The Effects of the Temporary Closure of Manila Zoo on the Livelihood of Local Residents

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Building, Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114

Tel. No.: (046)416-6278 Telefax: (046) Mobile No.: +63918-888-6278
Hospitality and Tourism Management Department
THE EFFECTS OFTEMPORARY CLOSURE OF MANILA ZOO
TO THE LIVELIHOOD OF LOCAL RESIDENTS IN
ADRIATICO, MANILA
A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management
National College of Science and Technology
Amafel Building, Aguinaldo Highway
Dasmariñas City, Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management
Presented by:
Prieto, Hannah Camile D.
Cabesada, Imee Isabel B.
Del Rosario, Lhaime
Nicol, John Rowell
Antatico, Donna
Arcal, Beatriz
April 2019
CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Wildlife tourism is big business within the travel industry, and zoos have
played an integral part of that since the late 17th Century, far longer than that if you
include their earlier incarnations as simple menageries (Huxley, 2016).
A zoo can be named as a zoological park, zoological garden, or menagerie, a
facility in which animals are confined within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in
which they may also be bred. The abbreviation "zoo" was first used in the London
Zoological Gardens which opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1857.
The number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now
exceeds 1,000, with 80% of them found in cities. (Nussbaum, 2004)
Menagerie bring human kind closer to wild life. Though, sometimes that means taking the
animal out of its natural habitat. Some animals have lost most of their habitat and are on
the verge of extinction. In this way, the zoo helps the animals rather than using them as a
form of human entertainment. Wildlife Parkalso allow humans to study different kinds of
animals more closely. Some zoos on the other hand manipulate the animals to acquire as
much revenue as possible rather than being concerned with the welfare of each animal.
In the Philippines, there are a total of 46 zoos: 8 in National Capital Region, which
includes Manila Zoo, 2 in Region I, 4 in Region III, 8 in Region IV–A, 4 in Region IV–B,
1 in Region V, 4 in Region VI, 10 in Region VII, 1 in Region VIII, 1 in Region X, and 3 in
Region XI (Manalastas, 2012).
According to the official government site of Manila City, Manila Zoo, being the
oldest zoological park in Asia, opened on July 25, 1959. The main attraction of Manila
Zoo is Mali, an elephant from Sri Lanka, the only captive elephant in the Philippines.
Manila Zoo has a land area of 5.5 hectares. It is home to more than 832 animals from
nearly 1000 as of 2007 and only 630 animals as of today. It serves as one of the
educational centers in the country where the viewing public can observe, discover and
learn interesting facts about the beauty of Philippine fauna and flora.
There is a place for children to be able to play with the animals. Also a boat ride that
serves as an attraction for visitors who want to ride a boat in a small pond in the zoo.
Moreover, there are other facilities like horseback riding, picture taking booth, food stalls
for visitors, visitor’s area and souvenir stores.
Manila Zoo was receiving lots of criticism lately, sought after the different wildlife and
environmental violations, and was later led to a temporary closure by the government as
a cause of action. Animal rights advocates have long called for the permanent closure
of the Manila Zoo, citing its inadequate facilities for the proper treatment of animals. But
according to the Manila Zoo officials, the restoration and rehabilitation of facilities will
lasts for three to four months as it may affect the major sources of living of the vendors
inside the park and the zoo employees that are currently relying their livelihood in
Manila Zoo, at the same time be able to follow and right its transgression.
Background of the Problem
On the 23rd of January 2019, Mayor Joseph Estrada ordered the temporary closure of
Manila Zoo after the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
tagged it as a “major pollutant of Manila Bay” as it was found dumping untreated
sewage into an estuary that empties into the bay. The zoo is located near Estero de
San Antonio Abad in Malate, Manila, which directly drains into the Manila Bay.
The researcher will conduct this research to discern the effects of the temporary
closure to the livelihood of the local residents. And know the concerns of small time
vendors and permanent employees onhow the closure has affected their ways of living.
Objective of the Study
The study will focusto identify and understand the effects of the temporary
closure of Manila Zoo in the livelihood of the local residents as one of their major source
of revenue.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The main concern of this study will identify and understand the effects of the temporary
closure of Manila Zoo which may affect the livelihood of the local residents in Manila as
source of their revenue. The following questions are to be considered in order to solve
such a serious issue happening to Manila Zoo:
1. What are the existing livelihoods present before the temporary closure of Manila Zoo?
2. What are the effects of the temporary closure of Manila Zoo to the local residents’
livelihood?
3. How willing are the local residents to change their job/livelihood prior to the temporary
closure?
4. What could be the local residents’ contingency strategy in case the temporary turn out
into a permanent closure?
Theoretical Framework
According to Whittingham et.al, (2003), local people's livelihoods and even survival
often depend on local and regional natural resources. As a result biodiversity and natural
resource conservation initiatives, in the form of terrestrial and marine parks and protected
areas, can often come in conflict with livelihood. Moreover, since the long-term success of
protected areas and biodiversity conservation initiatives depends on local benefit and
support, it is an imperative that local livelihoods and poverty reduction are considered
during the formation and ongoing management of protected areas.

