A

Research Project Report

Titled
“A Study on India’s Trading And Investment Relationship; With Special
Reference to- USA, France, Germany, U.K. And UAE”
For partially fulfilling the requirement of the award of the degree MBA
Subject – Research Project (IMS-1002)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Jai Kishan Chandel
Assistant Professor
K.U. Kurukshetra
Submitted by:
Akash Sharma
MBA 5yr (10thSem.)
Roll No. : 41
Regn. No: 14-UIM-14
Batch: - 2014-19

Institute of Management Studies

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
(April 2019)
 DECLARATION

I, Akash Sharma, do hereby declare that the Research Project entitled ‘A Study on India’s
Trading And Investment Relationship With; Special References USA, France,
Germany, U.K And UAE, is record of the original work done by me under the supervision
and guidance of Dr. Jai Kishan Chandel, Assistant Professor, Institute of Management
Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra and submitted to the Institute of Management
Studies, KUK for the fulfillment of requirements for the award of Master of Business
Administration. I further certify that expect where due acknowledgement has been made, the work
is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to
qualify for any other academic award and degree.

(Akash Sharma)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost of all, I expressed my gratitude to the almighty for his blessing and guiding
my way. It is a matter of great satisfaction and pleasure to present this report. I take this
opportunity to owe my thanks to all those involved in my research project report.

This journey would not have been possible without guidance of my supervisor Dr. Jai

Kishan Chandel. I am indebted to her and put on record my sincere thanks to her for
unfailing supports, his academic rigor and his recommendation. I expressed my sincere thanks
to Dr. B.S. Bodla, (Director), IMS, for his valuable supports. He is very kind in extending all
possible help for successful completion of my project.

I feel highly elated in expressing my deep sense of indebtedness and gratitude to all my teachers
and major advisor for her aspiring guidance, criticism during the course of this investigation
and preparation of manuscript. This is my prerogative to express my sincere regards to my
loving parents for their deep affection and unabated inspiration that really kept me going on.
They were acting as a source of strength and perseverance during the course of the study.

Akash Sharma
 I INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
(Established by the State Legislature Act XII of 1956)

Contact: +91–1744–238258

EPABX +91–1744–238196, 238679

Extension- 2955

E-Mail:

Dr. Jai Kishan Chandel. No. IMS/2018/………..

Assistant Professor Date: ………………….

It is to certified that Akash Sharma, student of Semester 10th bearing Roll No. 41, Batch: 2014-19, of
Institute of Management Studies MBA-5 Year (IPOP), Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra has completed
his Research Project Report (IMS-1002) on the topic A Study on India’s Trading And
Investment Relationship With; Special References- USA, France, Germany,
U.K And UAE‘under my supervision. This is an original work and I find it complete for submission
for evaluation and for partial fulfillment of the award of degree of Master of Business Administration,
MBA-5 Year (IPOP). It is further certified that no part of this report has been submitted by the student for
the award of any degree/diploma elsewhere (to the best of my knowledge and belief)

(Dr. Jai Kishan Chandel)

Assistant Professor
Institute of Management Studies
MBA-5 Year (IPOP)
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
 Contents

Chapter No. Title of the Chapter Page No.

1 International Trade
1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Conceptual Framework 2

(A) Meaning of international trade 2

3
(B)Definition
3-4
(B)Features

1.3 India’s International Trade 5

(A)Export 5

(B)Import 5

(C)Crude oil and non-crude oil 6

6
(D)Trade in services
7
(E)Trade balances

1.4 Overview of Top 5 Countries 8-11

1.5 Foreign MNC company working in India 11-23

1.6 Concluding Observations 24

2 Review of Literature
2.1 Introduction
26-36
2.1(A)Studies Related to economist and its impact
on Global Scenario

2.1(B) Articles Related India’s investment and

trade with above these countries
3 Research Methodology
3.1 Research Methodology 38

3.2 Statement of the Research Problem 38

3.3 Objectives of the Study 38

39
3.4 Hypotheses of the study
39
3.5Universe of the Study
39
3.6 Sources of the Data
39
3.7Tools and Techniques 39

3.8 Limitations of the Study 39

3.9 Conclusion 40

4 Analysis and Discussion

4.1 Trade Agreements
42
(A)India and U.S.A. Agreements
(B) India-Germany Agreements 43-44

(C) India-U.K. Agreement 45-48

(D) India-U.A.E. Agreement 48-50

(E)India and France Agreement 50-51

4.2 Investment
(A) FDI Share of select countries 51-52

(B) Sectors attracting Highest F.D.I equity 53

inflow
(C) Country-wise FDI equity inflow
53
from April 2000 to Dec 2018
(D) Sector attracting highest FDI Equity inflow 54

(E) US-India investment and trade 55

(F) France investment in India 55

56
(G)Germany investment in India
(H) UK investment in India 57

58-59
(J) UAE investment in India

4.3 India’s trade relations with select

countries
59-60
(A) India-US relation
60
(B) India-UK relation
(C) India-France relation 61-63

(D) India-Germany relation 63-64

(E) India-UAE relation 64-66

4.4 India exported to these countries and

imported from these countries
(A) USA 66-67

(B) UK 68-69

(C) France 69-72

(D) Germany 72-74

(E) UAE 74-76

4.5 Future expectations of India with top

countries
76-78
(A) US
78-81
(B) Germany
(C) UK 81-82

(D) France 82-84

(E) UAE 84-87

4.6 Commodities Exported from India

88-89
(A)India to USA
89-91
(B)India to France
(C) India to Germany 91-92

(D) India to UK 93-94

 (E) India to UAE 95-96

4.7Commodities Imported from Select

Countries
97-98
(A) India form USA
98-99
(B) India form France
99-100
(C) India form Germany
100-102
(D) India form UK
102-103
(E) India form UAE

5 Findings of the Study and Suggestion

5.1 Findings of the Study 105-109

5.2 Suggestions 110-113

6 Bibliography
 CHAPTER: 1
INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and
services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the
international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewellery, wine, stocks, currencies and water.
Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to
the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import.
Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.
Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital
- more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land,
labour, capital and technology), some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and
therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently produce an item,
it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in
international trade.

Let's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both produce cotton sweaters and
wine. Country A produces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B produces
six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can produce a total of 16 units. Country A,
however, takes three hours to produce the 10 sweaters and two hours to produce the six bottles of
wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to produce 10 sweaters
and three hours to produce six bottles of wine (total of four hours). But these two countries realize
that they could produce more by focusing on those products with which they have a comparative
advantage. Country A then begins to produce only wine and Country B produces only cotton

1
sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal
proportions of both products. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both products.

We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of producing both products is
greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of
producing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both products (after trading).
Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring
the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each product would decrease, thus giving
an advantage to the end consumer as well. Note that, in the example above, Country B could
produce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an
absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However,
according to the international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over
another, it can still benefit from specialization.

1.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1.2.A Meaning of International Trade:-

Foreign trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or
territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and
political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. All countries need goods and services
to satisfy wants of their people. Production of goods and services requires resources. Every country
has only limited resources. No country can produce all the goods and services that it requires. It
has to buy from other countries what it cannot produce or can produce less than its requirements.
Similarly, it sells to other countries the goods which it has in surplus quantities. India too, buys
from and sells to other countries various types of goods and services.

Generally no country is self-sufficient. It has to depend upon other countries for importing
the goods which are either non-available with it or are available in insufficient quantities.
Similarly, it can export goods, which are in excess quantity with it and are in high demand outside.
International trade means trade between the two or more countries. International trade involves
different currencies of different countries and is regulated by laws, rules and regulations of the
concerned countries. Thus, International trade is more complex.

2
1.2.B Definitions:-

According to Wasserman and Haltman, “International trade consists of transaction between

residents of different countries”.

According to Anatol Marad, “International trade is a trade between nations”.

International trade is a set of actions that aim to exchange capital, goods, and services between
foreign countries across their international borders.

1.2.C Features:-

 Immobility of Factors:

The degree of immobility of factors like labour and capital is generally greater between
countries than within a country. Immigration laws, citizenship, qualifications, etc. often restrict the
international mobility of labour. International capital flows are prohibited or severely limited by
different governments. Consequently, the economic significance of such mobility of factors tends
to equality within but not between countries. For instance, wages may be equal in Mumbai and
Pune but not in Bombay and London. According to Harrod, it thus follows that domestic trade
consists largely of exchange of goods between producers who enjoy similar standards of life,
whereas international trade consists of exchange of goods between producers enjoying widely
differing standards. Evidently, the principles which determine the course and nature of internal
and international trade are bound to be different in some respects at least. In this context, it may
be pointed out that the price of a commodity in the country where it is produced tends to equal its
cost of production.

The reason is that if in an industry the price is higher than its cost, resources will flow into
it from other industries, output will increase and the price will fall until it is equal to the cost of
production. Conversely, resources will flow out of the industry, output will decline, and the price
will go up and ultimately equal the cost of production. But, as among different countries, resources
are comparatively immobile; hence, there is no automatic influence equalizing price and costs.
Therefore, there may be permanent difference between the costs of production of a commodity.

3
 In one country and the price obtained in a different country for it. For instance, the price of
tea in India must, in the long run, be equal to its cost of production in India. But in the U.K., the
price of Indian tea may be permanently higher than its cost of production in India. In this way,
international trade differs from home trade.

 Heterogeneous Markets:

In the international economy, world markets lack homogeneity on account of differences

in climate, language, preferences, habit, customs, weights and measures, etc. The behavior of
international buyers in each case would, therefore, be different.

 Different National Groups:

International trade takes place between differently cohered groups. The socio-economic
environment differs greatly among different nations.

 Different Political Units:

International trade is a phenomenon which occurs amongst different political units.

 Different National Policies and Government Intervention:

Economic and political policies differ from one country to another. Policies pertaining to
trade, commerce, export and import, taxation, etc., also differ widely among countries though they
are more or less uniform within the country. Tariff policy, import quota system, subsidies and
other controls adopted by governments interfere with the course of normal trade between one
country and another.

 Different Currencies:

Another notable feature of international trade is that it involves the use of different types
of currencies. So, each country has its own policy in regard to exchange rates and foreign
exchange.

4
1.3 INDIA’S INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1.3. (A) Exports

In continuation with the double digit growth exhibited by exports during February 2018,
exports during March 2018 have shown a significant growth of 27.59 per cent in dollar terms
valued at US$ 29232.05 million as compared to US$ 22911.74 million during March,2016. In
Rupee terms, during March 2018 exports were valued at Rs. 192571.13 crore as compared to Rs.
153558.85 crore during March,2016, registering a positive growth of 25.41 per cent. Cumulative
value of exports for the period April-March 2017-18 was US$ 274645.10 million (Rs. 1841314.39
crore) as against US$ 262290.11 million (Rs. 1716377.99 crore) registering a positive growth of
4.71 per cent in Dollar terms and positive growth of 7.28 per cent in Rupee terms over the same
period last year.

Non-petroleum and Non Gems &Jewellery exports in March 2018 were valued at US$
21420.91 million against US$ 17071.00 million in March 2016, an increase of 25.5 %. Non-
petroleum and Non Gems and Jewellery exports during April - March 2017-18 were valued at US$
200557.90 million as compared to US$ 192423.94 million for the corresponding period in 2016,
an increase of 4.2%. The growth in exports is positive for all major economies, USA (8.99%), EU
(9.27%) ,China(7.85%) and Japan(4.48%) for January 2018 over the corresponding period of
previous year as per latest WTO statistics.

1.3. (B) Imports

Imports during March 2018 were valued at US$ 39669.22 million (Rs. 261327.71 crore)
which was 45.25 per cent higher in Dollar terms and 42.77 per cent higher in Rupee terms over
the level of imports valued at US$ 27310.28 million (Rs. 183038.67 crore) in March, 2016.
Cumulative value of imports for the period April-March 2017-18 was US$ 380367.65 million (Rs.
2550926.19 crore) as against US$ 381006.64 million (Rs. 2490298.03 crore) registering a negative
growth of 0.17 per cent in Dollar terms and positive growth of 2.43 per cent in Rupee terms over
the same period last year.

5
1.3. (C) Crude Oil and Non-Oil Imports:

Oil imports during March, 2018 were valued at US$ 9714.01 million which was 101.43
percent higher than oil imports valued at US$ 4822.59 million in March 2016. Oil imports during
April-March, 2017-18 were valued at US$ 86457.87 million which was 4.24 per cent higher than
the oil imports of US$ 82944.45 million in the corresponding period last year. In this connection
it is mentioned that the global Brent prices ($/bbl) have increased by 33.02% in March 2018 vis-
à-vis March 2016 as per World Bank commodity price data (The pink sheet).

Non-oil imports during March, 2018 were estimated at US$ 29955.21 million which was
33.21 per cent higher than non-oil imports of US$ 22487.69 million in March, 2016. Non-oil
imports during April-March 2017-18 were valued at US$ 293909.78 million which was 1.39 per
cent lower than the level of such imports valued at US$ 298062.19 million in April-March, 2016-
17.

1.3. (D) Trade in Services (for February, 2018, as per the RBI Press Release dated 13th April,
2018)

 Exports

Exports during February 2018 were valued at US$ 13060 Million (Rs. 87600.60 Crore)
registering a negative growth of 3.76 per cent in dollar terms as compared to negative growth of
1.70 per cent during January 2018 (as per RBI’s Press Release for the respective months).

 Imports (Payments)

Imports during February 2018 were valued at US$ 7235 Million (Rs. 48529.12 Crore)
registering a negative growth of 13.96 per cent in dollar terms as compared to positive growth of
1.39 per cent during January 2018 (as per RBI’s Press Release for the respective months).

6
1.3. (E) Trade Balance

 Merchandise: The trade deficit for April-March, 2017-18 was estimated at US$ 105722.55
million which was 10.95% lower than the deficit of US$ 118716.53 million during April-
March, 2016-17.
 Services: As per RBI’s Press Release dated 13th April 2018, the trade balance in Services
(i.e. net export of Services) for February, 2018 was estimated at US$ 5825 million. The net
export of services for April- February, 2017-18 was estimated at US$ 59302 million which
is lower than net export of services of US$ 64429 million during April- February, 2016-
17. (The data for April-February 2016-17 and 2017-18 has been derived by adding April-
February month wise QE data of RBI Press Release).
 Overall Trade Balance: Overall the trade balance has improved. Taking merchandise and
services together, overall trade deficit for April- March 2017-18 is estimated at US$
46420.55 million which is 14.49 percent lower in Dollar terms than the level of US$
54287.53 million during April-March 2016-17. (Services data pertains to April-February
2017-18 as February 2018 is the latest data available as per RBI’s Press Release dated 13th
April 2018

7
1.4TOP FIVE COUNTRIES

1. United States

The United States is the most powerful country in the world. It has the largest economy in the
world, thanks in large part to its massive entertainment and media industry. The economy in
California alone produces about $2.5 trillion. Assuming California was a country, that number
would have made the California economy one of the top six in the world. Imagine that.

In terms of political influence, the US is unparalleled. A founding member of the United Nations,
the US plays a huge role in almost all international issues, especially ones regarding global
security. Despite being currently led by a dude named Donald Trump, the US remains a
powerhouse in the international community. But respect for the US government takes a hit every
time Trump sends out a Tweet.

The US has the most powerful military in the world. It has the most modernized and sophisticated
military weapon systems and possesses a huge number of nuclear warheads. And the US isn’t shy
about showing its military power to the world, one reason why some countries often accuse the
US of meddling with international affairs too much.

There is a very good chance that this list of the top 10 most powerful countries in the world will
remain the same in 2020. One or two from the bottom-five countries might get replaced with a
different country. But the top five countries are likely locks to hold their current position.

2. United Kingdom

8
Another permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, the United Kingdom –
composed of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland – is a highly developed country
located in western Europe. Though it is currently surrounded by uncertainties due to the infamous
Brexit, the UK still remains one of the most powerful countries in the world.

Like France, the UK is an official nuclear-weapon state and is a member of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. It has one of the best navies in the world as well as one of the most capable
foreign intelligence agencies, the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6.

The UK has a very strong economic and political influence and has long been a trendsetter in
various areas such as technology, fashion, culture, arts, and sciences. Known for having a high
standard of living, the UK has also produced some of the most accomplished doctors in history,
which is why it is included in our list of the top 10 countries with the best doctors in the world.

3. Germany

Germany has long been one of the most powerful nations in the world. Every time the country has
been ravaged by war and internal conflict in the past, the economy has been able to recover. The
German economy consistently ranks in the top 10, thanks to its extremely skilled and highly
educated population.

Located in central-western Europe, Germany is a well-developed nation with a high standard of

living. It is one of the largest exporters and has a very strong global economic influence. It also
has a strong global political influence and has strong international relations.

Germany is a member of the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization and is heavily
involved in issues concerning global security. Known for having a rich cultural history and for
having some of the most beautiful cities in the world, Germany also has a powerful military and
has a very competent government led by leaders well-versed in all manners of political and
economic affairs

4. France

9
Not only is France one of the top 10 most powerful countries, it is also one of the top
10 countries with the most powerful nuclear weapons, fielding a reported nuclear
warhead count of about 300. It is an official nuclear-weapon state and fields one of the
most capable militaries in the world.

Located in western Europe right below the UK, France has one of the largest economies
in the world, trailing only a few other world powers such as the US, China, and Japan.
A permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, France has very strong
international alliances and is regularly involved in matters concerning global security
and other international issues.

Considered one of the biggest players in the fashion industry, France has had huge
contributions in the fashion world and is home to a number of notable fashion houses
such as Chanel, Givenchy, and Yves Saint Laurent. The cultural influence of France is
something that can never be accurately quantified.

5. United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates, each governed by an absolute
monarchy. The emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and
Umm al-Quwain. Of the seven emirates, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the two most well-known, with

10
the latter being the more popular tourist destination. The fact that the country is more liberal and
open compared to other Arab countries makes it more attractive to foreigners.

The UAE is one of the wealthiest countries in the world, thanks in large part to its rich oil and
natural gas reserves. A member of the United Nations and a founding member of the Gulf
Cooperation Council, the UAE has a very strong economic influence and has solid international
alliances.

1.5 Company working in India

USA Companies in India

1. Intel
Intel Corp. is the brains of the operation. One the biggest computer chip companies, Intel
controls roughly 90% of the market for microprocessors that act as the brains of desktop,
notebook, and server computers. It has dominated the PC chip market from the early x86
processors to Pentiums to today's Core technology. Intel also makes chips for smartphones and
tablets, as well as embedded semiconductors for the industrial, medical, and automotive
markets. The company develops its chips and makes most of them itself in one of the industry's
biggest manufacturing systems. As PC sales have declined, Intel has shifted focus and
resources to chips for the data centers that power cloud computing.

1. Intel Corp.'s Client Computing Group is the company's workhorse and cash generator
delivering about 55% of its revenue and more than 70% of operating income. The business
churns out chips for notebooks, 2-in-1 systems, desktops, tablets, phones, wireless and
wired connectivity products, and mobile communication components.

2. The Data Center Group generates about 30% of Intel's revenue with chips for server-
platforms and related products designed for the enterprise, cloud, and communication
infrastructure market.

3. The Internet of Things Group makes chips for connected devices in retail, transportation,
industrial, video, buildings, smart cities, and other markets. It accounts for about 5% of
revenue.

4. Taken together, the Programmable Solutions and Non-Volatile Memory Solutions groups
provide about 10% of the company's revenue.

5. Intel makes most of its products in its own manufacturing facilities, which allows the
company to control the process for quality, speed, and flexibility. For some
communications, connectivity, networking, field programmable, and memory components
the company outsources manufacturing to third parties. Intel handles test and assembly in-
house and through contractors.
11
6. Intel Corp. has more than 150 locations around the globe with assembly and test facilities
in China, Costa Rica, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Customers in China (including Hong Kong)
and Singapore each generate about a quarter of Intel's sales, followed by US customers
who supply 20% of revenue, and customers in Taiwan who kick in more than 15% of
revenue.

7. Intel sells its products primarily to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and original
design manufacturers (ODMs). ODMs provide design and manufacturing services to
branded and unbranded private label resellers. In addition, Intel products are sold to makers
of industrial and communications equipment.

8. Its customers also include those who buy PC components and other products through
distributor, reseller, retail, and OEM channels. Intel's worldwide reseller sales channel
consists of thousands of indirect customers, who are systems builders that purchase
microprocessors and other products from distributors.

2. American Express
The American Express Company, also known as Amex, is an
American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Three World
Financial Center in New York City. The company was founded in 1850 and is one of the 30
components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company is best known for its charge
card, credit card, and traveler's cheque businesses.
In 2016, credit cards using the American Express network accounted for 22.9% of the total
dollar volume of credit card transactions in the US. As of December 31, 2017, the company
had 112.8 million cards in force, including 50 million cards in force in the United States, each
with an average annual spending of $18,519

3. Amway
Amway (short for American Way) is an American company relying upon multi -level
marketing model for selling a massive range of products focusing on niches such as
beauty, health, home care, etc

It came into existence in the year 1959 by Richard DeVos and Jay Van Andel, with its
headquarters in Ada, a city in Michigan. The product line of Amway includes home care
products, jewelery, electronics, dietary supplements, air purifiers, water purifiers, and
insurance.
Some family brands associated with Amway include Nutrilite, Dynamite, Artistry, and
Attitude among others. Amway’s expanse of business covers affiliated companies across
more than a hundred countries across the world.

