.07 OK + 0.159 OK-3 +0.148 2020-2021 325000 35750 31050 276657 25150
OK-6 2016-2017 495132 148540 55800 325937 109143
OK= Quantity of obsolete item for the year K, OK-3= Quantity of items which are obsoleted at K-3 years and OK-6= 2017-2018 534743 160423 61380 353687 123458
DVD players 2018-2019 577522 173257 67518 383572 138471
Quantity of items which are obsoleted 6 years before from the year of consideration. Ru= reused items, Rc = 2019-2020 623724 187117 74270 412530 141287
Recycled items, La= amounts to b landfilled, St= stored items. 2020-2021 673622 202087 80211 445756 153483

41 42
Estimated Quantity of E-Waste Estimation of Total E-waste quantity
(contd..) (Number and Weight)
Item Year Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled
Unit (number) Year Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled
2016-2017 376993 139487 46328 181043 51110 Unit (Number)
2017-2018 548122 202805 65715 256126 75047 2016-2017 3331592 827265 312702 2451800 375586
Notebook
2018-2019 777410 287642 93657 365903 108985 2017-2018 4241735 1053891 379220 3115133 467703
2019-2020 1071702 396530 134046 527221 153928
2018-2019 5341132 1325550 448624 3915085 541144
2016-2017 77440 16262 9307 64900 5584
2017-2018 89056 18702 15590 80429 24711 2019-2020 6740503 1667513 549535 4963770 638920
Desktop
2018-2019 102414 21507 7070 85797 12491
(Household) Year Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled
2019-2020 117776 24733 8131 98157 12324
Unit (kg)
2020-2021 135443 28443 9351 113858 18083
2016-2017 67645442 15033777 5735878 52959445 6081809
2016-2017 1139527 239301 35623 916188 28222
2017-2018 1652314 346986 53896 1329889 44349 2017-2018 86908533 19274955 6907460 68232216 7641542
Desktop (Business) 2018-2019 110101739 23564642 8435862
2018-2019 2346286 492720 80844 1889790 64052 7940707 86520077
2019-2020 3284801 689808 119650 2649977 100289 2019-2020 139966650 29831073 9527965 110469115 9900216

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43 44
Graphical Representation Graphical Representation
Refrigerator DVD players

2019-2020
2019-2020
2018-2019

(Business)
Desktop
2018-2019
2017-2018
2017-2018
2016-2017
2016-2017
2019-2020
2020-2021
2018-2019

(Household)
2019-2020

Desktop
2017-2018
2018-2019
2016-2017
2017-2018
2019-2020
Television

2016-2017
2018-2019
2019-2020

Notebook
2017-2018
2018-2019
2016-2017
2017-2018
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 2016-2017
Numbers of Product
0.00E+00 1.00E+06 2.00E+06 3.00E+06 4.00E+06 5.00E+06 6.00E+06 7.00E+06 8.00E+06
Number of Products

Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled

Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled

45 46
Graphical Representation of Estimated
Economic Assessment of E-Waste
E-Waste Quantity 2.E+08
Total Weight of EOL Product

1.E+08
1.E+08  Optimize management of waste can allow to achieve economic, social and environmental
1.E+08 benefit
(Kg)

8.E+07
8.E+06
 E-Waste should be considered as resources and requires uses in an efficient and sustainable
6.E+07
way.
Estimated EOL product (Numbers)

7.E+06 4.E+07
6.E+06 2.E+07
5.E+06 0.E+00
Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled  Large portion of precious and special metals are lost due to inefficient recycling process
4.E+06
2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020
3.E+06

2.E+06  Recovery of these material presents significant economic opportunity

1.E+06

0.E+00
Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled
 Reduces the environmental impact due to mining of virgin materials
2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020

47 Copper
E-waste- (A source of metals) ₹400/kg

 Electronic waste varies considerably with its age, origin and manufacturer Silver
₹40/gm
 It can be defined as a mixture of various metals, particularly copper, aluminum and
steel
Palladium Gold
₹ 1800/gm ₹2900/gm
 These precious metals have a wide application in the manufacture of electronic
appliances Rhodium
₹2500/gm Platinum
 Serving as contact materials due to their high chemical stability and their good ₹2890/gm
conducting properties

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50
Major Chemical Elements Present in
Metal Recovery concern EOL Electronic Items
Components Possible Chemical Element Reference
CRT display Al, Sb, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mear et al., 2006; Tasaki et al., 2004;
O,K, Si, Na, Sr, Ti, Zr Lim and Schoenung 2010; Yot and
Mear 2011.
LCD display Sb, As, Br, Cr, Co, Cu, In, Pb, Hg, Mo, Lim and Schoenung 2010; Xiu and
Ni, Ag, Sn Zhang 2009; Robinson 2009
Printed wiring board assembly Al, Sb, As, Be, Bi, Br, Cd, Cl, Cr, Co, Sachrnhorst et al., 2005; Sachrnhorst
(PWBA) Cu, Ga, Ge, Au, Fe, In, Pb, Hg, Pd, Pt, et al., 2007; Veit et al., 2005; Lee et
Ru, Se, Na, Ta, Sn, W, Zn al., 2000.
Compacted CD drives, Floppy disc Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn Li et al., 2009.
drives, Mother board
Smoke detectors Am Robinson 2009
Rotors Al Yang et al., 2008
Mobile phones Sb, Cd, Cr, Pb Santos et al., 2010
Plasma display Sb, Ba, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, Ag, Zn Lim and Schoenung 2010
Plastics Sb, Br, Cd Tasaki et al., 2004; Robinson 2009
Computer chip heat sink Be Jaskula 2010
Flame retardants Sb, Br Lee et al., 2000; Robinson 2009