Whittingham’s Theory is related to the study of the researchers regarding the effect
to the local resident’s current livelihood as for the temporary closure of Manila Zoo in
Adriatico, Manila. The theory guided the researchers in understanding how local residents
relate and depend their livelihood in the community’s natural resources.
This theory will help the researchers to know the importance of livelihood, as a tool
in reducing poverty and be able to provide subsistence in the locale of Adriatico, Manila.
Based on Shackley, (1996) indicated that a major role of zoo is to provide
educational experiences. Shackley claimed that a zoo’s educational appeal is particularly
strong among children, and children, of all visitors, often show the greatest interests in
animals, but are least able to see them in their natural setting. Despite the increasing
number of tourists who are able to travel to locations where exotic wild animals are
indigenous, Shackley, argued that there are still many parents who are unwilling or
unable to transport their children to these places as they are generally distant from the
home of the children. Under these circumstances, in which the visitors cannot be taken to
the animals, then the animals have to be brought to the tourists.
This theory will help the researchers to know the importance of zoo, as a tool to
provide educational experiencesand to understand the local residents of Adriatico, Manila
as their source of living.
As Broad (1996) and Mason (2009) stated, Broad argued that zoos may be
perceived as having a specific educational role, which motivates tourists to visit a zoos,
characterized as the process of gaining knowledge about animals species. Broad

suggested that zoos also have a wider educational perspective. She suggested that zoos
can develop awareness of major ecological issues and hence a zoo’s role is also echoed
by Mason, when he claimed that zoos could be viewed as significant ecotourism
attractions. As Mason stated, although ecotourism has not been defined to everyone’s
satisfaction, for a tourism activity to be labelled in this way, key elements are that it is
nature based or natural resource based, focuses on learning about nature, shod
contribute to conservation, is small scale, low impact and is locally oriented (Fennel
1999). Mason argued that it is the important educational role of zoos, particularly in terms
of ecological education, that makes them potentially important in terms of the aims of
ecotourism.
As regards to Beardsworth (2001),a major role of zoo is to provide educational
experiences and provide jobs and support local communities. Beardsworth claimed that a
zoo’s educational appeal is particularly strong among children, and children, of all visitors,
often show the greatest interests in animals, but are least able to see them in their natural
setting. Beardsworth, argued that there are some of the local communities depends on
Wild Park as their source of living but mostly there are still people that are unwilling or
unable to succeed in conservation and preservation of wild parks.
Pertaining to Stephen Fuller (1940), zoos generate significant economic benefits
locally, regionally, and nationally. It is one as the important economic engines. Zoo’s
deeply committed to science education and wildlife conservation, but they also generate
jobs and support local communities.