12
Amway is one of the world’s largest direct sale companies with 6000 corporate
employees worldwide. It services and supplies over 3.3 million IBOs in more than 80
countries and territories in Asia, Africa, East and Western Europe and Americas. Amway
manufactures its own branded products and distributes them through ‘direct selling’.

4. Coca Cola
The Coca-Cola Company, American corporation founded in 1892 and today engaged
primarily in the manufacture and sale of syrup and concentrate for Coca-Cola, a sweetened
carbonated beverage that is a cultural institution in the United States and a global symbol of
American tastes. The company also produces and sells other soft drinks and citrus beverages.
With more than 2,800 products available in more than 200 countries, Coca-Cola is the largest
beverage manufacturer and distributor in the world and one of the largest corporations in the
United States. Headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia.
The drink Coca-Cola was originated in 1886 by an Atlanta pharmacist, John S. Pemberton
(1831–88), at his Pemberton Chemical Company. His bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, chose the
name for the drink and penned it in the flowing script that became the Coca-Cola trademark.
Pemberton originally touted his drink as a tonic for most common ailments, basing it
on cocaine from the coca leaf and caffeine-rich extracts of the kola nut; the cocaine was
removed from Coca-Cola’s formula in about 1903. Pemberton sold his syrup to local soda
fountains, and, with advertising, the drink became phenomenally successful. By 1891 another
Atlanta pharmacist, As a Griggs Candler (1851–1929), had secured complete ownership of the
business (for a total cash outlay of $2,300 and the exchange of some proprietary rights), and
he incorporated the Coca-Cola Company the following year. The trademark “Coca-Cola” was
registered in the U.S. Patent Office in 1893.

5. Kodak
Eastman Kodak Company, byname Kodak, American manufacturer of film and
photographic supplies and provider of digital imaging services and products. Headquarters are
in Rochester, New York.
The company was incorporated in 1901 as the successor to a business established in Rochester
in 1880 by George Eastman, who perfected the newly developed method of making
photographic dry plates. Before 1880, photographers had to coat a plate with fresh, wet
chemicals each time they wanted to take a picture. Eastman developed a machine that
mechanically produced dry, precoated plates, and he set up the company that later would
become Eastman Kodak to sell his plates.
.

13
 6. Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut, LLC operates a chain of pizza restaurants in the United States and internationally.
The company offers pizzas, pastas, wings, sides, dipping sauces, drinks, and desserts. It also
offers catering services. In addition, the company provides franchise opportunities. Further, it
enables customers to order its products online. The company was founded in 1958 and is based
in Dallas, Texas. Pizza Hut, LLC operates as a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc.

Pizza Hut and Pepsi have teamed up once again to deliver fans an entertainment experience
like no other, this time leveraging their mutual designation as an Official Sponsor of the NFL.
This year, the two brands are giving fans a chance to win a trip to Super Bowl LIII and get on
the field for the Pepsi Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show. Starting the week of November 19,
football fans can enter the Pepsi Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show Sweepstakes by purchasing
limited-edition Pepsi 4-Pack carriers, available at all Pizza Hut locations while supplies last,
and entering a code from the product on PizzaHut.com/Pepsi Sweeps. Fans can also share their
home gate on Twitter using HutxPepsiSweepstakes for a chance to win. Two lucky NFL fans
will win tickets for them and a guest to attend Super Bowl LIII and view the Pepsi Super Bowl
LIII Halftime Show from the field, but additional prizes like NFL gear will be awarded to fans
who enter the contest before Dec. 31. Pepsi has been the sponsor of the Super Bowl Halftime
Show since 2013, and the Official Soft Drink Sponsor of the NFL since 2002.

UK Companies in India

 Cadbury
Cadbury, the confectionery giant and the second largest confectionery brand in the world,
is well known for its Creme Egg and Roses selection box and the world famous Dairy
Milk chocolate. Its owned by Mondel?z International. This British multinational
confectionery company is based in Uxbridge of London in the United Kingdom.
It operates in 50 countries all over the world. Cadbury was started by John Cadbury, who
initially sold drinking chocolate, coffee and tea in Birmingham, England in the year of
1824.
In later years Cadbury collaborated with his brother Benjamin to expand their business.
Then it was passed on to his sons Richard and George. It was George who built Bournville
estate to provide the company’s workers a way to improve their living conditions.

 Standard Chartered Bank

14
We offer banking services that help people and companies to succeed, creating
wealth and growth across our markets. Our heritage and values are expressed in
our brand promise – Here for good.With more than 86,000 employees and a
presence in 60 markets, our network serves customers in close to 150 markets
worldwide. We're listed on the London and Hong Kong Stock Exchanges as well
as the Bombay and National Stock Exchanges in India.We make the most of o ur
deep roots in rapidly developing Asian, African and Middle Eastern local markets
to seek out opportunities at every turn. Placing a particular focus on supporting
customers who trade, operate or invest across our footprint.

 Marconi Communications

Marconi Communications, the former telecommunications arm of the General Electric

Company plc (GEC), was founded in August 1998 through the amalgamation of GEC Plessey
Telecommunications (GPT) with other GEC subsidiaries: Marconi SpA, GEC Hong Kong, and
ATC South Africa.
In December 1999, it became the principal subsidiary of Marconi plc, which was formed by
the renaming of the entity left out of GEC, when GEC's defence arm, Marconi Electronic
Systems, was merged with British Aerospace to form BAE Systems. Marconi plc was
restructured to Marconi Corporation plc in May 2003.
During the mid-1990s, its prominent predecessor company, GPT, gradually disappeared.
Through a series of mergers, divisions and restructuring in 1997-1998, GPT was amalgamated
with two major companies: Marconi Communications and Siemens Communications (in
2008, Siemens Enterprise Communications).
On 23 January 2006, Ericsson acquired a majority of Marconi Communications' parent
company, Marconi Corporation plc. The remainder of Marconi Corporation plc was renamed
Telent plc

 British Telecommunications

British Telecommunications plc provides communication services worldwide. Its BT

Consumer segment offers a range of home phone products and calling plans; ADSL broadband
services; BT TV; BT sport; and BT mobile services. The company’s EE segment provides
postpaid and prepaid mobile services; a range of 4G mobile phones, tablets, connected devices,
and mobile broadband devices; and broadband and TV services. Its Business and Public Sector
segment offers fixed-voice services; a range of handsets and tablets; Internet access options;
and specialized networked IT services. The company’s Global Services segment provides IP,

15
Ethernet, and Internet virtual private network, as well as connectivity to third-party cloud
service providers; cyber security services; collaboration services; contact center services;
telehousing and colocation services; consulting services; and industry-specific solutions. The
company’s Wholesale and Ventures segment offers broadband and Ethernet connections to
communications providers; and voice calls, hosted communications, machine-to-machine
services, and media services, as well as operates mobile virtual network. Its Openreach
segment provides copper access services, including wholesale line rental and local loop
unbundling; fibre access, such as fibre-to-the-cabinet, Gfast, and fibre-to-the-premises
solutions; Ethernet products comprising Ethernet access direct and optical spectrum services;
and infrastructure solutions consisting of flexible co-mingling, physical infrastructure access,
mobile infill infrastructure, and network rearrangements. It serves individuals and households,
small and medium-sized enterprises, larger businesses, multinational corporations, domestic
businesses, and government organizations. The company was founded in 1837 and is
headquartered in London, the United Kingdom. British Telecommunications plc is a subsidiary
of BT Group plc.

 Unilever
From Dove soap to Ben & Jerry's ice cream, Unilever N.V. manufactures more than 400
different food and personal care products that are used by 2.5 billion people worldwide every
day. The consumer products giant is one of the top manufacturers of dressings and savory
condiments with billion-dollar brands Hellmann's and Knorr. Other top products include ice
cream (Breyers, Magnum, and Ben & Jerry's), tea (Lipton), razors and blades (Dollar Shave
Club), and soaps (Dove, Lux). Netherlands-based Unilever N.V. operates jointly with its UK-
based counterpart, Unilever PLC, as the Unilever Group, which has a single board of directors
and one set of financial statements. In early 2017 Kraft Heinz withdrew a $143 billion takeover
offer for Unilever after Unilever management and stockholders protested, claiming the bid
underestimated its value.

Unilever is organized around four main product groups. Roughly 35% of its revenue is
generated by the Personal Care segment, which includes skin and hair care products,
deodorants, and oral care products. Another third comes from Foods, which consist of snacks,
soups, bouillons, sauces, mayonnaise, and salad dressings.

16
German Companies in India

1. BOSCH group
In India, Bosch is a leading supplier of technology and services in the areas of Mobility
Solutions, Industrial Technology, Consumer Goods, and Energy and Building Technology.
Additionally, Bosch has in India the largest development center outside Germany, for end to
end engineering and technology solutions.

The Bosch Group operates in India through twelve companies, viz, Bosch Limited, Bosch
Chassis Systems India Private Limited, Bosch Rexroth India Private Limited, Robert Bosch
Engineering and Business Solutions Private Limited, Bosch Automotive Electronics India
Private Limited, Bosch Electrical Drives India Private Limited, BSH Home Appliances Private
Limited, ETAS Automotive India Private Limited, Robert Bosch Automotive Steering India
Private Limited, Automotive Services and Solutions Private Limited, New Tech Filters India
Private Limited and Mivin Engineering Technologies Private Limited. In India, Bosch set-up
its manufacturing operation in 1951, which has grown over the years to include 18
manufacturing sites, and seven development and application centers.

2. Kluber Lubrication

Kluber products find application in a wide variety of machinery. India’s well established
manufacturing base and expected annual growth of over 12 per cent in the manufacturing
sector over the next ten years, make it a very attractive market for the company.This was the
key consideration for Klüber Lubrications to invest in India, and the performance in recent
years has vindicated this. From revenues of US$ 2.11 million in 2003 the company expects to
achieve US$ 5.65 million in 2006, a CAGR of 71 per cent.The company now considers the
Indian operations critical to its global strategy.
In fact, the key challenge for the company today is scaling up in terms of capacity and human
capital to address the growth opportunity the market has to offer.
Klüber products find application in a wide variety of machinery. India’s well established
manufacturing base and expected annual growth of over 12 per cent in the manufacturing
sector over the next ten years, make it a very attractive market for the company.This was the
key consideration for Klüber Lubrications to invest in India, and the performance in recent
years has vindicated this. From revenues of US$ 2.11 million in 2003 the company expects to
achieve US$ 5.65 million in 2006, a CAGR of 71 per cent.The company now considers the
Indian operations critical to its global strategy.

17
3. Carl Zeiss AG
Carl Zeiss AG specializes in the fields of optics and optoelectronics. Its business units
develops, manufactures, and distributes optical systems, such as lithography systems,
industrial measuring technology, microscopes, surgical microscopes, ophthalmic diagnostic
and therapy systems, eyeglass lenses, planetarium technology, and cine and camera lenses, as
well as binoculars, riflescopes, and spotting scopes. The company provides microchips;
measuring solutions that are used to make various components, such as micro and macro parts,
ship engines, and wind turbines; microscope systems for biomedical research and materials
inspection; medical systems that are used in ophthalmology, and neurosurgery, as well as ear,
nose, and throat surgery; and consumer optics, such as camera lenses, sports optics,
planetariums, and cinemizers. It provides solutions for semiconductor, automotive, and
mechanical engineering industries; biomedical research and medical technology; and eyeglass
lenses, camera and cine lenses, binoculars, and planetariums. The company was founded in
1846 and is based in Oberkochen, Germany. It has production facilities, sales and service
locations, and research and development sites worldwide. Carl Zeiss AG operates as a
subsidiary of Carl Zeiss Stiftung AG.

4. DHL Express
DHL Express (USA), Inc., doing business as DHL Express, provides international express,
air and ocean freight, road and rail transportation, contract logistics, warehousing and
distribution, and international mail services to customers in the United States and
internationally. Its express services include shipping, tracking, export, import, and small
business solutions; and logistics services include freight transportation, warehousing and
distribution, customs, security and insurance, and supply chain solutions. The company also
provides online shipment management solutions in Qatar. The company was formerly known
as Airborne Express (OH), Inc. and changed its name to DHL Express (USA), Inc. in 2005.
The company was founded in 1969 and is headquartered in Plantation, Florida with global
hubs in Hong Kong, Leipzig, and Cincinnati; regional hubs in Amsterdam, Bergamo,
Brussels, East Midlands, Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vitoria (Spain)/Bangkok,
Singapore/Bahrain, Dubai, and Lagos/Panama; and IT centers in Cyberjaya, Malaysia and
Prague, Czech Republic. It has quality control centers in Bonn and Leizig, Germany;
Cincinnati, Ohio; and Singapore. The company also has service points in Chittagong and
Dhaka, Bangladesh; and Qatar. In addition, it has a center in Mexico City, Mexico; and
service centers in Houston, Texas; and Herndon, Virginia. DHL Express (USA), Inc.
operates as a subsidiary of DPWN Holdings (USA), Inc.

18
France Company

1. 360 Learning
360learning.com France SAS provides massive online open courses (MooC) platform for
businesses that want to create and manage e-training courses for their employees. The company
was founded in 2010 and is based in Paris, France. 360Learning is a for-profit educational
technology company offering a SaaS Learning Management System. The Paris, France-based
Company sells access to its system by packages of users over periods of time such as 12/24/36
months.

2. Bugatti Automobiles
Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. (French pronunciation: [bygati] is a French high-
performance luxury automobiles manufacturer and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG, with its
head office and assembly plant in Molsheim, Alsace, France. Volkswagen purchased the
Bugatti trademark in June 1998 and incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. in 1999.
Bugatti presented several concept cars between 1998 and 2000 before commencing
development of its first production model, the Veyron 16.4, delivering the first Veyron to a
customer in 2005.
The 16C Galibier was first unveiled during Celebration of the Centenary of the Marque in
Molsheim. The presentation was only for Bugatti customers. The car show in Molsheim
showed the car in blue carbon fibre and aluminum parts. One year later Bugatti showed the
world the 16C Galibier Concept at "VW Group Night" at the Geneva Auto Show in a new
black and aluminum color combination.
The Galibier, a 1000 HP sedan, was first shown as a concept in 2010 and when they planned
to put it into production in 2015, it would have cost about $1.4 million. It would use the same
16-cylinder 8.0-litre engine as the Veyron but instead of four turbos, the 16C Galibier would
instead use two superchargers to deliver better torque. Production would require new facilities
in Molsheim, France, to be refitted, which pushed back potential deliveries until 2015.

3. Gameloft
Gameloft SE is a French video game publisher based in Paris, founded in December 1999
by Ubisoft co-founder Michel Guillemot. The company operates 21 development studios
worldwide, and publishes games with a special focus on the mobile games market. Formerly
a public company traded at the Paris Bourse, Gameloft was fully acquired by French media
conglomerate Vivendi in 2016.

19
In October 2015, French media conglomerate Vivendi announced that they had acquired a
6.2% stake in Gameloft's stock, which was quickly raised to 10.2% a few days later. By
February 2016, Vivendi had acquired 30% in the company, and launched
a hostiletakeover bid. In accordance with French law, Vivendi started a tender offer to acquire
further shares. Following the announcement, Gameloft's board of directors strongly advised
shareholders against selling stock to Vivendi to avoid the hostile takeover. By May 2016,
Vivendi had won over the majority of shareholders, enabling them to move forward in the
takeover. The acquisition was completed on 1 June 2016, with Vivendi having gotten a hold
of 56%, an absolute majority over Gameloft's ownership. Employees of Gameloft were
presented with an open letter welcoming them to the new parent company's family. Analysts
believed that the takeover was just the first step towards also purchasing Ubisoft, another video
game venture founded by Guillemot and his brothers, although Vivendi only held a 17.7%
minority in that company at the time. In response to Vivendi's actions, Guillemot announced
that he would step down from his company and join his brother Yves Guillemot at Ubisoft to
prevent it from also being taken over.

4. Lacoste
Lacoste (French pronunciation: [laˈkɔst] is a French company, founded in 1933 by tennis
player René Lacoste and André Gillier.
It sells clothing, footwear, sportswear, eyewear, leather goods, perfume, towels and watches.
The company can be recognized by its green crocodile logo. René Lacoste, the company's
founder, was nicknamed "the Crocodile" by fans because of his tenacity on the tenniscourt. In
November 2012 Lacoste was bought outright by Swiss family-held group Maus Frères.
Lacoste operates a large number of Lacoste boutiques worldwide located as concessions in
leading department stores and also as independent venue stores. In the United Kingdom,
Lacoste is available from a variety of shops including, JD Sports, KJ Beckett and John Lewis
Partnership.
Likewise in the United States, the Lacoste brand can be found in stores such as Saks Fifth
Avenue, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, Bloomingdale's, Macy's, Belk, Halls,
and other independent retailers. In Canada, Lacoste is sold at Harry Rosen, Hudson's Bay
(retailer), its own boutiques, and other independent retailers. In Australia, it is sold at David
Jones, and Myer.
In December 2011 Lacoste was accused of censoring the work of Palestinian artist Larissa
Sansour. Sansour had initially been included on a shortlist of eight nominees for the prestigious
Lacoste Élysée prize – a competition which had been organized by the Musée de
l'Élysée in Lausanne, Switzerland, with Lacoste's sponsorship. Sansour's entry into the
competition was entitled "Nation Estate", which involved a series of "dystopic sci-fi images

20
 based on Palestine's admission to UNESCO". In this work Sansour imagines the state
contained within a single skyscraper, with each floor representing a replica of "lost cities"
including Jerusalem, Ramallah and Sansour's own hometown of Bethlehem.

5. Renault
Groupe Renault is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The
company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufactured trucks, tractors,
tanks, buses/coaches and autorail vehicles.
According to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, in 2016
Renault was the ninth biggest automaker in the world by production volume. By 2017,
the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance had become the world's biggest seller of light
vehicles, bumping Volkswagen AG off the top spot.
Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, the Renault group is made up of the
namesake Renault marque and subsidiaries, Alpine, Automobile Dacia from
Romania, Renault Samsung Motos from South Korea, and AvtoVAZ from Russia. Renault
has a 43.4% controlling stake in Nissan of Japan, and a 1.55% stake in Daimler AG of
Germany (since 2012, Renault manufactures engines for the Daimler's Mercedes A-
Class and B-Class cars). Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque (automotive financing),
Renault Retail Group (automotive distribution) and Motrio (automotive parts). Renault has
various joint ventures, including Oyak-Renault (Turkey), Renault Pars (Iran). The French
government owns a 15% share of Renault.
Renault Trucks, previously known as Renault Véhicules Industriels, has been part of AB
Volvo since 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural
equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008.
Together Renault and Nissan invested €4 billion (US$5.16 billion) in eight electric
vehicles over three to four years beginning in 2011.
Renault is known for its role in motor sport, particularly rallying, Formula 1 and Formula E.
Its early work on mathematical curve modeling for car bodies is important in the history
of computer graphics.

UAE Country

1. Emirates (airlines)

21
Emirates is an airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The airline is a subsidiary of The
Emirates Group, which is wholly owned by the government of Dubai's Investment Corporation
of Dubai. It is the largest airline in the Middle East, operating over 3,600 flights per week from
its hub at Dubai International Airport, to more than 150 cities in 80 countries across six
continents. Cargo activities are undertaken by Emirates SkyCargo.
Emirates is the world's fourth largest airline in scheduled revenue passenger-kilometers
flown, the fourth-largest in terms of international passengers carried, and the second-largest in
terms of freight tonne kilometers flown. From March 2016 to February 2017 Emirates had the
longest non-stop commercial flight from Dubai to Auckland.
During the mid-1980s, Gulf Air began to cut back its services to Dubai. As a result, Emirates
was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubai's royal family, with Pakistan
International Airlines providing two of the airline's first aircraft on wet-lease. With $10 million
in start-up capital it was required to operate independently of government subsidy. Airlines
provided training facilities to Emirates' cabin crew at its academy. The airline was headed
by Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the airline's present chairman. In the years following its
founding, the airline expanded both its fleet and its destinations. In October 2008, Emirates
moved all operations at Dubai International Airport to Terminal 3.
Emirates operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and is one of the few
airlines to operate an all-wide-body aircraft fleet (while excluding Emirates Executive). As of
November 2017, Emirates is the largest Airbus A380 operator with 103 aircraft in service and
a further 42 on order. Since its introduction, the Airbus A380 has become an integral part of
the Emirates fleet, especially on long-haul high-traffic routes. Emirates is also the world's
largest Boeing 777 operator with 151 aircraft in service.