51 Material Composition for Different Electronic Items 52

Major Chemical Elements Present in
EOL Electronic Items (contd…)
Components
Doping material for Silicon
Silicon controlled rectifiers
Magnets
Fluorescent lamps
Possible Hazardous substance
As
Be
Dy, Gd, Nd, Pr, Sm
Ce, Eu, Gd, La, Hg, Tb, Y
Reference
Robinson 2009
Haxel et al., 2002
Robinson 2009; Haxel et al., 2002

Batteries Cd, La, Pb, Li, Hg Robinson 2009; Haxel et al., 2002;
He et al., 2006.
Toners Cd Robinson 2009, Schoenung et al.,
Solder Sn, Pb, Bi, Ag 2005.
Rechargeable batteries electrode Co Shedd, 2010
Switches Ag, Hg Robinson 2009; He et al., 2006
PVC wire insulation Cd Lim and Schoenung 2010;
Sachrnhorst et al., 2005;
Sachrnhorst et al., 2007; Long et
al., 2010
Wiring, Hybrid integrated circuits, Ag, Cu Pd Loferski 2010; Robinson 2009
Plating, Rectifier
Source: Cucchiella et al., 2015

Material Composition for Different Electronic Items (contd..) 53 54

Average Value of Embedded
Material

Source: Cucchiella et al., 2015

Source: Cucchiella et al., 2015

9
 01‐02‐2018

55 56
Material value of Smartphone Case Study 1: Smart Phone
Total material Value
Element Concentration (g/unit) €/ kg Total value (€) Value (in Rupees)
(Rupees)
Aluminium 2.9 1.5 0.00435 0.33
Antimony 0.084 7.6 0.0006384 0.05 Year Mobile phone user data Total amount can
Berylium 0.003 864 0.002592 0.20 base (million) be recovered
Cobalt 6.3 25 0.1575 12.09 2018 242.92 340 crore
Copper 14 5.2 0.0728 5.59
Glass 10.6 0.05 0.00053 0.04
2019 281.81 395 crore
Gold 0.038 34,070 1.29466 99.39 2020 320.57 450 crore
Lead 0.68 1.7 0.001156 0.09
Neodynium 0.05 72 0.0036 0.28
Nickel 1.5 14 0.021 1.61 174.71 Assumption:
Palladium 0.015 23,214 0.34821 26.73 • Average life span of smart phone= 3 years
Plastic 60 1.2 0.072 5.53 • 80% of obsolete items are assumed to be
Platinium 0.004 37,607 0.150428 11.55 disposed.
Praseodynium 0.01 117 0.00117 0.09
Silver 0.244 514 0.125416 9.63
Steel/Iron 8 0.12 0.00096 0.07
Tin 1 17 0.017 1.31
Zinc 1 1.7 0.0017 0.13

LCD Notebooks LCD TVs LCD monitor

Concentration (gm/unit) Case study 2: 57 58
Aluminium
Antimony 0.77 0.71
130 Notebook, Television Case study 2: Contd…
Arsenic 0.01 and Desktop Embedded Total recovered
Barium 2.5 Obsolete
Cerium 0.001 0.001 0.001 Item Year Metal Cost/unit cost (Rupees in
LCD Notebooks LCD TVs LCD monitor (Numbers)
Chromium 0.07 (Rupees) crore)
Concentration (gm/unit)
Cobalt 0.065 2016-2017 1050000
Nickel 3.6 83
Copper 135 824
Palladium 0.04 0.044 0.04 2017-2018 1207500 96
Dysoporium 0.06 LCD Television 794.54*
Plastic 612 1780 2018-2019 1295000 103
Europium 0.001 0.008 0.001 Platinium 0.04 2019-2020 1347500 107
Gadolinium 0.001 0.001 0.001 Praseodynium 0.274 0.001 0.001 2016-2017 376993 37
Gallium 0.003 Silver 0.25 0.45 0.52
Glass 162 590
2017-2018 548122 53
Steel/Iron 1570 LCD Notebook 973.84*
Gold 0.22 0.11 0.2 2018-2019 777410 76
Indium 0.04 0.003 0.079 Tantalum 1.7 2019-2020 1071702 104
Terbium 0.001 0.002 0.001
Lanthanum 0.001 0.007 0.001 2016-2017 1216967 104
Tin 18 24
Lead 5.3 LCD Desktop 2017-2018 1741370 148
Tungsten 0.633 853.41*
Mercury 0.001 0.001 0.001 Monitor 2018-2019 2448700 209
Vanadium 0.633
Molybdenum 0.04 0.001 Yttrium 0.002 0.11 0.016 2019-2020 3402577 290
Neodynium 2.1 0.633 Zinc 0.004 * Cost is calculated based on the Table given in Slide no 54

59
Graphical Representation of Recovery
Cost (in Rupees)
2019-2020 220
LCD Desktop

Electronic Waste Management

Monitor

2018-2019 209
2017-2018 148

End of Week-1
2016-2017 104
2019-2020 104
LCD Notebook

2018-2019 76
2017-2018 53
2016-2017 37 Dr BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY
107
LCD Television

2019-2020
2018-2019 103
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2017-2018 96
2016-2017 83
0 50 100 150 200 250
Embedded metal Cost (in Crores)

10