As claimed by Shani and Pizam (2011), the relation between animals and people is
growing important. This may be due to the act that animals are part of people’s lives.
Shani state that zoo uses in entertainment, transportation and livelihood purposes. Pizam
state that wild animals represent ‘othemes’. It means that they are both ‘outside’ human
society and ‘inside’ human culture because humans recognize and categorize them.
This theory will help the researchers to know about human and animal relations.
And to be able to understand the local community in Adriatico, Manila depend in Manila
Zoo as their source of living because wild parks are part of people’s lives.
Conceptual Framework
Types of Livelihood
present
Effect of temporary closure

Livelihood of local
residents in Adriatico,
Manila
Willingness of local
residents to change their
job/ livelihood
Residents’ contingency
strategy
Figure 1.The Conceptual Framework of the study
The Figure 1 shows the flow of data gathering in Brgy. Adriatico St. Malate,
Manila with the help of the respondents who are the selected local residents, barangay
and tourism officials. After gathering information from the respondents, the researchers
will get an answer for the specific problems statements asked.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study will mainly focus on the effects of the temporary closure of Manila Zoo
regarding to the livelihood of the local residents of Adriatico, Manila in the year 2019.
Others like animal welfare issues, Manila Zoo’s waste management system, and its
contribution to the tourism growth of Manila will not be included in this study. The locale of
this study will be Brgy. Adriatico St. Malate, Manila. The respondents will be the selected
barangay officials, tourism officials, selected zoo employees and local residents of
Adriatico, Manila since they are the ones who are capable of giving an accurate
response.
Significance of the Study
The study will be a significant endeavor to determinethe aftermath of the
temporary closure of one of the country's most renowned tourist destination to the
livelihood of local residents in Adriatico St., Manila. Mainly benefitting with this study will
be the following:
Local Residents of Brgy.Adriatico, Malate, Manila- This study will serve as an avenue
for the local residents to voice out their views, opinions, and concerns with their current
livelihood situation in line with the temporary closure of Manila Zoo.