2. Warid Telecom
Warid Telecom International is an Emirati multinational telecommunications company
based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It provides telecom services
in Bangladesh, Georgia, Congo, Pakistan, and Uganda.
In December 2005, Warid Telecom International LLC obtained a 15-year GSM license to
operate as the sixth mobile phone operator in Bangladesh for US$50 million. Warid
Bangladesh started rolling out its network from mid-2006, and launched commercial
operations on May 10, 2007, covering 26 districts. It uses the code 16 preceded by the code
number of Bangladesh +880. Warid Bangladesh has acquired a million subscribers within 70
days of launch.

22
Warid Telecom sold 70% of its stake in Bangladesh operations to India's Bharti Airtel for
US$300 million receiving regulatory approval from the Bangladesh Telecommunication
Regulatory Commission (BTRC) on January 4, 2010.
On December 20, 2010, Warid Telecom was rebranded as Airtel.

3. Spacetoon
Spacetoon is an Arabic television channel that specializes in animation and children
programs.
It began broadcasting in March 2000 with headquarters in Damascus and Dubai.
The Spacetoon Company has had three now-defunct channels in the Arab world besides the
main still existing Spacetoon channel: Space Power TV, Spacetoon Radio and Spacetoon
English.
The main Indonesian channel began airing on March 23, 2005 in Jakarta, it later
became NET. And its broadcast remains on satellite television. Currently there are three
Spacetoon channels in Indonesia, Spacetoon, Space Shopping and Spacetoon Plus. In
India, Spacetoon India exists as licensing company, but not as a separate TV channel. In South
Korea, Spacetoon launched in 2005 but has since closed down.
.

4. Jumeirah (hotel chain)

Jumeirah's activities include management of Wild Wadi Waterpark, spa brand Talise, Jumeirah
Restaurants (the company's restaurant division) and runs both The Emirates Academy of
Hospitality Management and Jumeirah Hospitality.
Jumeirah was founded in 1997 in Dubai, UAE, and currently employs approximately 14,000
colleagues from across 140 nationalities. Today, Jumeirah operates two extraordinary hotels
brands offering exceptional guests experiences across the world. Jumeirah Hotels & Resorts
are regarded as among the most luxurious and innovative in the world, and have won numerous
international travel and tourism awards including 76 prestigious accolades in 2017. In 2018
Jumeirah launched a second brand, Zabeel House by Jumeirah, created in response to the
continuing and growing travel trend for exploration and enrichment through travel experiences.
The launch of the new casual-upscale Zabeel House by Jumeirah brand was a significant
milestone for Jumeirah in achieving strategic expansion, and provides an opportunity for
Jumeirah to access new localities and destinations.

23
 1.6 CONCLUDING OBSERVATION

Foreign trade refers to the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders
or territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and
political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. According to Wasserma and Haltman,
“International trade consists of transaction between residents of different countries”. There are
some features of international trade like immobility of factors, heterogeneous market, different
national groups, different political units, different national policies and government intervention,
different currencies, etc.

24
 CHAPTER: 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

25
2.1(a)Studies related to economist and it impact on Global Scenario

USA ECONOMIST
 Milton Friedman,
Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.

— Milton Friedman, 1963

Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management; and he held that the
government's role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely. Friedman wrote
extensively on the Great Depression, and he termed the 1929–1933 period the Great Contraction.
He argued that the Depression had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whose duration and
seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by
the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve.
The Fed was largely responsible for converting what might have been a garden-variety recession,
although perhaps a fairly severe one, into a major catastrophe. Instead of using its powers to offset
the depression, it presided over a decline in the quantity of money by one-third from 1929 to
1933 ... Far from the depression being a failure of the free-enterprise system, it was a tragic failure
of government.

— Milton Friedman, Two Lucky People, 233

This theory was put forth in A Monetary History of the United States, and the chapter on the Great
Depression was then published as a stand-alone book entitled The Great Contraction, 1929–1933.
Both books are still in print from Princeton University Press, and some editions include as an
appendix a speech at a University of Chicago event honoring Friedman[60] in which Ben
Bernanke made this statement:

 Paul Robin Krugman

“Say this for Krugman: though an unabashed liberal ... he's ideologically colorblind. He savages
the supply-siders of the Reagan–Bush era with the same glee as he does the 'strategic traders' of
the Clinton administration”

“Krugman has criticized the Republican Party leadership for what he sees as a strategic (but largely
tacit) reliance on racial divisions.In his Conscience of a Liberal, he wrote:
The changing politics of race made it possible for a revived conservative movement, whose
ultimate goal was to reverse the achievements of the New Deal, to win national elections – even
though it supported policies that favored the interests of a narrow elite over those of middle- and
lower-income Americans”

 GERMANY ECONOMIST

26
 Weimar Republic and Third Reich
“The Nazis rose to power while unemployment was very high but achieved full employment later
thanks to massive public works programs such as the Reichsbahn, Reichspost and the
Reichsautobahnprojects.In 1935 rearmament in contravention of the Treaty of Versailles added to
the economy.”

Weimar and Nazi Germany By Stephen J. Lee

“The post 1931 financial crisis economic policies of expansionary fiscal policies (as Germany was
off the gold standard) was advised by their non-Nazi Minister of Economics, Hjalmar
Schacht, who in 1933 became the president of the central bank. Hjalmar Schacht later abdicated
from the post in 1938 and was replaced by Hermann Göring.”

“The trading policies of the Third Reich aimed at self sufficiency but with a lack of raw materials
Germany would have to maintain trade links but on bilateral preferences, foreign exchange
controls, import quotas and export subsidies under what was called the "New Plan"(Neuer Plan)
of 19 September 1934. The "New Plan" was based on trade with less developed countries who
would trade raw materials for German industrial goods saving currency.[50] Southern Europe was
preferable to Western Europe and North America as there could be no trade blockades. This policy
became known as the Grosswirtschaftsraum ("greater economic area") policy.”

Peter Bofinger
“The paper discusses the recent macroeconomic stabilisation strategies in Russia, the Ukraine and
in Kazakhstan, which can be classified as orthodox money-based stabilisations (OMBS). It shows
which difficulties are created if one uses monetary targeting as short-term policy guideline in
countries with an unstable demand for money: the whole program has to be designed in restrictive
ways. In addition it is neither transparent nor very credible.”

Marcel Fratzscher
“The Journal of International Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field
of economics. The journal publishes articles on both theoretical and empirical aspects of international
economics. Various topics covered include trade patterns, commercial policy, international
institutions, exchange rates, open economy macroeconomics, international finance, and international
factor mobility.”

 FRANCE ECONOMIST

27
 Thomas Piketty

“Piketty specializes in economic inequality, taking a historic and statistical approach. His work
looks at the rate of capital accumulation in relation to economic growth over a two hundred year
spread from the nineteenth century to the present. His novel use of tax records enabled him to
gather data on the very top economic elite, who had previously been understudied, and to ascertain
their rate of accumulation of wealth and how this compared to the rest of society and economy.
His most recent book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, relies on economic data going back
250 years to show that an ever-rising concentration of wealth is not self-correcting. To address this
problem, he proposes redistribution through a progressive global tax on wealth”

 UK ECONOMIST

Versailles peace conference

Main article: Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe)

Keynes's experience at Versailles was influential in shaping his future outlook, yet it was not a
successful one for him. Keynes's main interest had been in trying to prevent Germany's
compensation payments being set so high it would traumatise innocent German people, damage
the nation's ability to pay and sharply limit her ability to buy exports from other countries – thus
hurting not just Germany's own economy but that of the wider world.
Keynesian economics out of favour 1979–2007
Main article: Post-war displacement of Keynesianism

Keynesian economics were officially discarded by the British Government in 1979, but forces had
begun to gather against Keynes's ideas over 30 years earlier. Friedrich Hayek had formed the Mont
Pelerin Society in 1947, with the explicit intention of nurturing intellectual currents to one day
displace Keynesianism and other similar influences. Its members included the Austrian
School economist Ludwig von Mises along with the then young Milton Friedman. Initially the
society had little impact on the wider world – according to Hayek it was as if Keynes had been
raised to sainthood after his death and that people refused to allow his work to be
questioned.[65][66] Friedman however began to emerge as a formidable critic of Keynesian
economics from the mid-1950s, and especially after his 1963 publication of A Monetary History
of the United States.

Keynesian resurgence 2008–09

Main article: 2008–09 Keynesian resurgence

The global financial crisis of 2007–08 led to public skepticism about the free market consensus
even from some on the economic right. In March 2008, Martin Wolf, chief economics
commentator at the Financial Times, announced the death of the dream of global free-market
capitalism.[75] In the same month macroeconomist James K. Galbraith used the 25th Annual
Milton Friedman Distinguished Lecture to launch a sweeping attack against the consensus for

28
monetarist economics and argued that Keynesian economics were far more relevant for tackling
the emerging crises.]Economist Robert J. Shiller had begun advocating robust government
intervention to tackle the financial crises, specifically citing Keynes.

2.2(A) Article Related India investment and trade with above these countries

Sr. Authors Research Reference

No./Country
Name

USA Goldar, The paper undertakes Impact of trade

Bishwanath analyses at three liberalization on foreign
levels and the results direct investment in Indian
arrived at different industries (No. 36).
levels indicate that ARTNeT Working Paper
trade liberalization Series.
has had a favourable
effect on FDI flows in
India. It is also found
that the regions
having greater extent
of international trade
are able to attract
greater amount of
FDI. Some evidence
is found that point to
differential effects of
trade associated with
international vertical
integration and intra-
industry trade.
Though liberalization
has led to a substantial
increase in intra-
industry trade, much
of the intra-industry
being horizontal in
nature in India is not
found to have a strong
favourable effect on
FDI

29
 Prof Richard The supervision of a David Legge, David
D Smith domestic health Sanders, David McCoy
system in the context Trade and health: the need
of the trade for a political economic
environment in the analysis
21st century needs a
sophisticated
understanding of how
trade in health
services affects, and
will affect, a country's
health system and
policy. This notion
places a premium on
people engaged in the
health sector
understanding the
importance of a
comprehensive
outlook on trade in
health services.
However,
establishment of
systematic
comparative data for
amounts of trade in
health services is
difficult to achieve,
and most trade
negotiations occur in
isolation from health
professionals.

Dhingra, The economic London School of

Swati, Ottaviano, consequences of Economics and Political
UK leaving the EU will Science, CEP, London, UK
depend on what
policies the UK
adopts following
Brexit. But lower
trade due to reduced
integration with EU
countries is likely to
cost the UK economy
far more than is
gained from lower

30
 contributions to the
EU budget. 10 Even
setting aside foreign
investment, migration
and the dynamic
consequences of
reduced trade, we
estimate the effects of
Brexit on trade and
the UK’s contribution
to the EU budget
would be equivalent
to a fall in income of
between 1.3% and
2.6% (£850 to £1,700
per household per
year). And once we
include the long-run
effects of Brexit on
productivity, the
decline in income
increases to between
6.3% and 9.5% (about
£4,200 to £6,400 per
household per year).

Uma Subramanian This paper examines Trade union responses in

the specific case of the UK and India to call
the migration of call centre
centres from the UK offshoring. Antipode, 40(1),
to India and trade 131-154
union responses in
both geographies.
Informed by
theoretical
developments,
insights and evidence
from diverse
disciplines and
literatures, the authors
concur particularly
with Herod's
conviction that union
strategies to counter
TNCs should not be
counterposed between

31
 ‘organising globally’
and
‘organisinglocally’and
that ‘organising at
both scales
simultaneously may
best serve their goals

Wernz, C., Zhang, The paper found that International study of

H., &Phusavat the investment technology investment
GERMANY decisions of the decisions at
interviewed hospitals hospitals. Industrial
are primarily Management & Data
affected by the Systems
healthcare system,
the socio-economic
and cultural context,
and the
organization's
mission. Most of the
interviewed hospitals
consider multiple
criteria in their
decision-making
framework and share
similar
organizational
processes.

Tiwari, R., Germany has The Emergence of Indian

&Herstatt advanced to the Multinationals: An
position of a key Empricial Study of
destination for Indian Motives, Status-Quo and
multinational Trends of Indian
enterprises in their Investments in Germany.
spirited pursuit of
growth opportunities
overseas. In 2008,
Indian firms invested
an estimated amount
of US$ 1.8 billion in
Germany while 16
acquisitions by Indian
firms were monitored,
up from 7 in 2007. In
fact, Indian FDI stock
in Germany seems to

32
 have surpassed
German FDI stock in
India. Our research
shows that, as of
October 2008, 123
Indian MNEs with
167 subsidiaries were
active in Germany
and had approx.
20,000 full-time
employees on their
pay-rolls.

Bond, S., Elston, J. We construct Financial factors and

A., Mairesse, J., company panel data investment in Belgium,
FRANCE &Mulkay, B sets for manufacturing France, Germany, and the
firms in Belgium, United Kingdom: A
France, Germany, and comparison using company
the United Kingdom, panel data. Review of
covering the period economics and
1978–1989. These statistics, 85(1), 153-165.
data sets are used to
estimate empirical
investment equations,
and to investigate the
role played by
financial factors in
each country. A
robust finding is that
cash flow and profits
terms appear to be
both statistically and
quantitatively more
significant in the
United Kingdom than
in the three
continental European
countries. This is
consistent with the
suggestion that
financial constraints
on investment may be
relatively severe in
the more market-
oriented U.K.
financial system.

33
 Graham, E. M. This volume is about Multinationals and foreign
(Ed.). foreign direct investment in economic
investment in development. Palgrave
developing countries. Macmillan.
The chapters were
selected from papers
presented at the
Thirteenth Congress
of the International
Economic
Association, held in
Lisbon, Portugal in
September 2002. To
be included in this
volume, a paper had
to address some
aspect of the topic,
but some addressed it
rather obliquely, and
justification for their
inclusion is noted
below

Davidson, C. M. The developmental Abu Dhabi: oil and beyond.

process as it unfolds New York: Columbia
UAE in Dubai has hardly University Press.
been analyzed by
academics. Most
current knowledge
about the country
originates from media
coverage, especially
from news magazines
and business
literature. Recently a
number of social
science based but
historically oriented
academic publications
have appeared. Only
one study, however,
has seriously sought
to place Dubai in a
broader
developmental
framework: Sampler

34
 and Eigner's From
Sand to Silicon,
published in 2003.
Yet, by applying the
so-called strategic
trajectory model to
the case of Dubai,
they reduce their
focus to the
management side.
Their aim is too
narrow to provide an
explanation of the
overall development
process in Dubai.

Al Fahim, M. Abu Dhabi to Al Ain From rags to riches. Dubai,

paired with the arrival UAE: London Centre of
of the first Arab Studies.
automobiles on desert
sands without roads,
the novelty and
wonder of his first
airplane flight from
Das Island coupled
with the death of his
mother in childbirth
due to a lack of
hospitals and qualified
medical staff. Amber
Haque, PhD,
Associate Professor of
Psychology at United
Arab Emirates
University, writes
that, “The young will,
of course, model their
elders,” and calls
From Rags to Riches:
A Story of Abu Dhabi
“an excellent resource
on identity and
national legacy for the
local youth” that
should “actually be a
part of course

35
curriculum at the
undergraduate level
for all college
students.”*

36
 CHAPTER-3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

37
3.1 INTRODUCTION

Research methodology is the systematic method/process dealing with enunciation of identifying

problem formulation hypothesis, collecting of facts of data, analyzing these data an reaching at
certain conclusion either in the form of these forwards the problem concerned or certain
generalization for some theoretical formulation It is also comprised of a number of alternative
approaches and interrelated and frequently overlapping procedures and practices, since there are
many aspect of research methodology, the line of action has to be chosen from a variety of
alternatives. The choice if suitable method can be arrived at through the assessment of objective
and hypothesis: and comparison of various alternatives. Research methodology used in the present
study is as under:The present research is mainly of quantitative nature, as most of findings of the
present study are based on quantified measures. However, the researcher also manipulated the
causality and consequences which also represents a sign of qualitative research. In the light of
purpose of research, the present study is mainly of applied nature as the researcher has tried to test
the assumption and application of the problem in a given set of conditions, Further, the survey
method has been adopted by electing and studying sample chosen from the population to test the
hypothesis and discover the relevant incidence, distribution and interrelation of variables.

3.2 TYPE OF RESEARCH

Have used Descriptive Research as a tool to study the international trade trend of India with
USA,GERMENY,FRANCE,UAE,UK countries and its impact. By using a descriptive study, the
research will able to descript whether the trend is increased or decreased and have an impact on
the Indian economy or not. Descriptive studies are those studies, which are consenting
individual, group or prediction with narration of facts and characteristics concerning individual,
group or situation.

3.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

a.) To study the international trade agreement between India and UK, USA, Germany, France, UK
countries.

b.) To study and analysis the international investment between the India and to select countries.

c.) To study the Indian’s exports to select countries.

d.) To study the India’s import form select countries.

e.) To make comparative analysis of India’s international select countries.

h.) To study the future roadmap and provide adequate suggestion.

38
3.4 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

Ho1: There is no significant difference between exports made by India to USA, U.K., Germany,
France, U.A.E.

Ho2: There is no significant difference between imports made by India form USA, U.K.,
Germany, France, U.A.E.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION SOURCE

The present study is based on secondary data. The relevant secondary data has been collected from
various web sites reports of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India Export-Import
Data Bank, Reserve Bank of India etc. The time period of the study has been take Jan 2018 to 31st
March.

3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN

In the present study, mainly descriptive research design has been adopted as the main purpose of
this study is to familiarity with the various aspects of international trade and exports and imports
of India with ABOVE countries. Since the scope of the study is very vast, the present study also
represents some characteristics of descriptive research design.

3.6 SAMPLE DESIGN

Five countries (UK, FRANCE, USA, GERMANY, UAE) are taken to evaluate the export and
import trend with India. Descriptive research designs were used in this study to evaluate theexports
and imports trends in India. In this research, Descriptive research designs are describes and
interprets what exists at present. The main aim of this is to describe the data & characteristics
about what a\was being studied.

3.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Data has been taken only secondary sources some of export and import could also conclude.

The study only based on the top five countries..

Instead of having sector wise study, overall performance of the country in context of
international trade is considered.

3.8 CONCLUSION

39
This chapter concentrates on the d top five countries compression with India. In this study we
consider the export and import India with these countries and the investment and trade between
these countries and India relation these countries ,and trade agreement between these nation with
India, top export and import commodities with India and focus on future expectations with these
countries with India.

40
 CHAPTER: 4
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

41
4.1 Trade Agreements

(a) Agreements signed between India and the US

1. Agreement on terrorist screening policy:

As per this Arrangement, India and the US shall provide each other access to terrorism screening
information through the designated contact points, subject to domestic laws and regulations. The
Arrangement would enhance the counter terrorism cooperation between India and the US.

2. Memorandum of understanding (MOU) on Energy Security, Clean Energy and Climate

Change:
The objective of the MOU is to enhance cooperation between India and the US on energy security,
clean energy and climate change through increased bilateral engagement and further joint
initiatives for promoting sustainable growth.

3. MOU on Wildlife Conservation and Combating Wildlife Trafficking:

The MOU seeks cooperation in areas such as Wildlife Forensics and Conservation Genetics;
Natural World Heritage Conservation and Nature Interpretation; and Conservation Awareness,
between India and the US for wildlife conservation and management and combating wildlife
trafficking.

4. MOU on the Development of an International Expedited Traveler Initiative:

The Global Entry is a US Customs and Border Protection programme, which allows expedited
clearance for pre-approved, low-risk travellers upon arrival in the United States. After joint
scrutiny and clearance by both countries, the approved Indian travellers will be extended the
facility of expedited entry into the United States through automatic kiosks at select airports.

42
5. Technical arrangement on unclassified Maritime Information Sharing:
The Arrangement would allow sharing of unclassified information on White Shipping between
India and the US as permitted by respective national laws, regulations and policies, and provides
a framework for mutually beneficial maritime information.

6. MOU on cooperation for gas and hydrates:

The MOU aims to increase the understanding of the geologic occurrence, distribution, and
production of natural gas hydrates along the continental margin of India and in the US.

Finalized documents
7. MOU concerning Aircraft Carrier Technologies:
IEA is aimed to enhance data and information sharing specific to aircraft carriers technology
between India and the US.

8. Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement:

The agreement is aimed at facilitating mutual logistic support between India and the US for
authorized port visits, joint exercises, joint training and HA-DR (humanitarian assistance and
disaster relief).

4.1(b) India and Germany Agreements

India and Germany have signed 12 agreements after delegation level talks between Prime
Minister Narendra Modi and German chancellor Angela Merkel on a range of issues like trade,
skill development, cyber security and terrorism.

India and Germany have also vowed to counter the challenges posed by those who encourage,
support and finance terrorism. They also called for the earlier adoption of Comprehensive
Convention on International Terrorism. European countries like Germany, France, the UK and
Sweden have recently faced a spate of terror attacks.

The 12 agreements are inclusive of 9 joint declarations of intent (JDIs) and 3 memoranda of
understanding (MOU).