Manila Local Gov't Officials- This will also be a way for them to hear out the concerns of
the local residents near Manila Zoo which will hopefully lead them to formulate a
contingency plan for the affected local residents.
National College of Science and Technology - The researchers will aim to bring honor
and recognition to the National College of Science and Technology and all throughout of
the lawsuit of the study. As the researchers carry the name of the school, they assure to
adapt the rules of the school while conducting the study.
Tourism Students of National College of Science and Technology- They will be able
to have an in-depth knowledge on how an actual tourist spot functions and how it copes
up with sudden changes that would greatly affect the livelihood.
The Researchers- This study will provide knowledge to the researchers and new
information that are related to their course that can help them grow personally and
intellectually.
The Future Researchers- This study will benefit and help them because this research
can be their guide.
Definition of Terms
This study contains certain key concepts and constructs. This glossary will allow
the reader to understand the commonly used term presented in the subsequent chapter.
Aftermath- the consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event.
Discern- to recognize or distinguish something.
Factual- concerned with what actually the case rather than interpretations is of or
reactions to it.
Menagerie- a collection of wild animals kept in captivity for exhibition.
Resiliency- is the capacity/ability to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.
Transgression - is an act that goes against a law, rule, or code of conduct; an offense.
Wildlife Tourism- is an element of many nations' travel industry centered on observation
and interaction with local animal and plant life in their natural habitats.
Zoology- is the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and
distribution of animals.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the foreign literature, local literature, foreign studies, local
studies, synthesis and justification of the study.
Foreign Literature
According to the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, (2018) there are over
10,000 zoos around the world and each year they attract millions of visitors. But as
historian Dan Vandersommers discusses, zoos have long been much more than simple
places to spend a fun afternoon. Looking at how zoos have changed over the last two
centuries can tell us as much about the humans who visit as about the animals on
display.
As stated by Douglas Falk, (2017) Keeping wild animals in zoos, or zoological
gardens, is an old practice. More people now live in cities and towns, where they see
little wildlife. They seek places where they can have some contact with nature. And
perhaps people sense that when they visit a zoo, they have the opportunity to see
things they have never seen before. In many zoos, you can see more kinds of
animals in a day than you might see in weeks of travel to faraway places. Zoos do
much more than provide recreation, however. They help people to realize the
importance of nature. And having Scientists with opportunities to study wildlife are
also important because thousands of species of wild animals are in danger of dying
out. Saving these endangered species is one of the purposes of modern zoos.
Perhaps the most important part of a curator's job is to keep the zoo animals healthy
and to prevent disease and injury. This involves making sure that the animals are
properly fed and that they receive good veterinary and other care. Most big zoos
have a full-time staff of animal health professionals, including veterinarians and
animal health technicians. These people examine the animals and treat any health
problems that arise. Some small zoos use local veterinarians to help with animal
health problems. But even when a zoo has a full-time veterinarian, it may
occasionally need the assistance of a specialist, such as a veterinary dentist,
bacteriologist, or surgeon.
As mentioned by Dr. Dave Hone (2017) stated that the ongoing extinction crises
show that zoos are needed-even for common species. They are in particularly
important for endangered in the wild and may go extinct there soon but are going
strong in zoo. Many others are already extinct in the wild and only survive because of
populations kept going in captivity. Even those critical of zoos often recognize this role
and that is better to have species preserved somewhere than be lost for all time.
However, even species that are common can come under severe threat very quickly or
without people realizing
However, Samantha Ward (2016) claims that zoos are necessary and vital part
of efforts to conserve endangered animals. Modern zoos aim to promote animal
conservation, educate people, and support further wildlife research. The three are
entwined to ensure the animals are housed to the highest possible standards of welfare.
Staffs are dedicated to providing species-specific housing, appropriate diets and
husbandry to ensure that the animals’ lives are as natural as possible within captivity.
According to Dr. Alejandro Grajal (2018) much of the controversy about zoos has
centered on the ethics of animals under managed care. The controversy is a result of a
growing public sensitivity to animal welfare issues. Zoos need to squarely address these
ethical concerns in two main ways: Accredited institutions need to become the ultimate
authority on animal welfare by enhancing and measuring the well-being of animals in
their care. These institutions must also increase the role that live animals play in
developing human attitudes toward the environment.
However, in the era of the Anthropocene, the ultimate ethical dilemma faced by
humanity is about how to pursue a more sustainable relationship with our planet. Zoos
and aquariums, as strong conservation organizations and as agents of social change,
should be at the forefront of this truly existential dilemma. There is already strong
evidence of the effectiveness of zoos in saving animals from extinction and in engaging
zoo visitors in conservation action. In addition to this essential work, zoos should move
forward in developing a social movement for conservation. They can effectively drive
social innovation in the relationship. Between humans and animals by bringing new
voices to conservation and reconnecting humans to the ultimate responsibility we have
to care for our planet.
As indicated by Schultz and Tabanico (2014) used the IAT-Nature to explore how
implicit connectedness with nature is affected by context. Findings suggest that

spending time at a highly naturalistic 640acre zoo with rides into a stimulated African
veldt. (San Diego wild Animal Park) increased a person’s connectedness with nature.
Zoo visitor exiting the park showed significantly higher implicit connectedness with
nature that those entering the park (a finding not replicated in the explicit measures
taken at the same time.) in a separate study measuring visitor’s implicit connectedness
with nature throughout the day implicit connectedness with nature increased with the
duration of their stay.
As stated by The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, over 700 million
people visit Zoos and aquariums each year at 1,300 institutions around the world
(WAZA.org 2015). The educational opportunities offered by these institutions aim to
encourage awareness of ecological, conservation and sustainability issues in a public
increasingly disconnected from wild environments.
As claimed by The University of Cincinnati Economics Center (2015) The Zoo is
an important source of jobs and earnings for local workers, generating over 1,700 jobs
with $51.7 million in wages and benefits. And, although the Zoo primarily benefits local
residents, nearly half of the Zoo’s economic impact (45.6%) can be attributed to visitors
coming to the region.