43
Here's a list of the agreements and JDIs:
1. Agreement on collaboration between the Ministry of Skill Development and Germany's
BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research). This agreement will facilitate training of
Indian skill development officers and cluster managers

2. Agreement between the Ministry of Health and BMG (Federal Ministry of Health) on
cooperation in health sector

3. Agreement between the AYUSH and BMG (Federal Ministry of Health) over cooperation in
alternative medicine

4. JDI between Ministry of Science and Technology and the BMBF (Federal Ministry of
Education and Research) for the establishment of an Indo-German Centre for Sustainability

5. JDI between the Ministry of External Affairs and the German Foreign Office on cooperation
on cyber policy

6. JDI between the Ministry of Finance and BMZ (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
and Development) on Indo-German Development Cooperation

7. JDI between the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and BMWi (Federal Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy) over continuation of cooperation in the field of advanced training
of corporate and junior executives from India

8. JDI between the Department of Heavy Industries and BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education
and Research) on cooperation in vocational education and skill development for machine tools

9. JDI between the Ministry of External Affairs and the German Foreign Office on
collaboration between Foreign Service institutes of both the country

10. JDI between the Ministry of Railways and German Ministry of Transport on cooperation in
railway safety

11. JDI between the Ministry of Urban Development and German Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development on cooperation for sustainable urban development

12. JDI on cooperation in the field of digitalisation, empowerment and economic impact between
the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology and the Germany's Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy

44
4.1(c) India-UK List of MOUs/Agreements

India and UK have agreed to an overarching cyber-relationship framework that among others
enables the development of a common and shared understanding of international cyber activity;
discuss and share strategies to promote user confidence in the security of ICT products and
services; promote cyber security product development; and share information relating R&D etc.

1. On rejuvenation of River Ganga, a MoU has been signed between National Mission for Clean
Ganga (NMCG) and Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC), UK. The MoU will
enable the United Kingdom to support Government of India in sustainable management of
water resources in the Ganga Basin through collaborative programmes of research and
innovation and exchange of policy experts with the support of UK Water Partnership.

2. The MoU on Skill Development, Vocational education and Training between the two
governments seeks to promote greater collaboration in domains such as strengthening skill
delivery in high demand sectors where UK has technical and skilling expertise, capacity
building of institutions by facilitating the links between UK and Indian corporates and
institutions, technical assistance for apprenticeships, quality assessment and certification.

3. In the area of regulation of safe nuclear energy use for peaceful purposes, an arrangement has
been arrived at between Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India (AERB) and the Office
for Nuclear Regulation of Great Britain (ONR). The arrangement among others will facilitate
exchange of safety-related information concerning the regulation of siting, construction,
commissioning, operation, radioactive waste management, decommissioning of civil nuclear
installations, and preparedness and management of nuclear and radiological emergencies.

4. A Statement of Intent between NITI Aayog and UK’s Department of Business, Energy and
Industrial Strategy (BEIS) has been signed which will enable the two sides to explore potential
for regular engagement on technology co-operation in areas such as electric vehicles, AI,
FinTech, and advanced manufacturing, as well as utilizing AI, big data and analytics
capability for evidence based policy making.

5. The MoU on cooperation in the field of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Sectors
seeks to strengthen collaboration in livestock health and husbandry, breeding, dairying and
fisheries, sanitary issues, exchange of scientific personnel, promotion of agro-forestry for
planting fodder tree species, bulk transportation of fodder to deficit areas etc.

6. Recognising the increased threat posed by international criminality because of its increasingly
complex nature and the threat posed by organised crime, a MoU on Exchange of Information
for the Purposes of Combating International Criminality and Tackling Serious Organised
Crime has been signed. The MoU will allow the two parties to establish a mechanism for the
exchange of information, which will include criminal records, immigration records and
intelligence.

7. An Addendum covering research in humanities and social sciences has been added to the 2004
Newton-BhabhaMoU, which supports research and innovation capacities of both sides for

45
 long-term sustainable growth. With this addendum, the collaboration will now also extend to
Humanities and Social Sciences.

8. The UK has announced setting up a Fast Track Mechanism to identify and resolve specific
issues faced by Indian companies who are either in the UK or looking to establish operations
in the UK.

9. The All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), an autonomous organization under the Ministry
of Ayush in collaboration with the College of Medicine will set up a Centre of Excellence in
Ayurveda and traditional Indian medicine. A MoU between the two institutions has been
signed which will enable among others the development of evidence-based guidelines for
integrating Ayurvedic principles and practices with modern medicine, and develop
Ayurvedic medical education guidelines for Ayurveda education in the UK.

10. UK – India Tech Alliance: NASSCOM and tech UK have set up the UK – India Tech
Alliance, which will facilitate collaboration on building future skills in new technologies by
nurturing a solid skills base in the UK and India, with the support of both the governments.
The Alliance will be composed of high-level stakeholders from the technology industry in the
United Kingdom and India. The Alliance will assist the governments of UK and India to
develop policy in relevant areas by providing a forum for regular dialogue and the exchange
of ideas, discuss concerns pertaining to the growth of the sector including, but not limited to
skills, new technologies and migration.

11. Technology Summit II: The UK and India announced the Technology Summit II, which will
be held in autumn 2018.The Summit will bring together the greatest UK and Indian tech
innovators, scientists, entrepreneurs and policy makers to work together to scope and design
solutions to challenges including the governance of future tech.

12. AI and Digital Healthcare: The UK and India announced that as partners in the next
generation of healthcare, theywill collaborate on digital health pilots in India’s Aspirational
Health Districts by applying UK evidence-based healthcare AI and technology to strengthen
healthcare delivery. These pilots will be carried out in the areas of self-care, primary,
secondary and tertiary care, including eye care, diabetes and cancer.

13. UK-India Tech Hub: The UK announced the creation of a UK-India Tech Hub. Based in the
British High Commission in New Delhi the Tech Hub will include a network of people and
programmes designed to facilitate ideas, investment and prosperity for India and the UK. It
will focus on the fastest growing sectors, including: cybersecurity, AI/data, future mobility,
digital manufacturing, healthcare, electric vehicles and digital identity

14. UK-India Tech Cluster Partnerships: The Tech Cluster partnerships will link world-
leading centres of excellence; enable shared innovation and technology exchange; create
landing pads for Indian companies in the UK and UK companies in India to drive investment
and trade and create high value jobs and build UK and Indian productivity.

46
15. Advanced Manufacturing Centre: The UK announcedthe potential establishment of an
Advanced Manufacturing Centre. Such a centre would support respective industrial strategies
and in turn drive growth and jobs in both countries.
16. FinTechRocketship Awards: The UK announced the launch of the FinTechRocketship
Awards, a unique, first-of-its-kind FinTech mentoring programme, led by India and the UK’s
top FinTech mentors. In the first year, at least 20 FinTech entrepreneurs from each country
will be given the opportunity to experience respective ecosystems and pitch for investment.

17. Green Growth Equity Fund (GGEF): The UK and India launched the fund that will
leverage City finance to invest in India’s growth, announcing Eversource Capital, a joint
venture between Lightsource BP and Everstone Group, as the Green Growth Equity Fund
Manager. An initial investment of £240m from both governments will catalyse additional City
finance for green projects in India and UK companies will be able to bid for infrastructure
projects financed by the Fund. The Fund will invest in renewable energy, clean transportation,
water and waste management in India as part of India’s flagship National Investment and
Infrastructure Fund (NIIF). UK and India contributions are investments that will generate
returns for each country.

18. UK-India Dialogue on Investment: The UK and India announced a Dialogue on Investment
to improve our mutual understanding of priorities and review future opportunities for
cooperation

19. Sector targeting roadmap: The UK and India have agreed to work together on a sector-
based roadmap to address trade barriers in life sciences, food and drink and IT sectors.

20. UK-India multilateral trade dialogue: The UK and India will take forward a dialogue under
the Joint Working Group on Trade, which will support a shared commitment to the global
rules-based system and to the WTO’s role in underpinning it.

21. Fast Track Mechanism: TheUK and India announced a mechanism to support Indian
investments into the UK.

22. Commitment to transition EU-India Third Country Agreements: The UK and India
announced that this commitment willensure continued application to the UK of EU-India
Agreements during the Implementation Period following the UK’s departure from the EU,
and put in place arrangements to replicate relevant EU-India agreements beyond this period.

23. UK-India Fintech Dialogue: The two sides decided on the establishment of a FinTech
dialogue to discuss further opportunities for financial services collaboration, including policy

47
 coordination.

24. International Solar Alliance: The UK signed the Framework Agreement of the International
Solar Alliance and became the 62nd signatory member country. The UK also expressed its
commitment to the continued advocacy of ISAs aims and objectives.

25. Research and Development: The UK and India will continue their world-leading research
relationship, generating new knowledge and innovations that feed the world’s hungry (high
yield crops), protect our environment (clean energy), save lives (advanced healthcare) and
drive economic inclusion (digital services

4.1(d) India-UAE Agreements

1. Agreement on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between India and UAE

This is a general framework agreement which highlights the areas of bilateral cooperation identified
under the comprehensive strategic partnership as agreed upon in the high-level joint statements issued in
the August 2015 and February 2016.

2. MoU between Ministry of Defence, India and Ministry of Defence, UAE on cooperation in the
field of defence industry
This MoU aims to establish cooperation in the identified fields of defence manufacturing and technology,
including through studies, research, development, innovation and cooperation between public and private
sector institutions of the two countries. The two sides will cooperate in areas of armaments, defence
industries and transfer of technology.

3. MoU in Institutional Cooperation on Maritime Transport

This MoU provides a framework for enhancing bilateral maritime trade ties through facilitating maritime
transport, free transfer of monies between contracting parties and reciprocal recognition of ships’
documents.

4.MOU between Directorate General of Shipping, India and Federal Transport Authority- Land
and Maritime, UAE on Mutual Recognition of Certificates of Competency as per the provisions of

48
the Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keeping Convention (STCW78) and
amendments
This MoU aims to deepen the maritime economic activities in general by establishing a framework for
Mutual Recognition of Certificates of Competency of marine officers, engineers and crews.

5. MoU between Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India and Federal Transport
Authority, Land and Maritime, UAE on Bilateral Cooperation in road, transport and highways
sector
This MoU aims to establish cooperation in the sectors of highways and road transport through sharing of
technologies, systems and best practices in freight logistics, warehousing and value added services.

6. MOU on cooperation in prevention and combating of human trafficking

This MoU aims to enhance bilateral cooperation on the issue of prevention, rescue, recovery and
repatriation related to human trafficking, especially of women and children expeditiously.

7. MoU for cooperation in the field of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and innovation
between Ministry of Economy, United Arab Emirates and Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MoSMSME), India
This MoU aims at promoting cooperation in MSMEs Sectors, including in joint projects, R & D and
related activities.

8. MoU between Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, India and Ministry of Climate
Change & Environment, UAE in agriculture and Allied sectors
This MoU aims to develop a framework for cooperation in various agricultural fields of mutual interest,
including through enhancement of cooperation in food processing and transfer of technology in
cultivation methods.

49
 9. MOU on mutual exemption of entry visa requirements to the holders of diplomatic, special and
official passports

10. MoU between PrasarBharati, India and Emirates News Agency (WAM), UAE for cooperation
in programme exchange
This MoU aims to strengthen ties between PrasarBharati and Emirates News Agency (WAM), UAE
through cooperation in the field of broadcasting, mutual exchange of programmes, news and best
practices.

11. MoU between Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India and Ministry of Economy, UAE on
trade remedial measures to promote cooperation in areas of mutual interest
This MoU aims to enhance cooperation in the field of anti-dumping and allied duties through exchange
of information, capacity-building, seminars and trainings in mutually identified areas related to trade
remedial measures.

12. Agreement on Oil Storage And Management between Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves
Limited and Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
This agreement aims to establish a framework for the storage of crude oil by Abu Dhabi National Oil
Company in India and to further strengthen the strategic relationship between the two countries in the
field of energy.

13. MOU between National Productivity Council and Al Etihad Energy Services Co. LLC
This MOU is on Cooperation in Energy Efficiency Services.

1. MOU between National Security Council Secretariat, India and National Electronic
Security Authority, UAE

4.1(e)India-FRANCE Agreements

 1. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the
Republic of France on the exchange and reciprocal protection of classified or protected
information

50
 2. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the
Republic of France for the provision of reciprocal logistics support between their Armed Forces
 3. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the
Republic of France on the Prevention of the Illicit Consumption and Reduction of Illicit Traffic
in Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Chemical Precursors, and Related Offences
 4. Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement between the Government of the Republic of
India and the Government of the Republic of France
 5. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the
Republic of France to Facilitate the Mutual Recognition of Academic Qualifications
 6. Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the
Republic of India on cooperation in the field of urban development
 7. Implementing arrangement between the Centre National d’EtudesSpatiales (CNES) and the
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for pre-formulation studies of a maritime awareness
mission
 8. Industrial Way Forward Agreement between NPCIL and EDF for the Construction of six
nuclear power reactor units at Jaitapur, Maharashtra, India
 9. Memorandum of Understanding between SNCF and the Ministry of Railways of the Republic
of India on Technical Cooperation in the Field of Railways
 10. Letter of Intent between the Ministry for an Ecological and Inclusive Transition of the
French Republic and the Ministry of Railways of the Republic of India for the Creation of the
Permanent Indo-French Railways Forum
 11. Bilateral arrangement between the Government of India and the Service Hydrographique de
la Marine (SHOM) on Marine Hydrography and Cartography
 12. Memorandum of cooperation between the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change of the Republic of India and the Ministry for an Ecological and Inclusive Transition of
the French Republic and on cooperation in the field of environment
 13. Credit facility agreement between MoHUA and AFD, France for 100 million Euros for the
Smart Cities Mission support program
 14. MoU between National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) and Alternative Energies and
Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)

4.2 INVESTMENT

National investment promotion and facilitation agency, Invest India focuses on sector-specific
investor targeting and development of new partnerships to enable sustainable investments in
India. In addition to a core team that focuses on sustainable investments, Invest India also
partners with substantial investment promotion agencies and multilateral organizations. Invest
India also actively works with several Indian states to build capacity as well as bring in global
best practices in investment targeting, promotion and facilitation areas.
Invest India, set up in 2009, is a non-profit venture under the Department for Promotion of
Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India is a major monetary source for economic
development in India. Foreign companies invest directly in fast growing private Indian
businesses to take benefits of cheaper wages and changing business environment of

51
India. Economic liberalisation started in India in wake of the 1991 economic crisis and since
then FDI has steadily increased in India,[1][2] which subsequently generated more than one crore
jobs. According to the Financial Times, in 2015 India overtook China and the United States as
the top destination for the Foreign Direct Investment. In first half of the 2015, India attracted
investment of $31 billion compared to $28 billion and $27 billion of China and the US
respectively.[3][4][5][6]

Table 4.2(a)
SHARE OF TOP INVESTING COUNTRIES FDI EQUITY INFLOWS (2016-18):
Amount Rupees in Crores (US$ in Million)
Country 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 Cumulative %age to
Ranks (April – (April – (April,18– Inflows total
March) March December,18) (April, 00 - Inflows (in
December,18 terms of US
$)

4 UK 9,953 5,473 (847) 7,259 (1,056) 138,277 6%

(1,483) (26,494)

6 U.S.A. 15,957 13,505 16,728 140,765 6%

(2,379) (2,095) (2,342) (24,759)

7 GERMANY 7,175 7,245 4,156 (598) 63,446 3%

(1,069) (1,124) (11,420)

9 FRANCE 4,112 (614) 3,297 (511) 2,532 (356) 36,466 2%

(6,593)

10 UAE 4,539 (675) 6,767 2,101 (299) 35,054 1%

(1,050) (6,054)
(

It is visible in above table that UK and USA is the Highest investing FDI equity inflow in
india.and UAE is the lowest FDI equity inflow in India.

52
  Table 4.2(b) SECTORS ATTRACTING HIGHEST FDI EQUITY INFLOWS:
Amount in Rs. Crores (US$ in Million)

It is visible in above table the most attracting highest sector is Service sector %ot total inflow
17% and the lowest sector is attracting is power which 3%.

 Table 4.3(c) STATISTICS ON COUNTRY-WISE FDI EQUITY INFLOWS

FROM APRIL 2000 TO DECEMBER 2018

S.No Name of the (In Rs crore) (In US$ million) %age with
Country Inflows

1 United Kingdom 138,276.90 26,494.00 6.48

2 U.S.A 140,765.01 24,759.41 6.05

3 Germany 63,446.24 11,419.91 2.79

53
 4 UAE 35,054.45 6,053.83 1.48

5 France 51,489.05 9,861.07 2.41

It is visible in above table statistics on country wise FDI equity inflow form April 2000 to Dec
2018 the highest country UK and the 6.48%and the lowest country is France 2.41%.

 Table 4.4(d) SECTORS ATTRACTING HIGHEST FDI EQUITY INFLOWS:

 Amount in Rs. Cores (US$ in Million)

54
It is visible in above table the highest sector attracting the Service Sector which is percentage is
increase to 17% to 18%and the power sector is increase to 3R%to 4% and the lowest sector is
Construction which is 3%.

 (f)U.S.-India Bilateral Trade

In 2018, India GDP was an estimated $2.6 trillion (current market exchange rates); real GDP was
up by an estimated 6.7%; and the population was 1.3 billion. (Source: IMF)

U.S. goods and services trade with India totaled an estimated $126.2 billion in 2018. Exports were
$49.4 billion; imports were $76.7 billion. The U.S. goods and services trade deficit with India was
$27.3 billion in 2018.

India is currently our 9th largest goods trading partner with $74.3 billion in total (two way) goods
trade during 2018. Goods exports totaled $25.7 billion; goods imports totaled $48.6 billion. The
U.S. goods trade deficit with India was $22.9 billion in 2018.

Trade in services with India (exports and imports) totaled an estimated $51.9 billion in 2018.
Services exports were $23.7 billion; services imports were $28.1 billion. The U.S. services trade
deficit with India was $4.4 billion in 2018.

According to the Department of Commerce, U.S. exports of Goods and Services to India supported
an estimated 197 thousand jobs in 2015 (latest data available) (82 thousand supported by goods
exports and 116 thousand supported by services exports).

Trade Balance

 The U.S. goods trade deficit with India was $22.9 billion in 2018, a 6.1% decrease ($1.5
billion) over 2016.
 The United States has a services trade deficit of an estimated $4.4 billion with India in
2018, up 15.2% from 2016.

Investment

 U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in India (stock) was $44.5 billion in 2018, a 15.1%
increase from 2016. U.S. direct investment in India is led by professional, scientific, and
technical services, manufacturing, and wholesale trade.
 India's FDI in the United States (stock) was $9.8 billion in 2018, up 11.5% from 2016.
India's direct investment in the U.S. is led by professional, scientific, and technical services,
manufacturing, and depository institutions.

55
  Sales of services in India by majority U.S.-owned affiliates were $24.5 billion in 2015
(latest data available), while sales of services in the United States by majority India-owned
firms were $14.7 billion.

 (g)France Investments in India

 France has emerged as a major source of FDI for India with more than 1,000 France
establishments already present in India. France is the 9th largest foreign investor in India
with a cumulative investment of USD 6.24 billion from April 2000 to March 2018 which
represents 1.65% of the total FDI inflows into India according to statistics provided by the
DIPP. The highest FDI equity inflows are in the services sector (19.30%), with cement &
gypsum products (15.59%) in second place, followed by drugs & pharmaceuticals (5.23%),
industrial machinery (5.04%) and food processing industries (5.03%).

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI

Products total inflows

Chemicals (other than fertilisers) 18.80%

Cement and Gypsum Products 15.82%

56
 Services Sector (financial & non-financial) 9.41%

Fuels (power & oil refinery) 6.47%

Electrical Equipments (including computer 5.34%

software & electronics)

auto sector 7.84%

 (h)GERMANY INVESTMENT IN INDIA

German imports from India amounted to $7 billion or 2.7% of India's overall exports in 2015. The
10 major commodities exported from India to Germany were:[99]

1. Machinery: $627 million

2. Knit or crochet clothing: $600.2 million
3. Organic chemicals: $563.4 million
4. Clothing (not knit or crochet): $524.6 million
5. Electronic equipment: $397.4 million
6. Iron or steel products: $383.1 million
7. Leather, animal gut articles: $366.8 million
8. Footwear: $314.9 million
9. Vehicles: $280 million
10. Other textiles, worn clothing: $248.9 million
German exports to India amounted to $11.8 billion or 3% of India's overall imports in 2015. The
10 major commodities exported from Germany to India were:[100]

1. Machinery: $3.5 billion

2. Electronic equipment: $1.3 billion
3. Medical, technical equipment: $962.4 million
4. Vehicles: $879.6 million
5. Organic chemicals: $649.5 million
6. Plastics: $640.6 million
7. Other chemical goods: $327.2 million
8. Iron or steel products: $326.9 million
9. Iron and steel: $300.2 million
10. Pharmaceuticals: $215.7 million

57
  (i)Indian investment in UK
The figures from the Office for National Statistics show stocks from across Asia have
1 increased by more than 33% in 2017 to £128 billion and stocks from Japan increased by
71% to £78 billion.
“The greatest growth from any country has come from Indian investors, rising 321% to £8
2 billion,” the department for international trade said.
Total trade in goods and services (ie exports plus imports) between the UK and India was
3 £19.6 billion in the year to end 2018 Q2, a 20.0% increase from year to end 2017 Q2

In the year to end 2018 Q2, the UK exports to India amounted to £7.9 billion (a 27.9%
4 increase from year to end 2017 Q2) while British imports from India were £11.7 billion (a
15.1% increase from year to end 2017 Q2)
K exports to India in the year to end 2018 Q2, £5.2 billion (65.7%) were goods and £2.7
5 billion (34.3%) were services. Of UK imports from India in the year to end 2018 Q2, £7.8
billion (66.9%) were goods and £3.9 billion (33.1%) were services.
in the year to end 2018 Q2, India was the UK’s 16th largest trading partner (accounting
6 for 1.5% of total UK trade); 20th largest export market (accounting for 1.2% of all UK
exports), and 14th largest import market (accounting for 1.8% of all UK imports)
the value of the UK’s FDI stocks increased by £12.6% to £1,337 billion in 2017 compared
7 with the previous year.

 (j)6 Major UAE Investments in India

UAE-based companies have invested a total of US$ 8 billion in Indian
projects, with around US$ 3.01 billion in the form of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI). UAE is the tenth largest investor in India in terms of FDI.
Key UAE-based companies that are actively pursuing projects in India
include Emaar, DP World, Abu Dhabi’s National Petroleum Construction
Company, Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (Taqa), Drake and Scull
International
India and UAE plan to set up a US$-75-billion dollar fund to invest in Indian
infrastructure projects such as railways, ports, roads, military equipment,
space technology and nuclear energy. The progress of this target was
reviewed during a meeting between Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed Al-
Nahyan, crown prince of Abu Dhabi and deputy supreme commander of the
UAE Armed Forces, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in January
this year

58
 As of March, India is set to invest US$ 140 billion to optimize and modernise
its rail network over the next five years, and has initiated discussions with
UAE-based sovereign wealth funds, particularly the Abu Dhabi Investment
Authority (ADIA), for investments.

Over 20 per cent of NRI investment in India’s real estate market—amounting

to US$ 1.69 billion—came from UAE in 2016. According to a report, the
Indian expatriate community in UAE accounted for US$ 1.69 billion of the
Indian real estate market in the first nine months of 2016

Investment Corporation of Dubai (ICD), Dubai’s US$-800-billion sovereign

wealth fund, is seeking investments in an Indian renewable energy platform
through its subsidiary DUBAL Holding LLC.

The Dubai-based retail conglomerate Lulu Group plans to invest more than
Rs. 7,000 crore in establishing shopping malls and hotels in India. The group
aims to invest Rs. 4,650 crore in Kerala, Rs 1,000 crore in Uttar Pradesh and
Rs. 1,410 crore in Telangana in the hospitality and retail sector.

4.3India’s Relation with these countries

(A)India–United States relations

 India–United States relations (or Indo-American relations) refers to the international
relations that exist between the Republic of India and the United States of America.

 Prominent leaders of India's freedom movement had friendly relations with the United
States of America which continued well after independence from Great Britain in 1947. In
1954, United States of America made Pakistan a Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
treaty-ally. India cultivated strategic and military relations with the Soviet Union to
counter Pakistan–United States relations.] In 1961, India became a founding member of
the Non-Aligned Movement to avoid involvement in the Cold War power-play between
the United States and the Soviet Union. The Nixon administration's support for Pakistan
during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 affected relations until the dissolution of the Soviet
Union in 1991. In the 1990s, Indian foreign policy adapted to the unipolar world and
developed closer ties with the United States.

59
  In the 21st century, Indian foreign policy has sought to leverage India's strategic autonomy
in order to safeguard sovereign rights and promote national interests within a multi-polar
world. Under Presidents Bush and Obama, the United States has demonstrated
accommodation to India's core national interests and acknowledged outstanding concerns.

 Increase in bilateral trade & investment, cooperation on global security matters, inclusion
of India in decision-making on matters of global governance (United Nations Security
Council), upgraded representation in trade & investment forums (World
Bank, IMF, APEC), admission into multilateral export control regimes
(MTCR, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group) and support for admission in
([Nuclear Supplier Group)] and joint-manufacturing through technology sharing
arrangements have become key milestones and a measure of speed and advancement on
the path to closer US–India relations. In 2016, India and United States signed the Logistics
Exchange Memorandum of Agreement and India was declared a Major Defense Partner of
the United States.

 According to Gallup's annual World Affairs survey, India is perceived by Americans as

their 6th favorite nation in the world, with 71% of Americans viewing India favorably in
2015.[12] A 2018 poll by Gallup found that 74% of Americans viewed India favorably.

 In the year 2018 bilateral trade (in both goods & services) grew by 9.8% to reach US$126.1
billion. India's exports to the US stood at US$77.3 billion while USA's exports to India
stood at US$48.8 billion
(B) Indian–British relations

1.Political Relations-

Many countries adopted the policy of appeasement towards India and started supporting India in
whichever way possible, after the rise of Hon’ble Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Not saying that
all he does is correct but he has a dynamic approach towards every problem in international
affairs.The countries who started this methodology was USA and UK. They were the first ones to
recognize the rise of the sleeping giant. UK invited our Prime Minister to address the British
parliament ( the first Indian Prime Minister to do so). UK has supported India in various issues
like permanent seat for India in UN Security Council, India’s surgical strikes against Pakistan,
India’s stand in Doklam (India-China standoff), etc. They are also ready to bend some of their own
laws for Vijay Mallya extradition. So as of now the diplomatic relations between both the countries
is extremely friendly.

2.Economic Relations-

60
ndia is the third largest foreign investor in UK.While UK ranks 18th as a trading partner of India
and third after USA and Japan as an investor in India.There are many bilateral trade agreements
between the two nations designed to strengthen ties. The growth of India's multinational companies
contributed greatly to UK's business and economy. Indian companies in the UK generated over 19
billion pounds.Also, they have employed more than 1,00,000 people in UK. India also agreed to
be a strategic trade partner of Britain after Brexit. Imports from India to the UK has risen by around
1 billion pounds. So even the Economic relations are pretty much sweet between the 2 countries.

(C) India-France Relations

 India-France Relations India and France have traditionally close and friendly relations. In
1998, the two countries entered into Strategic Partnership which is emblematic of their
convergence of views on a range of international issues apart from a close and growing
bilateral relationship.

 The areas of defence cooperation, space cooperation and civil nuclear cooperation
constitute the three principal pillars of our Strategic Partnership. Apart from these
traditional fields of cooperation, India and France are increasingly engaged in new areas of
cooperation like climate change, sustainable growth and development, the International
Solar Alliance etc.
 India and France support a multi-polar world order. France has continued to support India’s
claim for permanent membership of the Security Council and the reforms of the United
Nations. France has provided consistent support to India’s candidature for the membership
of Multilateral Export Control regimes, viz. NSG and MTCR. France’s support was vital
in India’s accession to MTCR in June 2016.

 India and France have consistently condemned terrorism and have resolved to work
together for adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT)
in the UN. During the visit of then President Hollande in January 2016, India and France
also issued a Joint Statement on Counter Terrorism in which the two countries resolved to
step up their bilateral cooperation in this field. Major visits

 India and France have had regular exchange of visits at the highest level. Prime Minister
Shri Narendra Modi visited France on 2-3 June 2018 and met President Emmanuel Macron.
This was the first ever meeting between the two leaders which happened soon

61
 after President Macron taking over the highest office of the France Republic following his
victory in the presidential election on 7 May. Prime Minister Modi and President Macron
held a meeting in the restricted format following which the latter hosted a working lunch
at the Elysee Palace. The leaders had a joint press engagement in which they gave
statements to the press after the lunch. President Macron joined Prime Minister Modi in
visiting Arc de Triomphe and laying a wreath to pay homage to the memory of the Indian
soldiers who died fighting in defence of France in the two world wars.

 During the visit, the two leaders reiterated their strong commitment to further strengthen
India-France strategic partnership. The Paris Climate Accord and the climate issue was
prominently discussed. Prime Minister Modi declared India’s unflinching commitment to
the Paris Accord and the effort to save environment which is engrained in India’s
civilizational heritage and ancient philosophical thought. The two leaders also expressed
deep concerns on the threat of terrorism to the global community. President Macron stated
that he looks forward to visiting India in towards the end of 2018 during which an
International Solar Alliance Summit could also be held.

 Earlier Prime Minister Modi had paid an official visit to France in April 2015 in what was
his first visit to a European country. Apart from tete-a-tete with President Francois
Hollande and delegation-level talks, the Prime Minister met the Parliamentary leaders of
France led by Mr. Claude Bartolone, President of the France National Assembly and
attended business round tables with CEOs of top France companies. Prime Minister also
visited the UNESCO where he launched a special website dedicated to the International
Day of Yoga. He also visited the Airbus factory in the city of Toulouse.

 . Prime Minister Modi visited Paris on 29-30 November 2015 to attend the inaugural
Leaders’ Event at the COP-21 Climate Change Summit. He launched the International
Solar Alliance jointly with President Hollande in the presence of UN Secretary General
Ban Ki Moon. Along with President Hollande, US President Obama and Microsoft
Chairman Bill Gates, he spoke at the event of “Mission Innovation” for promoting
renewable energy. As the Paris Agreement was reached on the conclusion of COP-21,
President Hollande praised India’s contribution and Prime Minister Modi’s personal
leadership in reaching the historic agreement.

 President Hollande, during his Presidency twice visited India. During his visit in February
2013, he met the political leadership in New Delhi and also visited Mumbai where he
interacted with Indian business leaders.

62
  President Hollande visited India from 24-26 January 2016 as the chief guest of the Republic
Day celebration. In a historic first, a France military contingent also marched on Rajpath
on the Republic Day and thus France became the first ever foreign country to have been
invited to participate in the march. President Hollande also visited Chandigarh where the
two Leaders addressed the India-France CEOs’ Forum. The two Leaders also jointly
inaugurated the temporary headquarters of the International Solar Alliance in Gurugram.
A joint declaration was issued on the conclusion of the visit and a number of important
agreements were signed.

 Other recent high level ministerial visits have been of S/Shri C.R. Chaudhary, MoS
(Commerce & Industry) (October 2018), ArunJaitley, Minister of Finance, Defence and
Corporate Affairs (June 2018); Ms Nirmala Seetharaman, MoS (I/C) Commerce and
Industry (June 2018), Suresh Prabhu, Minister of Railways (April 2016), SmritiIrani,
Minister of Textiles (September 2016), Harsimrat Kaur Badal, Minister of Food Processing
Industries (October 2016), Dr.SubashBhambre, MoS for Defence Production (October
2016) and Shri M.J. Akbar, MoS (External Affairs) on 7 March 2018.

 From the France side, recent Ministerial visits have been those of France Defence Minister
Florence Parly (October 2018), Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault (January 2018),
Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian (February and May 2015, and September 2016) and
Christophe Sirugue, Minister of State for Industry (October 2016). Institutional Dialogue
relating to strategic areas

(D) India-Germany Relations

 India-Germany Relations Bilateral relations between India and Germany are founded on
common democratic principles and are marked by a high degree of trust and mutual
respect. India was amongst the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with the Federal
Republic of Germany after the Second World War. Relations grew significantly following
the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany. In the last decade, both
economic and political interaction between India and Germany has enhanced. Today,
Germany is amongst India's most important partners both bilaterally and in the global
context.

63
  India and Germany have a 'Strategic Partnership' since 2000, which has been further
strengthened with the Intergovernmental Consultations (IGC) between the two
Governments which allows for a comprehensive review of cooperation and a platform to
identify fresh areas of engagement. India is among a select group of countries with whom
Germany has such a dialogue mechanism. The 3rd IGC was held in New Delhi on October
5, 2015. There have been regular high-level visits from both sides, including at the highest
level. Chancellor Merkel visited India in 2007, 2011 and again in October 2015 for the 3rd
IGC. German President Joachim Gauck paid a State visit to India in February 2014. PM
Shri Narendra Modi paid an official visit to Germany in April 2015 on the occasion of
participation of India as Partner Country in the Hannover Messe2015. External Affairs
Minister Smt. SushmaSwaraj visited Germany in August 2015.

(E) India–United Arab Emirates relations

1. Diversification of UAE economy: Foreign trade and the oil and gas sectors were the
fulcrum of bilateral relations in the decades preceding the end of the oil era boom. But since
then, the UAE has pursued an aggressive strategy of diversifying its economy, and its relations
with India have benefited as a result.

“If we go back to 1982, foreign trade figures between the UAE and India were
at $182 million. In 2017-18, those numbers stood at $53 billion,” said Ahmed Al Banna,
UAE Ambassador to India.

 “The focus of bilateral relations have now diversified to include many new sectors after
the official visits of Shaikh Mohammad Bin Zayed and Modi — such as IT,
space tech, tourism, defence manufacturing and renewable energy,” he said.

2. Evolving country profile and priorities: The recent upsurge in relations is

a reminder that both the UAE and India have leapfrogged in terms of global

64
 reputation and foreign policy since 1981, says Dr A.K. Pasha, director of Gulf
Studies Programme at the School of International Studies in Jawaharlal Nehru
University in New Delhi.

 “India now is not only a growing economic power, but also an aspirational
power. In the 1980s, India was seen as aligned with the Soviet Union — now
we have multidimensional relations with almost all countries. That certainly
helps recalibrate our relations with the UAE,” he said.
 A critical role was also played by changing regional dynamics and perceptions.
“In the aftermath of 9/11 and then the Iran nuclear deal signed in 2014 by US
president Barack Obama, there was a feeling of abandonment across the Arab
world — which also led to them looking at stable and emerging partners in the
region. India, which has always been a friend of the UAE, fulfilled those
requirements,” Pasha said.

3. Key partners in combating extremism: The UAE and India share a deeply common goal
— fighting terrorism, combating extremism and ideologies of hatred. “We cooperate very
closely with Indian authorities in fighting extremists and terrorists — both individuals and
organisations,” said Al Banna.

 Both India and the UAE are two moderate nations which have been victims of
terror, says Mahesh Sachdev, a former Indian ambassador to Algeria, Norway
and Nigeria. “Both countries lie in a rather turbulent part of the world often in
news for wrong reasons. It is thus critical forthe two sides to intensify their
security and defence cooperation to ensure peace and stability,” he said.

4. Common economic goals: The growing opportunities for jobs in India, along with the
appreciating rupee, booming stock market, structural reforms such as GST, ease of doing
business have all helped prepare a solid foundation for its growth. “That’s why the IMF has
forecast India as the fastest growing economy,” said ShobanaKamineni, president of

65
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and executive chairperson of Apollo Hospitals. “More
than 100 million aspirational Indians are a great commercial opportunity. Air travel has grown
by 100 per cent. So better connectivity leads to better relations,” she said.

 In addition, there are massive possibilities from the $75-billion fund announced
by Modi and Shaikh Mohammad Bin Zayed.
 “India has now become the world’s fastest growing major economy and the third
largest consumer of oil. On the other hand, the UAE has sovereign funds with a
corpus of over a trillion dollars,” said Sachdev. So it is natural that they will
complement each other, he said.

5. Rigorous follow up to strategic partnership: Another reason for the greater depth in
relations is the rigorous structure of various committees that have been set up following the
high-level visits. “Following the elevation of the UAE and India’s relation to a comprehensive
strategic partnership, there are several high-level committees which are working in parallel to
advance the bilateral agenda,” says Al Banna.

6. Greater mobility of people: With a 3.3-million-strong population, the Indian diaspora in

the UAE is the largest in the world, and growing. And with a record 1,076 flights every week
between the UAE and India, there has also been a surge of tourists and visitors between the
two countries. The UAE has significantly eased visit visa norms for Indians — those
carrying US visas or Green Cards as well as UK or EU visas or residency now get visas on
arrival in the UAE. India set up an e-visa scheme for Emiratis and others in 2015, where
UAE nationals get almost instantaneous visas at 16 airports across India

4.4Export Import Data Bank

(A)U.S.A

Export :: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

66
 S.N Countr 2018-2019 %Grow
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018 (Apr-Nov) th
o. y
23,658,980.4 25,942,751.5 26,386,048.7 28,300,800.8 30,860,269.1 24,083,974.9
1 USA
1 5 3 8 0 4

% Share 12.4193 13.6804 15.373 15.3024 15.7731 15.9344

%
8.80% 1.68% 6.77% 8.29% -28.14%
Growth
India's
190,501,108. 189,634,841. 171,638,440. 184,943,355. 195,651,452. 151,144,465. -
Total
86 76 44 34 80 44
Export 4.52%

EXPORT
35,000,000.00

30,000,000.00

25,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

15,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)
In 2013-14 India’s export to USA was Rs23,658,980.41Laces. From 2013 to 2015, exports to
USAwere 8.80% and 1.68% in year 2014 and 2015 respectively. After 2015, India’s exports to
USAwas decreased and continuously in decreasing trend. In year 2018-19, exports to USAwere
decreased by -28.14% and in year 2018-19 total exports to USA were only Rs 24,083,974.94
Laces.

Import :: Country-wise

Values in Rs. Lacs

S.N Countr %Grow

2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018 th
o. y
13,723,859.0 13,561,345.5 13,342,060.2 14,267,820.1 14,965,539.5 17,156,448.3
1 USA
6 5 8 8 9 0

% Share 5.1416 4.9942 4.8745 5.7293 5.8058 5.7168

67
 %
-1% -2% 6% 5% 13%
Growth
India's
266,916,195. 271,543,390. 273,708,657. 249,030,553. 257,767,536. 300,103,343.
Total
69 74 84 78 68 35
Import 2%

IMPORT
20,000,000.00

18,000,000.00

16,000,000.00

14,000,000.00

12,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

8,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

2,000,000.00

0.00
2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018

In 2012-13India’s import from USA was Rs13,723,859.06 Laces. From 2013 to 2015, imports from
USA were increase by -1% and -2% in year 2014 and 2015 respectively. After 2015, India’s
imports to USA was decreased and then in increasing trend. In year 2018-18, imports from USA
were increased by 13% and in year 2018-19 total imports from USA were only Rs
17,156,448.30Laces

(B) U.K
Export :: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

S.N Countr 2018-2019 %Grow

2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018 (Apr-Nov) th
o. y
1 U.K 5,921,915.72 5,696,907.25 5,776,986.12 5,718,181.76 6,243,140.13 4,265,194.62
% Share 3.1086 3.0041 3.3658 3.0919 3.191 15.9344

68
 %
-4% 1% -1% 8% -46%
Growth
India's
190,501,108. 189,634,841. 171,638,440. 184,943,355. 195,651,452. 151,144,465.
Total
86 76 44 34 80 44 -5%
Export

EXPORT
7,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,000,000.00

0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

In 2013-14 India’s export to U.K was Rs5,921,915.72Laces. From 2013 to 2015, exports to U.K
were -4% and 1% in year 2014 and 2015 respectively. After 2015, India’s exports to U.K was
decreased and continuously in decreasing trend. In year 2018-18, exports to U.K were8% andthen
decreases to -46% and in year 2018-19 total exports to U.K were only Rs4,265,194.62Laces.
Import :: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

S.N 2013- 2014- 2015- 2016- 2018- 2018-2019 %Gro

Country (Apr-Nov) wth
o. 2014 2015 2016 2018 2018
3,604,301.7 3,073,280.1 3,393,630.8 2,458,350.5 3,098,947.1 3,510,864.8
1 U.K
3 3 8 6 9 3
% Share 1.3273 1.1228 1.3627 0.9537 1.0326 1.445
% Growth -17% 9% -38% 21% 12%
India's Total 271,543,39 273,708,65 249,030,55 257,767,53 300,103,34 242,965,20
Import 0.74 7.84 3.78 6.68 3.35 2.85 -2%

69
 IMPORT
4,000,000.00

3,500,000.00

3,000,000.00

2,500,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,500,000.00

1,000,000.00

500,000.00

0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

In 2013-14 India’s import from U.K was Rs3,604,301.73Laces. From 2013 to 2015, imports
fromU.K were decrease by -17% and 9% in year 2015 and 2016 respectively. After 2016, India’s
imports fromU.K was decreased and then in increasing trend. In year 2018-18, imports to U.K
were increased by 21% and in year 2018-19 total imports to U.K were only Rs 3,510,864.83Laces.