Local Literature
Confirming to Wendy K. Leigh (2015) the Manila Zoological and Botanical
Gardens (manilazoo.org), commonly referred to as the Manila Zoo, is the oldest zoo is
Asia and visited by almost 2 million people annually. It is considered an educational
center and Major landmark of the city. It is home to over 600 wild animals, including 150
reptiles, international and indigenous species such as the Tamaraw and Philippine
crocodile, hundreds of birds, mammals and plants. Families can enjoy animal shows
and open stages, as well as picnics, boating and playgrounds. The Kinder Zoo portion
of the park allows children to roam and interact freely with the animals.
In accordance to the Philippine Zoos & Aquariums Association or Philzoos
(2016) the most popular zoos in Luzon are 1.) Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden
Perhaps, one of the most widely known and oldest zoos in the city of Manila, this zoo
is commonly called the Manila Zoo. Already considered a landmark in the city, this
favorite place of locals and tourists had been in existence since 1959. Despite the
criticisms it received years ago, it has already been the home for more than 832
animals from different species and the people behind its operations are continuously
restoring and improving the place. Some of the birds and animals that can be found
here are the Egret, Stork, elephant, tiger, Catalina parrot, and the Rufous hornbill. 2.)
Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center. What’s great about this place is that this is
not only a zoo but also a place for relaxation and sight-seeing. It has a man-made
lake where swans swim while visitors can enjoy the view and the breeze. Students
and lovers visit this place not only to relax but also paint. The park has a beautiful
landscape perfect for painters and photographers. It has also become popular for
pre-nuptial shoots. 3.) Avilon Zoo Dubbed as the biggest zoo in the Philippines, with
a total of 7.5 hectares land area, although this is a long drives from Manila, first-hand
it is how to feed animals. From the wild horses to giraffes. And lastly is 4.) Zoobic
Safari This is the only Tiger Safari you can experience in the Philippines and is one of
the main tourist attractions of the Subic Bay’s Freeport Adventure. See Siberian
tigers in the natural habitat while riding in a secure vehicle. There is also the Croco
Loco where you can watch around 200 crocodiles inside a pit.
In line with Manila City’s website (2015), the Manila Zoological and Botanical
Garden opened its doors to the public. It served as an educational and recreational
facility for the young and old people enjoy. It was also known the first Zoo ever built in
Asia. It has a land area 5.5 hectares and a population of more than 500animals.
Zoological Parks like Manila Zoo played a vital role in educating the public about
animals and their behaviors. Through the zoos, people got to interact with them and
also know them by seeing them live and actual.
Therefore, Woods and Turley (2016) zoological parks must have had their
ways on how to take care of the animals in there and how to maintain their facilities
for the public to continuously enjoy their offered educational and recreational purpose
as a zoo. Zoos quickly became sites for recreation and leisure, roles which continue
today. Indeed, it is the leisure and recreational opportunities offered by zoos and
wildlife tourism activities that account for much of their ongoing popularity.
Ebersole (2017) since the 1960s the focus of zoo had shifted from one of recreation to
one of conservation as zoos had become increasingly aware of the importance of
ensuring the survival of an endangered species.
Foreign Study
According to the study of Gerald Durell (2014) a primary purpose of a zoo should
be to act as a reserve of critically endangered species which need captive breeding in
order to survive. They can serve the secondary purposes of educating people about
wildlife and natural history, and of educating biologists about the animal’s habits. Zoos
should not be run for the purposes of entertainment only, and non-threatened species
should be re-introduced into their natural habitats. An animal should be present in the
zoo only as a last resort, when all efforts to save it in the wild have failed.
In the study Gerald Iles (2017) animals are individuals with personalities, and
allowing the public to see that will have an impact in their emotion: “the public, visiting a
zoo, sees many kinds of animal. Each species conform to a set pattern, often based on
facts gleaned at school. Elephants are just elephants; lions are just lions; bears are just
bears. What the visitor often does not realize is that each animal is also an individual.
As stated in the study of Amanda Mascarelli (2018) Zoos are well positioned to
manage populations of animals whose numbers are rapidly dwindling in their natural
habitat, and in some cases to reintroduce them to into the wild. And although they have
tended to emphasize captive-breeding programs, zoos are becoming increasingly
focused on field-based research on saving species in the wild.
As indicated by Alexander (2015), “A zoo contains collection of labeled animals to
be Protected and studied while incidentally providing enlightenment and enjoyment.”
As stated in the study of Heimlich, (2017). These also provide not only educational
and entertainment to the visitors, but also raise awareness about the animals condition
and current status in the environment. It teaches the visitors to give importance on these
living things and becomes a part in taking care of them and acknowledges animals as
those that are living with us on earth.
As studied by Yocco (2015) Zoos are tasked with providing environmental education
programming that will appeal to engage, and educate broad audiences with different
learning styles, different background knowledge, and different motivations for attending.
People come to zoos with prior knowledge about it. Various educational techniques can
have the potential to positively influence visitor’s behavior, experiences, learning, and
knowledge gained at Manila Zoo.
Local Study
Given to study of Manila Zoological and Botanical Park (2017) Zoo tourism can be a
tool in promoting biodiversity conversation, especially through education and
interpretation and also top attraction for visitors from outside the area. Manila Zoo is
home to more than 832 animals from nearly 100 species, the zoo’s most popular resident
is Mali, an Asian elephant who arrived at the zoo in 1977 as 3 year old calf transported
from Sri Lanka, after being poached from the wild. It is also home to many plant
collections from the botanically rich and diverse Philippine Islands and South Pacific
region.
In the Study of Bistol Zoological Society (2015) The Philippines is home to more
than 20,000 endemic species of plants and animals. However, 95 percent of the country’s
forests have already been cut down, mainly to grow crops. Bristol Zoo is working to
protect a host of endangered species and the habitats they live in and carries out vital
research into the animals that live there.
However, in the study of Dr. Corazon Catibog-Sinha (2018) visiting zoos provides
not only leisure and entertainment but also opportunities for promoting environmental
awareness. Zoos, as a recreational venue, can take direct actions to conserve species
through research, education, and various conservation programs, and these programs
can be integrated in zoo tourism. Zoo’s ability to balance the need to remain economically
viable and to play a major role in biodiversity conservation is a major challenge that
requires sustained public support and collaboration with other zoos including relevant
research and academic institutions. More research is needed to determine the
contribution of zoos and captive breeding Centre as tourism attraction/destination towards
the promotion of conservation ethos and sustainable zoo tourism practice.