3(C)FRANCE

Export: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

S.N Countr 2018-2019 %Grow

2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018 (Apr-Nov) th
o. y

70
 FRANC
1 3,095,127.32 3,032,342.22 3,032,612.40 3,517,869.78 3,158,610.39 2,265,337.45
E
% Share 1.6247 1.599 1.7669 1.9021 1.6144 1.4988
%
-2% 0% 14% -11% -39%
Growth
India's
190,501,108. 189,634,841. 171,638,440. 184,943,355. 195,651,452. 151,144,465.
Total
86 76 44 34 80 44 -5%
Export

EXPORT
4,000,000.00

3,500,000.00

3,000,000.00

2,500,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,500,000.00

1,000,000.00

500,000.00

0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

In 2013-14 India’s export to France was Rs. 3,095,127.32Lacs. From 2013 to 2016, exports to
France were -2% and 14% in year 2015 and 2016 respectively. After 2016, India’s exports to
France was decreased and continuously in decreasing trend. In year 2018-18, exports to France
were -11% and then decreases to -39% and in year 2018-19 total exports to France were only
Rs2,265,337.45 Laces.

Import:: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

S.N Countr 2018-2019 %Grow

2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018
(Apr-Nov) th
o. y

71
 FRANC
1 2,233,134.10 2,703,005.36 2,442,014.05 3,826,374.09 4,203,232.80 2,622,755.28
E
% Share 0.8224 0.9875 0.9806 1.4844 1.4006 1.0795
%
17% -11% 36% 9% -60%
Growth
India's
271,543,390. 273,708,657. 249,030,553. 257,767,536. 300,103,343. 242,965,202.
Total
74 84 78 68 35 85 -2%
Import

IMPORT
4,500,000.00
4,000,000.00
3,500,000.00
3,000,000.00
2,500,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,500,000.00
1,000,000.00
500,000.00
0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

In 2013-14 India’s import from France was Rs2,233,134.10Laces. From 2013 to 2015, imports
from France were17% and decreasing by -11% in year 2015 and 2016 respectively. After 2016,
India’s imports from France was increased and then in decreasing trend. In year 2018-18, imports
to France were decreased by -60% and in year 2018-19 total imports to France were only
Rs2,622,755.28Laces.

(D)GERMENY
Export:: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

S.N 2018-2019 %Grow

Country 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018 (Apr-Nov) th
o.

72
 GERMA 4,551,943.8 4,606,196.7 4,645,663.4 4,815,370.0 5,599,363.4 4,055,453.2
1
NY 7 9 6 0 7 4

% Share 2.3895 2.429 2.70607 2.6037 2.8619 2.6832

% Growth 1% 1% 4% 14% -38%

India's
190,501,108 189,634,841 171,638,440 184,943,355 195,651,452 151,144,465
Total
.86 .76 .44 .34 .80 .44
Export -5%

EXPORT
6,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,000,000.00

0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

In 2013-14 India’s export to Germany was Rs4,551,943.87Laces. From 2013 to 2016, exports to
Germany were 1% and also 1% in year 2015 and 2016 respectively. After 2016, India’s exports to
Germany was increased and then in decreasing trend. In year 2018-18, exports to Germany were
14% and then decreases to -38% and in year 2018-19 total exports to Germany were only
Rs4,055,453.24Laces.

Import:: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

S.N 2018-2019 %Grow

Country 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018
(Apr-Nov) th
o.
GERMA 7,820,963.8 7,818,109.6 7,909,817.6 7,770,441.2 8,570,020.4 7,096,988.2
1
NY 1 3 9 1 7 1

73
 % Share 2.8802 2.8564 3.1762 3.0145 2.8557 2.921
% Growth 0% 1% -2% 9% -21%
India's
271,543,390 273,708,657 249,030,553 257,767,536 300,103,343 242,965,202
Total
.74 .84 .78 .68 .35 .85 -2%
Import

IMPORT
9,000,000.00

8,000,000.00

7,000,000.00

6,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,000,000.00

0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

In 2013-14 India’s import from Germany was Rs7,820,963.81Laces. From 2013 to 2015, imports
from Germany were 1% in year 2015 and 2016 respectively. After 2016, India’s imports from
Germany was decreased and then in decreasing trend. In year 2018-19, imports to France were
decreased by -21% and in year 2018-19 total imports to Germany were only Rs 7,096,988.21Laces.

(E)United Arab Emirates

Export:: Country-wise
Values in Rs. Lacs

74
 S.N Countr 2018-2019 %Grow
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018 (Apr-Nov) th
o. y
United
Arab 18,477,865.2 20,185,269.1 19,830,623.3 20,893,949.3 18,145,692.7 14,009,841.7
1
Emirate 7 8 0 2 4 3
s
% Share 9.6996 10.6443 11.5537 11.2975 9.2745 9.2692
%
8% -2% 5% -15% -30%
Growth
India's
190,501,108. 189,634,841. 171,638,440. 184,943,355. 195,651,452. 151,144,465.
Total
86 76 44 34 80 44
Export -5%

EXPORT
25,000,000.00

20,000,000.00

15,000,000.00

10,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

2013-14 India’s export to United Arab EmirateswasRs18,477,865.27Laces. From 2013 to 2016,

exports to United Arab Emirates were 8% and also -2% in year 2015 and 2016 respectively. After
2016, India’s exports to United Arab Emirates was increased and then in decreasing trend. In year
2018-18, exports to United Arab Emirates were -15% and then decreases to -30% and in year
2018-19 total exports to United Arab Emirates were only Rs14,009,841.73Laces.

Import:: Country-wise

S.N Countr 2018-2019 %Grow

2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2018 2018-2018
(Apr-Nov) th
o. y

75
 United
Arab 17,412,666.3 15,962,487.8 12,698,138.6 14,423,711.9 14,009,589.2 13,213,022.5
1
Emirate 7 9 1 7 4 1
s
% Share 6.4125 5.8319 5.099 5.5956 4.6683 5.4382
%
-9% -26% 12% -3% -6%
Growth
India's
271,543,390. 273,708,657. 249,030,553. 257,767,536. 300,103,343. 242,965,202.
Total
74 84 78 68 35 85
Import -2%
Values in Rs. Lacs

IMPORT
20,000,000.00
18,000,000.00
16,000,000.00
14,000,000.00
12,000,000.00
10,000,000.00
8,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
4,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
0.00
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 (Apr-
Nov)

In 2013-14 India’s import from United Arab Emirates was Rs 17,412,666.37Laces. From 2013 to
2015, imports from United Arab Emirates were decrease by -9% and -26% in year 2015 and 2016
respectively. After 2016, India’s imports from United Arab Emirates was decreased and in
decreasing trend. In year 2018-18, imports to United Arab Emirates were increased by -3% and in
year 2018-19 total imports to United Arab Emirates were only Rs 13,213,022.51Laces.

4.5Future expectations India with these countries

(a) U.S.-India Security Relations

76
The Obama Administration focused increased attention on development of closer U.S.-India
defense relations during 2016; then-Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter was in India in mid-year
for his fourth meeting with his Indian counterpart. The visit produced a Joint Statement reviewing
“important steps” taken over the preceding year and identifying priorities for the next, including
expanding collaboration under the Defense Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), supporting
New Delhi’s “Make in India” efforts to boost indigenous manufacturing, and new opportunities to
deepen cooperation in maritime security and maritime domain awareness, among others. 70 Before
leaving office, Secretary Carter met with his Indian counterpart twice more, and departed lauding
the strategic and technological progress made during his tenure

Combined Military Exercises

Since 2002, the United States and India have held a series of increasingly complex combined
bilateral exercises involving all military services. Such engagement has been a key aspect of U.S.-
India relations in recent years—India now conducts more exercises and personnel exchanges with
the United States than with any other country. Navy-to-navy collaboration—with annual, large-
scale, and now multilateral “Malabar” joint exercises—appears to be the most robust in terms of
exercises and personnel exchanges. Operational readiness focuses on humanitarian relief and
disaster assistance in the IOR. The 2015 iteration saw Japanese naval units rejoin the exercise after
an eight-year hiatus, establishing a more formal trilateral effort; 2016 Malabar exercises saw
phases in both the East China and Philippine Seas, near contested South China Sea waters

Defense Trade

Defense trade is another key new aspect of the bilateral relationship, with India now a major
purchaser in the global arms market and a lucrative potential customer for U.S. companies. Under
the Obama Administration, the United States sought to help India modernize its defense
capabilities and technologies so that New Delhi could “carry out its expanding global role.” India’s
military is the world’s third-largest, and New Delhi seeks to transform it into one with advanced
technology and global reach, reportedly planning up to $100 billion on new procurements over the
next decade to update its mostly Soviet-era arsenal.83 The two nations have signed defense
contracts worth about $11 billion since 2008, up from $500 million in all previous years combined.

77
U.S.-based firms Lockheed Martin and Boeing have made proposals to the Indian government on
the potential co-production on Indian soil of advanced F-16 or F/A-18 combat aircraft (see text
box below)

Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Multilateral Export Controls 98

India conducted what it termed a “peaceful” nuclear explosive device in 1974; New Delhi tested
such devices again in 1998. According to public estimates, the country appears to have been
increasing its nuclear arsenal, which currently consists of approximately 110-120 warheads, and
continues to produce weapons-grade plutonium. 99 Its ballistic missile arsenal can deliver
warheads on targets more than 5,000-km away—a range that encompasses China’s eastern
population centers. It includes air, sea, and land-based platforms, with India having completed this
triad with successful submarine launches in late 2016. New Delhi has stated that it will not engage
in a nuclear arms race and needs only a “credible minimum deterrent,” but India has never defined
precisely what this language means.

Bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Negotiations

The United States has 14 FTAs in force with 20 countries, but not with India, which has its own
network of trade agreements. The two sides have been involved in separate regional integration
efforts. The United States and 11 other Asia-Pacific countries (not including India) signed the
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in February 2016, but the Trump Administration, which has stated
a preference for negotiating bilateral rather than multi-party FTAs, withdrew the United States as
a signatory in January 2018. India reportedly viewed TPP with caution, wary of potential trade
diversion such as for the apparel and textiles sector and labor-intensive sectors

Agriculture

In addition to tariff and non-tariff barriers, including sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards
in India, limit market access for U.S. agricultural exports. The United States challenges SPS
barriers when they are not based on a scientific, risk-based perspective. The WTO Dispute
Settlement Body (DSB) decided in 2015 that India’s ban on importing U.S. poultry and live swine
due to avian influenza concerns violated the WTO SPS Agreement.137 India’s purported

78
compliance with the decision remains a point of debate in WTO proceedings, as the United States
has argued that India’s revised import measures are not based on a scientific risk assessment or
international standards. Other issues include each side’s views of the other’s agricultural support
programs as market-distorting. India’s view of its subsidies as a food security issue complicates
matters.

(B) Future expectations India with U.K

UK – India Tech Alliance: NASSCOM and techUK have set up the UK – India Tech Alliance,
which will facilitate collaboration on building future skills in new technologies by nurturing a solid
skills base in the UK and India, with the support of both the governments. The Alliance will be
composed of high-level stakeholders from the technology industry in the United Kingdom and
India. The Alliance will assist the governments of UK and India to develop policy in relevant areas
by providing a forum for regular dialogue and the exchange of ideas, discuss concerns pertaining
to the growth of the sector including, but not limited to skills, new technologies and migration.
1. Technology Summit II: The UK and India announced the Technology Summit II, which will
be held in autumn 2018.The Summit will bring together the greatest UK and Indian tech
innovators, scientists, entrepreneurs and policy makers to work together to scope and design
solutions to challenges including the governance of future tech.
2. AI and Digital Healthcare: The UK and India announced that as partners in the next
generation of healthcare, theywill collaborate on digital health pilots in India’s Aspirational
Health Districts by applying UK evidence-based healthcare AI and technology to strengthen
healthcare delivery. These pilots will be carried out in the areas of self-care, primary,
secondary and tertiary care, including eye care, diabetes and cancer.

UK tech-initiatives in India:

3. UK-India Tech Hub: The UK announced the creation of a UK-India Tech Hub. Based in the
British High Commission in New Delhi the Tech Hub will include a network of people and
programmes designed to facilitate ideas, investment and prosperity for India and the UK. It
will focus on the fastest growing sectors, including: cybersecurity, AI/data, future mobility,
digital manufacturing, healthcare, electric vehicles and digital identity.

4. UK-India Tech Cluster Partnerships: The Tech Cluster partnerships will link world-leading
centres of excellence; enable shared innovation and technology exchange; create landing pads
for Indian companies in the UK and UK companies in India to drive investment and trade and
create high value jobs and build UK and Indian productivity.

5. Advanced Manufacturing Centre: The UK announcedthe potential establishment of an

Advanced Manufacturing Centre. Such a centre would support respective industrial strategies
and in turn drive growth and jobs in both countries.

79
6. FinTechRocketship Awards: The UK announced the launch of the FinTechRocketship
Awards, a unique, first-of-its-kind FinTech mentoring programme, led by India and the
UK’s top FinTech mentors. In the first year, at least 20 FinTech entrepreneurs from each
country will be given the opportunity to experience respective ecosystems and pitch for
investment.

Trade, Investment and Finance

7. Green Growth Equity Fund (GGEF): The UK and India launched the fund that will
leverage City finance to invest in India’s growth, announcing Eversource Capital, a joint
venture between Lightsource BP and Everstone Group, as the Green Growth Equity Fund
Manager. An initial investment of £240m from both governments will catalyse additional City
finance for green projects in India and UK companies will be able to bid for infrastructure
projects financed by the Fund. The Fund will invest in renewable energy, clean transportation,
water and waste management in India as part of India’s flagship National Investment and
Infrastructure Fund (NIIF). UK and India contributions are investments that will generate
returns for each country.

8. UK-India Dialogue on Investment: The UK and India announced a Dialogue on Investment

to improve our mutual understanding of priorities and review future opportunities for
cooperation

9. Sector targeting roadmap: The UK and India have agreed to work together on a sector-based
roadmap to address trade barriers in life sciences, food and drink and IT sectors.

10. UK-India multilateral trade dialogue: The UK and India will take forward a dialogue under
the Joint Working Group on Trade, which will support a shared commitment to the global
rules-based system and to the WTO’s role in underpinning it.

11. Fast Track Mechanism: TheUK and India announced a mechanism to support Indian
investments into the UK.

12. Commitment to transition EU-India Third Country Agreements: The UK and India
announced that this commitment willensure continued application to the UK of EU-India
Agreements during the Implementation Period following the UK’s departure from the EU, and
put in place arrangements to replicate relevant EU-India agreements beyond this period.

13. UK-India Fintech Dialogue: The two sides decided on the establishment of a FinTech
dialogue to discuss further opportunities for financial services collaboration, including
policy coordination.
14. International Solar Alliance: The UK signed the Framework Agreement of the International
Solar Alliance and became the 62nd signatory member country. The UK also expressed its
commitment to the continued advocacy of ISAs aims and objectives.

80
15. Research and Development: The UK and India will continue their world-leading research
relationship, generating new knowledge and innovations that feed the world’s hungry (high
yield crops), protect our environment (clean energy), save lives (advanced healthcare) and
drive economic inclusion (digital services)

(C) Future expectations India with Germany

 Joint research and development projects benefit both German and Indian partners. The
easier availability of technological progress in Europe, especially in Germany could
facilitate rapid energy transition to future CO2 neutral cities in India. While on the other
hand, joint research and development collaborations allow German institutes to connect
and utilize their expertise and research results and as well as gain international experience
through the collaboration with India.
 CITYtrans network member Parag Wate is a researcher at Stuttgart University of Applied
Sciences, Germany. He is a Marie Curie Early Stage Researcher and pursuing a Ph.D. in
Sustainable Energy Technology at The University of Nottingham, UK. He received his M.
Tech. from Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, India.

Career Scope of German language in India

Several International companies that have set up their business in India are looking for those who
are fluent in German language in India. It increases your job opportunities with German and
foreign companies in India and abroad.

Professional German Translators, Interpreters, proofreaders and content writers, and trainers are
always in demand. One can also look forward to jobs in the German embassy in New Delhi and
consulate in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Bangalore. Scope of German language in India is on
rise.

There are many MNCs such as Amazon, Accenture, BMW, Siemens, Volkswagen, HP, Audi,
Oracle, Samsung, Hyundai, LG, Thomson, Axa, GE etc are employing German language
experts and specialists for outsourcing and offshore work.

81
Germany is the land of ideas and innovations. The country offers a huge variety of courses
spread across various bachelors, masters, doctoral and post-doctoral programmes. Their degrees
are respected by employers around the world.

Germany’s universities have an excellent international reputation and among the best in the
world. You will earn an internationally renowned degree, giving you excellent prospects on the
global job market. Since higher education in the country is funded by the states, hence, The vast
majority of Germany’s academic institutions are free for students, even international students.

Indian investment in Germany

Since 2010, nearly 140 major investment projects by Indian companies have been initiated in
Germany. This includes all major FDI announcements through Q1 2016, as well as major
completed mergers and acquisitions through Q1 2018 – the most accurate picture available with
data current as of the time of writing. It should be noted that true cross-border and investment-
flow figures might be different, as many companies route investments through third countries in
order to benefit from regulations affecting these other jurisdictions. Thus, the actual number of
Indian-led FDI projects and M&A deals might be higher. FDI includes new investments, new co-
location projects, and any expansion of existing locations. It does not include mergers, acquisitions
or joint ventures unless these result in new facilities and new jobs created. It is therefore possible
that an M&A deal could simultaneously qualify as an FDI project.

Figures on the number of jobs created by Indian-led investment projects are available for about
57% of projects in Europe and around 36% in Germany. The M&A category includes publicly
disclosed and undisclosed completed deals regarding deal values with bidders originating
predominantly from India and targets predominantly within Germany. Some deals may not be
recorded here due to immaterial size. During the specified time period, several joint ventures were
established especially in the IT sector that later resulted in a full takeover by the Indian business
partners, thus representing successful examples of Indo-German cooperation. These are detailed
in the M&A section below

(D) Future expectations India with France

France President Emmanuel Macron landed in Delhi late last Friday – to a warm reception by
Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The move is a marked departure from the recent Canadian official
visit, almost a statement of India’s strong ties with France.

 Macron’s three-day visit saw him co-host the founding summit of the International Solar
Alliance(ISA); France will commit US$924 million (€750 million) to the alliance, its total
monetary contribution standing at US$1.23 billion (€1 billion).

82
  ISA is an inter-governmental organization launched by Modi in 2015 that aims to mobilize
US$1 trillion in funds for future solar generation, storage and technology across the world.
It has 60 signatories, 30 of whom have ratified the agreement.

 Other matters high on the agenda of the France president’s visit is cooperation in regional
security in the Indo-Pacific, and balancing China’s rise and influence in Asia.

 Besides a public commitment to assisting India’s renewable energy aspirations, France and
India inked multiple deals over the weekend, ranging from defense, security, and civil
nuclear cooperation to agreeing to hold biennial summits between top-level leaders of both
countries.

France-India migration, mobility

In a boost to education and industry, the two countries signed a bilateral partnership agreement
on migration and mobility. This will make student and professional movement between Franceand
India easier by simplifying the conditions for entry and long term stay for both the countries.

Support for Make in India

France will also participate in India’s defense equipment manufacturing sector under the Make in
India initiative. In 2016, India agreed to buy 36 Rafale fighter jets from France at a cost of US$8.93
billion, which includes provisions for the transfer of technology and know-how.

In another significant development, Francecompany Alstom announced the completion of its first
electric locomotive at Madhepura, Bihar state. India’s railway sector has targeted 100 percent
electrification, and this locomotive is part of a US$4.3 billion (€3.5 billion) deal for 800 electric
double-section locomotives.

The Indian government’s public-private-partnership (PPP) with Alstom to modernize India’s

railway structure was further bolstered during Macron’s visit with the announcement of three new
contracts worth US$92.55 million (€75 million): a power supply contract from the Mumbai Metro
Rail Corporation Ltd (MMRCL), new trains commissioned for the Chennai Metro Rail
Corporation, and a power supply contract from the Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation.

83
Jaitapur civil nuclear plant

Slated to be the largest nuclear plant in the world, the joint France-Indian Jaitapur project in
Maharashtra state will have a total installed capacity of 9.6 GW (gigawatt). It comes under India’s
ongoing efforts to generate cost-effective electricity.

Work on the nuclear plant will start end of 2018; Macron and Modi asked respective private
companies to ensure that their contractual discussions respect this timeline.

In their joint statement, France agreed to provide economic and competitive financing package for
the plant while India will guarantee lifetime fuel supply. In addition, France will support India’s
ambition for localized manufacturing capacity in this sector.

European partnerships after Brexit, China’s rise

India will continue to grow its business and trade ties with Europe in coming years.

Given the UK’s Brexit decision, industry watchers expect India will respond to the declining
financial importance of London by diversifying ties with European countries, once Britain
leavesthe EU. This will include strengthening and expanding its bilateral relations with
France, Germany, Italy, and other EU states.

The diminishing role of the U.S. in international politics, combined with the rise of China in the
world economy, throws up multifaceted opportunities for Europe. The EU is increasingly
developing business and commerce with U.S. sanctions-hit countries like Russia and Iran, but is
also wary of a behemoth Chinese presence in Asia. India, on its part, continues to pitch its huge
market, labor force, and manufacturing potential as an alternative to China in Asia.

Bradley Dunseith, International Business Advisory and France Desk, DezanShira& Associates,
opines that “The MoUs signed between Macron and Modi are a clear rebuke to isolationist and
anti-immigration polices gaining popularity across Europe and the United States. As India’s trade
relationships with the UK and US can no longer be taken for granted, Macron’s India trip has
elevated ‘Brand France’ while positioning France businesses to play a more proactive role in
India’s rising GDP”.

Indo France Chamber of Commerce & Industry

Spread across India’s major metropolitan cities, the France Chamber of Commerce and Industry
has four offices established in the country.

84
 (E) Future expectations India with UAE

1. UAE-based companies have invested a total of US$ 8 billion in Indian projects, with around US$
3.01 billion in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). UAE is the tenth largest investor in
India in terms of FDI. Key UAE-based companies that are actively pursuing projects in India
include Emaar, DP World, Abu Dhabi’s National Petroleum Construction Company, Abu Dhabi
National Energy Company (Taqa), Drake and Scull International.

2. India and UAE plan to set up a US$-75-billion dollar fund to invest in Indian infrastructure
projects such as railways, ports, roads, military equipment, space technology and nuclear energy.
The progress of this target was reviewed during a meeting between Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed
Al-Nahyan, crown prince of Abu Dhabi and deputy supreme commander of the UAE Armed
Forces, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in January this year.

3. As of March, India is set to invest US$ 140 billion to optimize and modernise its rail
network over the next five years, and has initiated discussions with UAE-based sovereign wealth
funds, particularly the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), for investments.

4. Over 20 per cent of NRI investment in India’s real estate market—amounting to US$ 1.69
billion—came from UAE in 2016. According to a report, the Indian expatriate community in UAE
accounted for US$ 1.69 billion of the Indian real estate market in the first nine months of 2016.

5. Investment Corporation of Dubai (ICD), Dubai’s US$-800-billion sovereign wealth fund,

is seeking investments in an Indian renewable energy platform through its subsidiary DUBAL
Holding LLC.

6. The Dubai-based retail conglomerate Lulu Group plans to invest more than Rs. 7,000 crore
in establishing shopping malls and hotels in India. The group aims to invest Rs. 4,650 crore in
Kerala, Rs 1,000 crore in Uttar Pradesh and Rs. 1,410 crore in Telangana in the hospitality and
retail sector.

 Key partners in combating extremism: The UAE and India share a deeply common goal
— fighting terrorism, combating extremism and ideologies of hatred. “We cooperatevery
closely with Indian authorities in fighting extremists and terrorists — both individuals and
organisations,” said Al Banna.

85
Both India and the UAE are two moderate nations which have been victims of terror, says Mahesh
Sachdev, a former Indian ambassador to Algeria, Norway and Nigeria. “Both countries lie in a
rather turbulent part of the world often in news for wrong reasons. It is thus critical for the two
sides to intensify their security and defence cooperation to ensure peace and stability,” he said.

 Common economic goals: The growing opportunities for jobs in India, along with the
appreciating rupee, booming stock market, structural reforms such as GST, ease of doing
business have all helped prepare a solid foundation for its growth. “That’s why the IMF
has forecast India as the fastest growing economy,” said ShobanaKamineni, president of
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and executive chairperson of Apollo Hospitals.
“More than 100 million aspirational Indians are a great commercial opportunity. Air travel
has grown by 100 per cent. So better connectivity leads to better relations,” she said.

In addition, there are massive possibilities from the $75-billion fund announced by Modi and
Shaikh Mohammad Bin Zayed.

“India has now become the world’s fastest growing major economy and the third largest consumer
of oil. On the other hand, the UAE has sovereign funds with a corpus of over a trillion dollars,”
said Sachdev. So it is natural that they will complement each other, he said.

 Rigorous follow up to strategic partnership: Another reason for the greater depth in
relations is the rigorous structure of various committees that have been set up following
the high-level visits. “Following the elevation of the UAE and India’s relation to a
comprehensive strategic partnership, there are several high-level committees which are
working in parallel to advance the bilateral agenda,” says Al Banna.

“A committee on strategic dialogue committee has been set up during the last visit of Shaikh
Mohammad Bin Zayed, which meets twice a year and looks into all matters relating to bilateral
trade. We also have two existing committees — one is a Joint Committee presided by the foreign
ministers of both countries, Shaikh Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan and SushmaSwaraj and then
we have the Joint Investment Task Force chaired by Shaikh Hamed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan,

86
Chairman of the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince’s Court, from the UAE and Suresh Prabhu, the minister
of commerce from India. That committee meets annually to look at investment opportunities in
both countries and how foreign direct investments between both nations can be increased,” Al
Banna said. With such diverse committees in place, the pace of progress in sorting out any bilateral
issues has increased substantially.

There are also a greater number of highly active fora and advocacy platforms which have been set
up in the past three years, such as the UAE-India Economic Forum, while the frequency and depth
of interaction with existing trade and business associations have intensified.

 Greater mobility of people: With a 3.3-million-strong population, the Indian diaspora in

the UAE is the largest in the world, and growing. And with a record 1,076 flights every
week between the UAE and India, there has also been a surge of tourists and visitors
between the two countries. The UAE has significantly eased visit visa norms for Indians
— those carrying US visas or Green Cards as well as UK or EU visas or residency now get
visas on arrival in the UAE. India set up an e-visa scheme for Emiratis and others in 2015,
where UAE nationals get almost instantaneous visas at 16 airports across India.

A further proposal to grant all Emirati passport holders visa-free entry to India is being raised with
appropriate authorities, Al Banna said. The result is greater people-to-people interaction between
the two countries — whether it is Indian tourists seeking a glimpse of the sea, sands and
BurjKhalifa in the UAE, or Emiratis travelling to India for education, investments, medical
treatment or simply on a vacation.

87
 4.6 COMMODITIES EXPORTED
(A) COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO U SA COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018-
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr- Growth
Dec) %
1 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED 6,484,495.67 5,539,225.02 -
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS 17.07%
STONE
2 30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 3,008,347.05 2,675,577.15 -
12.44%

3 84 NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 1,829,765.37 2,069,514.91 11.58%

MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES
4 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND 1,660,676.02 1,314,905.35 -
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION 26.30%

5 63 OTHER MADE UP TEXTILE ARTICLES; SETS; 1,540,896.61 1,303,182.47 -

WORN CLOTHING AND WORN TEXTILE 18.24%
ARTICLES; RAGS
6 62 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 1,371,003.50 1,060,519.93 -
ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR 29.28%
CROCHETED.
7 87 VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR 1,370,587.34 1,465,305.54 6.46%
TRAMWAY ROLLING STOCK, AND PARTS
AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF.
8 3 FISH AND CRUSTACEANS, MOLLUSCS AND 1,357,440.90 1,121,475.17 -
OTHER AQUATIC INVERTABRATES. 21.04%

9 61 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 1,119,175.86 979,301.89 -

ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CORCHETED. 14.28%

10 73 ARTICLES OF IRON OR STEEL 1,034,495.50 859,889.83 -

20.31%

88
 COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO U SA COUNTRIES BY INDIA

NATURAL OR CULTURED
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES

-11% -10% PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

-8% -7%
6%
NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS,
-12% MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
-15% APPLIANCES
4%
MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND
0% PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION
-17% -10%

OTHER MADE UP TEXTILE ARTICLES

ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING

ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
CROCHETED.

India exports many products to USA natural or cultured pearls, precious or semiprecious stones,
pre metals, clad with pre metal and artclsthere of ;imit. Jewlryare most exportable products
which are exported to USA, total value of these Rs 5539225.02 laces.

89
(B) COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO FRANCE COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018-
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr- Growth%
Dec)
1 84 NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 295,641.97 213,175.18 -38.68%
MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES.
2 61 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 253,725.90 199,645.23 -27.09%
ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CORCHETED.
3 62 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 238,317.70 158,314.44 -50.53%
ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
CROCHETED.
4 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND 227,078.91 306,272.22 25.86%
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION
5 85 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 182,045.00 190,433.18 4.40%
AND PARTS THEREOF

6 30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 117,549.20 93,295.82 -26.00%

7 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 111,618.26 119,310.00 6.45%

8 90 OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC 101,781.42 122,713.13 17.06%

CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEASURING,
CHECKING PRECISION, MEDICAL OR
SURGICAL INST. AND APPARATUS PARTS
AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF
9 42 ARTICLES OF LEATHER,SADDLERY AND 97,254.39 79,376.15 -22.52%
HARNESS;TRAVEL GOODS, HANDBAGS AND
SIMILAR CONT.ARTICLES OF ANIMAL GUT
10 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED PEARLS,PRECIOUS 89,723.43 80,372.06 -11.64%
OR SEMIPRECIOUS STONES.

90
 COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO FRANCE COUNTRIES BY INDIA
NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, MACHINERY AND
MECHANICAL APPLIANCES.

ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING

ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CORCHETED.

0%-5%
0%
-17%
-10% ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING
7% ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR CROCHETED.
3% -12%
MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF
-11%
THEIR DISTILLATION
2% -22%
11%
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND
PARTS THEREOF

PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

ORGANIC CHEMICALS

India exports many products to francenuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliances are most exportable products which are exported to FRANCE, total value of these
Rs213,175.18 laces.

(C) COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO GERMANY COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 84 NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 896,745.91 783,500.29 -14.45%
MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES
2 61 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 421,797.63 345,167.72 -22.20%
ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CORCHETED.
3 62 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 337,552.55 216,603.06 -55.84%
ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
CROCHETED.
4 85 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 321,692.56 314,755.27 -2.20%
AND PARTS THEREOF

91
 5 87 VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR 305,465.38 236,133.16 -29.36%
TRAMWAY ROLLING STOCK
6 42 ARTICLES OF LEATHER,SADDLERY AND 229,917.65 179,427.30 -28.14%
HARNESS
7 64 FOOTWEAR, GAITERS AND THE LIKE; PARTS 225,102.42 187,023.60 -20.36%
OF SUCH ARTICLES.
8 63 OTHER MADE UP TEXTILE ARTICLES 170,545.45 133,704.37 -27.55%

9 39 PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 135,786.65 126,689.10 -7.18%

10 40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 124,683.01 100,029.42 -24.65%

COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO GERMANY COUNTRIES BY INDIA

NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS,

MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES
ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING
-11% -6% ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CORCHETED.
-3% -11%
-12% ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING
-24% ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
-9% CROCHETED.

-12% -1%
0% ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND
-13% EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF

VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR

TRAMWAY ROLLING STOCK

India exports many products to Germany nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliancesare most exportable products which are exported to Germany, total value of these
Rs783,500.29 laces.

92
(D) COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO U.KCOUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 84 NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 656,455.26 538,181.61 -21.98%
MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES
2 62 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 562,620.35 375,372.34 -49.88%
ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
CROCHETED.
3 62 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 562,620.35 375,372.34 -49.88%
ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
CROCHETED.
4 61 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 544,766.60 408,096.72 -33.49%
ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CORCHETED.
5 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED PEARLS,PRECIOUS 454,509.12 256,357.84 -77.29%
OR SEMIPRECIOUS STONES

6 30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 298,518.25 287,031.22 -4.00%

7 64 FOOTWEAR, GAITERS AND THE LIKE; PARTS 264,202.18 201,819.27 -30.91%

OF SUCH ARTICLES.
8 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND 242,363.98 163,141.25 -48.56%
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION
9 73 ARTICLES OF IRON OR STEEL 189,915.60 164,744.94 -15.28%

10 63 OTHER MADE UP TEXTILE ARTICLES 173,219.93 154,657.77 -12.00%

93
 COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO U.K COUNTRIES BY INDIA

NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS,

MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES
ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND
CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, NOT
KNITTED OR CROCHETED.
-4%-3% -6% ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND
-14% -15% CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, NOT
KNITTED OR CROCHETED.

-9% ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND

-15% CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, KNITTED
-1% OR CORCHETED.

-23% -10% NATURAL OR CULTURED

PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR
SEMIPRECIOUS STONES
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

FOOTWEAR, GAITERS AND THE LIKE;

PARTS OF SUCH ARTICLES.

MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND

PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION

India exports many products to U.K Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliances are most exportable products which are exported to U.K, total value of these Rs
538,181.61laces.

94
(E) COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO UAECOUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED 6,988,596.00 5,411,269.50 -29.15%
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES
2 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND 3,004,106.10 3,506,887.78 14.34%
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION.
3 61 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 1,032,631.04 585,515.50 -76.36%
ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR
CORCHETED.
4 62 ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 782,332.82 406,171.39 -92.61%
ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
CROCHETED.
5 72 IRON AND STEEL 458,534.11 364,225.57 -25.89%

6 84 NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 457,952.33 334,868.98 -36.76%

MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES.
7 85 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND 440,373.33 787,771.19 44.10%
EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF

8 73 ARTICLES OF IRON OR STEEL 268,488.56 229,487.78 -16.99%

9 8 EDIBLE FRUIT AND NUTS; PEEL OR 227,850.62 132,600.64 -71.83%

CITRUS FRUIT OR MELONS.
10 74 COPPER AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 219,200.11 26,944.12 -713.54%

95
 COMMODITIES EXPORTED TO UAE COUNTRIES BY INDIA

NATURAL OR CULTURED
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES
-3%
1% -7% MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION.
-8%
-2%
-3% ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING
4% ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR
0%
-2% CORCHETED.
-64% -6%
ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING
ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED OR
CROCHETED.
IRON AND STEEL

NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS,

MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES.

India exports many products to UAE Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliances are most exportable products which are exported to UAE, total value of these
Rs5,411,269.50 laces.

96
4.7 COMMODITIES IMPORTED
(A) COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM USA COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 84 NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 2,868,326.65 1,900,602.35 -50.92%
MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES.
2 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND 2,563,361.35 3,802,410.31 32.59%
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION

3 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED 1,782,255.34 4,390,018.98 59.40%

PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES
4 90 OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC 1,029,825.77 794,786.18 -29.57%
CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEASURING,
CHECKING PRECISION, MEDICAL OR
SURGICAL INST
5 52 COTTON. 297,574.78 202,548.61 -46.92%

6 72 IRON AND STEEL 293,891.73 289,905.90 -1.37%

7 22 BEVERAGES, SPIRITS AND VINEGAR. 175,780.12 121,504.91 -44.67%

8 73 ARTICLES OF IRON OR STEEL 165,089.62 125,734.73 -31.30%

9 40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 155,654.68 114,435.28 -36.02%

10 76 ALUMINIUM AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 144,014.94 274,890.28 47.61%

97
 COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM USA COUNTRIES
BY INDIA NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS,
MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES.

MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND

PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION

13% 0% -13%
0% 0% NATURAL OR CULTURED
-9% 9% PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
0% 0% STONES
-8%
0% 16% OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC
CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEASURING,
-12% 0% CHECKING PRECISION, MEDICAL OR
0%
0% -8% SURGICAL INST
-12% 0%
COTTON.

IRON AND STEEL

India imports many products from USA Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliances are most importable products which are imported from USA, total value of these
Rs1,900,602.35 laces.

(B) COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM FRANCE COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 134,380.91 115,313.79 -16.53%

2 90 OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC 133,685.80 131,045.24 -2.01%

CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEASURING,
CHECKING PRECISION, MEDICAL OR
SURGICAL INST
3 39 PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 120,187.73 85,440.27 -40.67%

4 89 SHIPS, BOATS AND FLOATING 89,582.77 16,810.10 -432.91%

STRUCTURES.
5 89 SHIPS, BOATS AND FLOATING 89,582.77 16,810.10 -432.91%
STRUCTURES.
6 72 IRON AND STEEL 86,345.29 59,958.65 -44.01%

7 73 ARTICLES OF IRON OR STEEL 77,356.17 41,925.62 -84.51%

98
 8 98 PROJECT GOODS; SOME SPECIAL USES. 33,515.89 18,569.86 -80.49%

9 22 BEVERAGES, SPIRITS AND VINEGAR. 18,984.49 11,922.42 -59.23%

10 86 RAILWAY OR TRAMWAY LOCOMOTIVES, 17,141.22 8,351.43 -105.25%

ROLLING-STOCK AND PARTS

COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM FRANCE COUNTRIES BY

INDIA ORGANIC CHEMICALS

OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC
CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEASURING,
CHECKING PRECISION, MEDICAL OR
-8%-1%
0%
-3% SURGICAL INST
-5% PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF.
-6%
-7% -33%
-2%
SHIPS, BOATS AND FLOATING
STRUCTURES.

-33%
SHIPS, BOATS AND FLOATING
STRUCTURES.

IRON AND STEEL

India imports many products from French ORGANIC CHEMICALS are most importable products
which are imported from French, total value of these Rs 115,3132.79 laces.

(C) COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM GERMANY COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 85 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND 973,050.37 927,126.42 -4.95%
EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF

2 39 PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 493,599.13 338,393.45 -45.87%

3 38 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. 290,796.42 183,553.83 -58.43%

4 73 ARTICLES OF IRON OR STEEL 215,972.14 186,420.22 -15.85%

99
 5 72 IRON AND STEEL 153,175.08 172,635.77 11.27%

6 30 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 145,699.94 112,145.93 -29.92%

7 40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 112,804.64 93,652.72 -20.45%

8 32 TANNING OR DYEING EXTRACTS; 101,878.81 73,136.31 -39.30%

TANNINS AND THEIR DERI. DYES,
PIGMENTS

9 48 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD; ARTICLES OF 100,078.72 79,841.03 -25.35%

PAPER PULP, OF PAPER OR OF
PAPERBOARD.
10 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED 77,149.82 51,335.90 -50.28%
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES
COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM GERMANY COUNTRIES BY INDIA
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF

PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF.

MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS.

-2%
0%
-17% -15% ARTICLES OF IRON OR STEEL

-8% IRON AND STEEL

-19%
-13% PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
-5%
-7% 4%
-10% RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF.

TANNING OR DYEING EXTRACTS;

TANNINS AND THEIR DERI. DYES,
PIGMENTS
PAPER AND PAPERBOARD; ARTICLES OF
PAPER PULP, OF PAPER OR OF
PAPERBOARD.
NATURAL OR CULTURED
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES

India imports many products from Germany ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT are most
importable products which are imported from Germany, total value of these Rs927,126.42
laces.

100
(D) COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM U.K COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED 595,453.32 1,225,897.43 51.43%
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES.
2 84 NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 457,864.86 632,096.87 27.56%
MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES
3 76 ALUMINIUM AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 225,441.25 191,784.23 -17.55%

4 90 OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC 205,514.55 157,299.96 -30.65%

CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEASURING,
CHECKING PRECISION, MEDICAL OR
SURGICAL INST
5 72 IRON AND STEEL 149,767.41 212,387.52 29.48%

6 22 BEVERAGES, SPIRITS AND VINEGAR. 144,070.06 104,186.76 -38.28%

7 39 PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 73,495.24 67,677.27 -8.60%

8 38 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL 58,423.97 41,644.82 -40.29%

PRODUCTS.
9 40 RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 54,635.78 43,007.53 -27.04%

10 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 51,540.75 51,432.62 -0.21%

101
 COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM U.K COUNTRIES BY INDIA

NATURAL OR CULTURED
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES.

NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS,

-10% 0%
19% MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL
APPLIANCES
-15%

10% ALUMINIUM AND ARTICLES THEREOF.

-3%
-5%
-14%
-11% OPTICAL, PHOTOGRAPHIC
11%
CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEASURING,
CHECKING PRECISION, MEDICAL OR
SURGICAL INST
IRON AND STEEL

BEVERAGES, SPIRITS AND VINEGAR.

India imports many products from U.K Natural or Cultured Pearls, Precious or Semiprecious Stones and
Equipment are most importable products which are imported from U.K, total value of these Rs
1,225,897.43 laces.

(E) COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM UAE COUNTRIES BY INDIA

2018- Growth%
S.No. HSCode Commodity 2017-2018 2019(Apr-
Dec)
1 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND 5,848,563.25 7,258,631.61 19.43%
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION
2 71 NATURAL OR CULTURED 5,611,781.68 4,285,643.97 -30.94%
PEARLS,PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS
STONES
3 39 PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 459,344.16 524,728.02 12.46%

4 39 PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 459,344.16 524,728.02 12.46%

5 74 COPPER AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 355,308.67 412,180.88 13.80%

6 25 SALT; SULPHUR; EARTHS AND STONE; 270,618.14 273,838.08 1.18%

PLASTERING MATERIALS, LIME AND
CEMENT.

102
 7 76 ALUMINIUM AND ARTICLES THEREOF. 257,929.38 253,927.57 -1.58%

8 85 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND 98,113.82 126,158.86 22.23%

EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF

9 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 62,281.36 170,801.68 63.54%

10 33 ESSENTIAL OILS AND RESINOIDS; 45,710.34 109,689.73 58.33%

PERFUMERY, COSMETIC OR TOILET
PREPARATIONS.

COMMODITIES IMPORTED FROM UAE COUNTRIES BY INDIA

MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND
PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION

NATURAL OR CULTURED PEARLS,PRECIOUS

OR SEMIPRECIOUS STONES

PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF.

8%
25%
-13%
PLASTIC AND ARTICLES THEREOF.
0%
5%
COPPER AND ARTICLES THEREOF.
5%
6%
27% 1%
-1% SALT; SULPHUR; EARTHS AND STONE;
9% PLASTERING MATERIALS, LIME AND
CEMENT.
ALUMINIUM AND ARTICLES THEREOF.

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

AND PARTS THEREOF

ORGANIC CHEMICALS

India imports many products from UAE Mineral fuels, Mineral Oils and Products of their
distillationare most importable products which are imported from UAE, total value of these Rs
7,258,631.61 laces.

103
 Chapter:5

Findings and Suggestion

104
 Country-USA
A. After 2015 India exported to USA was decreased and continually in dreasing trend. In year
2018-2019 exports to USA were decreased by -28.14% and year 2018-19 total exports to
usa were only Rs 24,088,974.94lack.
B. After 2015 india import to usa was decreased and then in increasing trend.In year 2018-19
imports form USA were increased by 13% and year 2018-19 total imports form USA were
only Rs 171,156,448.30lacs.
C. Top export commodities (Minerals, fusel ,minerals oils and products of the their
distillation)
D. Top import commodities -Natural or cultured pearls precious semiprecious.
E. The US is India's second largest trading partner, and India is its 9th largest trading partner
F. U.S. total bilateral trade (goods and services) with India was $126 billion in 2017, up 10.4%
from $114.2 billion level in 2016. Bilateral trade witnessed an average 5.6% annual growth
rate for the previous five years.
G. U.S. exports of goods and services to India totaled $48.8 billion in 2017, registering a
phenomenal 15.5% increase from the 2016 level of $42.2 billion; total imports from
India, at $77.2 billion, rose 7.4% from $71.9 billion in 2016.
H. Total exports growth rate (i.e., 15.5% in 2017) more than trebled from the average export
growth rate of 4.8% achieved for the previous 5 years while total imports growth rate
(i.e., 7.4% in 2017) increased from the average import growth rate of 5.2%
I. Logistic exchange Memorandum of agreement (LEMOA)IN 2016mainly focus on the
international trade.
J. Security Memorandum of agreement (CISMOA) focus on security improving between
nation.
K. According to Gallops annual world affairs survey India perceived by American as their
the favorite nation in the world with 71% of American viewing India favorable in
2015.At present 2018 poll by Gallup found that 74%of American viewed India favorable.
L. In strategic Political, Security, Defence,and economic terms relation between India and
US will continue in a positive direction under president Trump.

 Country UK

(A) After 2015 india export to UK was decreased and continuously in decreasing trend. In
year 2018-2019 exports to UK were 8% and then decrease to -46% and year in year
2018-19 total exports to UK were only Rs 4265,194.62 Lacs.
(B) (B) After 2016 import from UK was decreased and then in increasing trend. In year
2018-19 imorts to UK were increased by 21%and in year 2018-19 total imports to UK
were only Rs 3510,864.83.

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 (C) (c) Top export commodities-Natural or cultured pearls ,precious or Semiprecious
stones.
(D) (D) Top import commodities –Iron and Steel
(E) (E) London, the finance minister will meet lots of UK businesses of all sizes and from
across sectors. Some already invest significantly in India, and some are considering
their investment options
(F) (F) The UK has been the largest G20 investor in India since 2000. UK companies
currently employ around 788,000 people across India—one in 20 of the total organized
private sector jobs in the country. At the same time, India is the third-largest investor
in the UK. Indian companies invest more in the UK than the rest of the EU combined.
(G) (G)A comprehensive UK-India economic partnership will boost direct trade. However,
Indian and UK companies shouldn’t wait for an agreement to be reached; the
opportunity is now.
(H) (H)UK-India Business Council, we have seen a sharp increase in the number of Indian
businesses seeking to import from the UK. Every week we talk to around 25 Indian
businesses looking to source from Britain, and we engage with over 200 UK businesses
every week that want to supply these Indian businesses.
(I) UK – India Tech Alliance, which will facilitate collaboration on building future skills
in new technologies by nurturing a solid skills base in the UK and India, with the
support of both the governments. The Alliance will be composed of high-level
stakeholders from the technology industry in the United Kingdom and India
(J) The policy of appeasement towards India and started supporting India in whichever
way possible, after the rise of Hon’ble Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Not saying that
all he does is correct but he has a dynamic approach towards every problem in
international affairs .The countries who started this methodology was USA and UK
(K) MOU has been signed between National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and
Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC), UK. The MoU will enable the
United Kingdom to support Government of India in sustainable management of water
resources in the Ganga Basin through collaborative programmes of research and
innovation and exchange of policy experts with the support of UK Water Partnership

 Country France
A) After 2016 India export to France was decreased and continuously in decreasing trend.
In year 2018-19 export to Francewere -11 and then decrease to -39%and in year 2018-
19total export to France were only Rs 2265,337.45 Iacs.
B) After 2016 India import form France was increased and then in decreasing Trend in
year 2018-2019 Import to France were decreased by -60% and in year 2018-19 total
import to France were only Rs 2,622,755 Lacs.
C) Top export commodities-Articles of apparel and clothing accessories,not knitted or
crocheted.

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 D) Top import commodities-Ships, boats and floating structures
E)The foreign direct investment stock of French companies in India reportedly stands at
around €20 billion. France and India signed an agreement on sustainable urban
development in Paris on 5 October 2012. Under the agreement, France is taking part in
implementing the Smart Cities sustainable urban development programme.France has
emerged as a major source of FDI for India with more than 1,000 French establishments
already present in India. France is the 9th largest foreign investor in India with a cumulative
investment of USD 6.24 billion from April 2000 to March 2018 which represents 1.65%
of the total FDI inflows into India according to statistics provided by the DIPP
F) Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of
the Republic of France to Facilitate the Mutual Recognition of Academic Qualifications
Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the
Republic of India on cooperation in the field of urban development Implementing
arrangement between the Centre National d’EtudesSpatiales (CNES) and the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) for pre-formulation studies of a maritime awareness
mission
G) Prime Minister Modi visited Paris on 29-30 November 2015 to attend the inaugural
Leaders’ Event at the COP-21 Climate Change Summit. He launched the International
Solar Alliance jointly with President Hollande in the presence of UN Secretary General
Ban Ki Moon. Along with President Hollande, US President Obama and Microsoft
Chairman Bill Gates, he spoke at the event of “Mission Innovation” for promoting
renewable energy. As the Paris Agreement was reached on the conclusion of COP-21,
President Hollande praised India’s contribution and Prime Minister Modi’s personal
leadership in reaching the historic agreement.
H) Spread across India’s major metropolitan cities, the France Chamber of Commerce and
Industry has four offices established in the country.

 COUNTRY-Germany
A)After India export to Germany was increased and than in decreasing trend. In year 2018-
1 export to Germany were 14%and then decrease to -38%and in year 2018-19 total exports
to Germany were only Rs 4055,453,24 Lacs.
B) After 2016 India import form Germany was decreased and then decreasing trend.In year
2018-19 import to Germany were Decreased by -21%and in year 2018-19 total import to
Germany were only Rs 7,096,988.21 Lacs.
C) Top import commodities –Miscellanies’ Chemical Products
D) Top export commodities-Articles of Apparel and Clothing accessories not kinitted or
crocheted
E) Indian investment in Germany has also increased in recent years. Total Indian
investment in Germany is estimated to be at over $4bn. The IT sector leads Indian

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 investments in Germany, with many Indian firms acquiring German companies or
establishing branch offices in Germany
F) India and Germany signed six agreements designed to promote cooperation in areas
such as higher education, civil security research, agriculture, product safety and green
energy.
G) India-Germany Relations Bilateral relations between India and Germany are founded
on common democratic principles and are marked by a high degree of trust and mutual
respect. India was amongst the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with the Federal
Republic of Germany after the Second World War. Relations grew significantly following
the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany. In the last decade, both
economic and political interaction between India and Germany has enhanced
H) Several International companies that have set up their business in India are looking for
those who are fluent in German language in India. It increases your job opportunities with
German and foreign companies in India and abroad.
Professional German Translators, Interpreters, proofreaders and content writers, and
trainers are always in demand. One can also look forward to jobs in the German embassy
in New Delhi and consulate in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Bangalore. Scope of
German language in India is on rise.
I) Agreement between the AYUSH and BMG (Federal Ministry of Health) over
cooperation in alternative medicine JDI between Ministry of Science and Technology and
the BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research) for the establishment of an Indo-
German Centre for Sustainability JDI between the Ministry of External Affairs and the
German Foreign Office on cooperation on cyber policy

 COUNTRY- UAE
A)After 2016 India export to UAE was increased and then in decreasing trend. In year
2018-19 exports to UAE were -15%and then decrease to -30% and in year total exports to
UAE were only Rs 14009841.73 Lacs.
B)After 2016 India import to UAE was decreased and in decreasing trend. In year 2018-
19 import to UAE were increased by -3% and in year 2018-19 total import to UAE were
only Rs 13213022.51 Lacs.
C) Top import commodities-Mineral Fules, Mineral oils and products of their distillation.
D) TOP export commodities-Iron and Steel.
E) UAE’s de facto leader, Abu Dhabi Crown Prince and Deputy Supreme Commander of
the UAE Armed Forces H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, visited India in
2016 and 2017.

E) UAE’s de facto leader, Abu Dhabi Crown Prince and Deputy Supreme Commander
of the UAE Armed Forces H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, visited
India in 2016 and 2017.

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F) MoU between Ministry of Defence, India and Ministry of Defence, UAE on
cooperation in the field of Defence industry
G) .MOU between Directorate General of Shipping, India and Federal Transport
Authority- Land and Maritime, UAE on Mutual Recognition of Certificates of
Competency as per the provisions of the Standards of Training, Certification and
Watch-keeping Convention (STCW78) and amendments
H) . MOU between Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India and Federal
Transport Authority, Land and Maritime, UAE on Bilateral Cooperation in road,
transport and highways sector
I) . MOU for cooperation in the field of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and
innovation between Ministry of Economy, United Arab Emirates and Ministry of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MOSMSME), India
J) With a 3.3-million-strong population, the Indian diaspora in the UAE is the largest in
the world, and growing. And with a record 1,076 flights every week between the
UAE and India, there has also been a surge of tourists and visitors between the two
countries. The UAE has significantly eased visit visa norms for Indians — those
carrying US visas or Green Cards as well as UK or EU visas or residency now get
visas on arrival in the UAE. India set up an e-visa scheme for Emiratis and others in
2015, where UAE nationals get almost instantaneous visas at 16 airports across India
K) UAE-based companies have invested a total of US$ 8 billion in Indian projects, with
around US$ 3.01 billion in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). UAE is the
tenth largest investor in India in terms of FDI. Key UAE-based companies that are
actively pursuing projects in India include Emaar, DP World, Abu Dhabi’s National
Petroleum Construction Company, Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (Taqa),
Drake and Scull International

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SUGESTIONS

A) USA

 U.S.-India economic relationship, while improving, remains contentious. America has long
taken exception to India’s relatively high tariff rates, ineffective intellectual property rights
protection, and the frequent intransigence of Indian negotiators at the World Trade
Organization.
 both Republican and Democratic administrations, U.S.-India relations have improved
significantly over the past 10 years. Today the two countries have a $115 billion two-way
trading relationship, growing foreign direct investment, and an increasingly shared vision of
the region’s strategic outlook that has bolstered bilateral defense interests.
 Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement was greeted with some relief, which presents an
opportunity to forge a new trade and investment relationship with India.
 According to a McKinsey report, India needs to create 115 million new non-farm jobs by
2022. Both leaders see developing their manufacturing sector as one way forward. These
goals are not in conflict, as India is largely focused on developing manufacturing jobs in
parts of the supply chain, which is different from the U.S. focus on the domestimanufacturing
sector. In addition, India’s growing middle class—which is expected to double to over half a
billion people by 2025—will provide a new market for U.S. exports of manufactured
products. Both sides can make progress here by improving market access for their respective
manufactured goods.
 India’s manufacturing sector and tackle India’s enormous infrastructure needs would benefit
from U.S. investment and services exports

B) GERMANY

 Germany is India's largest trading partner in Europe. Germany is the 8th largest foreign
direct investor (FDI) in India. Germany's FDI totaled about 5.2 billion USD during the
period 2000-2012, constituting about 3% of total FDI to India .so that India increases
more investment an trade with Germany.
 German immigration rules force accompanying spouses of overseas Indian workers who
do not hold an EU blue card to pass a German language proficiency test as a condition to
receiving residency permits and visas India develop the more German language
Institutions
 In February-April 2016-17, the major Indian exports to Germany included machinery and
parts, followed by apparel and clothing accessories (knitted), organic chemicals, apparel
and clothing accessories (not knitted) and vehicles and parts. The category wise
percentage shares of key exports are given below so india increase more export trade.
 German auto industry giants such as Volkswagen, BMW and Audi have entered the
Indian market and established major manufacturing plants in India. Other major German
companies which have significant operations in India include Siemens, ThyssenKrupp,

110
 Bosch, Deutsche Bank, and Lufthansa, among many others.so they are focus on Indian
market globally increases.
 Germany continues to grow more strongly than the other core Eurozone economies, with
GDP growth forecasted at 0.6% this year and 1.7% in both 2014 and 2015. Strong
economic fundamentals, such as sound fiscal conditions and low leverage of the private
sector, lay the basis for a further expansion of the domestic economy and put Germany in
a good position to benefit from the global recovery. The GDP growth is expected to
average 1.5% per annum in 2016–17.
 The Indian Textile industry generally comprises of manufacturers, wholesalers, suppliers,
and exporters of cotton textiles, handloom, woollen textiles etc. Germany is one of t he
foremost importers of handmade fibre textile of India.so india focus on taxtile.

C) U.K..

 India is expected to get continued attention from the investors including investments
from the UK. UK is third largest investor in India and accounts for about 8.0% of the
total FDI inflows in the country. In fact, several British companies have exhibited
interests in India post launch of the Make in India campaign.
 The share of UK in India’s pharma exports is about 3-4%. The pharma companies do
not really expect a big hit following the Brexit and have indicated a limited impact of
Pound depreciation. The pharma companies reported having hedged their exposure to
the Euro. Further, the companies pointed out that the rules, regulations and product
registrations are already different for UK and EU and hence any adverse impact on
the sector can be ruled out
 Readymade garment is one of the key export items to the UK from India. Readymade
garments account for about 20.0% of the India’s total exports to the UK. The sector is
expected to feel the pinch on account of moderation in demand; the spend on
readymade garments is primarily discretionary. Also, the drop in the Pound is
expected to impact the un-hedged export contracts with British counterparts.
Nonetheless, some of the garment exporters have also opined that they might be
insulated if a Free Trade Agreement is negotiated with the UK post Brexit.
 UK had strong collaborations in science related fields with EU institutions. With
these collaborations considered non-local now and needing Visa and regulatory
compliances – top Indian research institutions (which are mostly in the areas of
science and technology) stand to gain. Programs like UKIERI may expand as UK
students have lower mobility across EU and they look for other locations for
internships and exchanges. Loss of Erasmus program may lead to UK universities
look for exchange opportunities elsewhere which would be favourable for Indian
institutions.

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D) FRANCE

 French interest in establishing their presence in Asian markets including in India have
all contributed to a broadening of economic links. The series of high-level visits in
the commercial and economic field reflects the growing interest of both the
governments in expanding trade between the two countries. France considers India an
important market for its products and is looking to increase the number of joint
ventures and encouraging investments in and from India.
 India and France today committed to increase bilateral trade to 15 billion euro by
2022 and "timely relaunching" of negotiations on the India-EU free trade
agreement. So India focus on these agreement.
 India and France also reaffirmed the crucial role of the rules-based multilateral
trading system and the importance of enhancing free, fair, and open trade for
achieving sustainable growth and development.

 Strengthening of Indo-French technological cooperation on renewable energy is a

"common priority", it said while stressing on the need for mobilizing public and
private funds to support the development of solar energy

 with satisfaction the growth in bilateral trade during the recent period, and expressed
their desire that this momentum be sustained with the aim of raising trade in goods to
15 billion euro by 2022,

E) UAE

 UAE invested over $5 billion in India through foreign direct investment stock until
the end of 2017, which makes the UAE one of the top investors in India.
Additionally, India is the second largest direct investor in the UAE at the end of 2016
with $6.6 billion. "In the beginning, foreign trade and oil and gas were the focal point
of the India-UAE relationship So India increase more trade relationship.

 With a 3.3-million-strong population, the Indian diaspora in the UAE is the largest in
the world, and growing. And with a record 1,076 flights every week between the
UAE and India, there has also been a surge of tourists and visitors between the two
countries.

 Dubai Exports, the economic development department's promotion agency, launched

the initiative 'Buyer Protection Programme', designed by the Commercial Compliance
and Consumer Protection (CCCP), as a pilot project through its Overseas Trade

112
 Office in India.

 The launch of the programme in India comes within a week of the joint statement
made by Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and
Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, and Prime Minister
Narendra Modi to develop a medium and long term strategy for increasing bilateral
trade by 60 per cent over the next five years.

 There would be a focus on identifying potential sectors and the impeding tariff and
non-tariff barriers, exploring opportunities in services sector and formulating a sector-
specific strategy to boost two way trade and investments

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 CHAPTER: 6
CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY

114
Five major economies (USA.UK, GERMANY, FRANCE, UAE) for trade, economic
development, investments, infrastructure, with India.. USA is major importer and exporter
among above countries. From 2009 to 2017 many summits were organized by different
member nations. Every summit had their different objective. Many author and researcher gives
their views on international relations with above countries.

Many researchers in his study concluded that global economy is under uncertainty due to recent
meltdown of economic and industrial growth. This has triggered rapid changes in developing
economies and may predominantly contribute to global economic growth in the coming
decade, though it has posed several challenges in countries such as USA,UK, Germany,
France, UAE in his study concluded that India’s GDP rapidly increase after independence.
From this international view of above countries, we may conclude that opens the door for
global trade and reduce the international trade barriers for India and helps India in increases
their international relations with different nations.

International trade play an important role in the long term development of a country not only
as a source of capital but also for enhancing competitiveness of the domestic economy through
transfer of technology, strengthening infrastructure, raising productivity and generating new
employment opportunities. India emerges as the 20th largest exporter of merchandised goods
and 14th largest importer of merchandised goods. (WTO Report 2016).
Huge market size, availability of highly skilled human resources, sound economic policies,
abundant and diversified natural resources all these factors enable India to exports goods and
services.

India is a fairly open economy with overall trade (exports plus imports) as a percentage of
GDP at around 40%. Its exports have diversified both in terms of markets and products in the
past two decades. Indian exports have gradually found their way into new markets and the
export sector has moved up the value chain, leading the way with high-value products like
industrial machinery, automobiles and car parts, and refined petroleum products.

115
The world trading system has always been shaped by technological progress. Not only is
technology a determinant of trade costs, but it also defines what products can be traded
across borders, and it affects patterns of comparative advantage.

Today's digital revolution has come about because of the shift from mechanical and analogue
electronic technology to digital technologies, which have been rapidly adopted in the
information and communication sectors in particular, and accompanied by sweeping
economic and even social changes. All of this started with one fundamental innovation: the
internet.

Global Trade Model (GTM) shows that future technological changes are expected to increase
trade growth, especially the growth of trade in services. Global trade is projected to grow by
around 2 percentage points more than the baseline growth rate, and the share of services trade
is projected to grow from 21 per cent in 2016 to 25 per cent in 2030. Moreover, the share of
imported intermediate services in manufacturing is projected to increase.

All of these changes seem likely to open new opportunities for developing countries and
smaller firms. However, the digital divide, in its various aspects, remains a reality.
Quantitative analysis suggests that developing countries will gain an increasing share of
global trade, but the extent of that share will depend on their ability to catch up in the
adoption of digital technologies

This Report looks at four major trends that have changed the relationship between trade and
development since the start of the millennium: the economic rise of developing economies,
the growing integration of global production through supply chains, the higher prices for
agricultural goods and natural resources, and the increasing interdependence of the world
economy.

This Report looks at what has shaped global trade in the past and reviews how demographic
change, investment, technological progress, developments in the transport and energy/natural
resource sectors, as well as trade-related policies and institutions, will affect international
trade.

116
Regulatory measures for trade in goods and services raise challenges for international
cooperation in the 21st century. This Report examines why governments use non-tariff
measures and services measures and the extent to which these measures may distort
international trade.

This Report provides a reminder of the gains from international trade and highlights the
challenges arising from higher levels of integration. It addresses the question of what
constitutes and drives globalization, the benefits and challenges it brings, and the role trade
plays in this world of ever-growing inter-dependency

This Report focuses on development. It explains the origin of this issue and offers a
framework within which to address the question of the relationship between trade and
development, thereby contributing to more informed discussion.

117
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