As Stated by the study of Zoo tourism in the Philippines (2017) zoo provides
opportunities for visitors to view and interact directly with wildlife, albeit in artificial
condition. Zoos are important recreational venues, but their role is not only to provide
entertainment. As part of the integrated approach to zoo management, zoos are also
engaged in the conservation of certain threatened species both in their natural habitats,
In situ conservation) and in captivity (ex situ conservation). Zoos can take direct action to
conserve species through education and conservation programmes, and these
programmes can be integrated into zoo tourism. Zoos are expected to undertake a wide
range of basic research in animal welfare and wildlife management. Zoo tourism can help
generate funds to support the role of zoo in conservation, education and research.
Through their interpretation programmes, zoos can make visitors aware of and
responsive to the zoo’s contribution to sustainable tourism and species conservation.
Legal Basis
National Law
According to Republic Act No. 8485, " An act is to protect and promote the welfare
of all animals in the Philippines by supervising end regulating the establishment and
operations of all facilities utilized for breeding, maintaining, keeping, treating or training of
all animals either as objects of trade or as household pets. For purposes of this Act, pet
animals shall include birds. No person, association, partnership, corporation, cooperative

or any government agency or instrumentality including slaughter houses shall establish,
maintain and operate any pet shop, kennel, veterinary clinic, veterinary hospital,
stockyard, corral, stud farm or zoo for the breeding, treatment, sale or trading, or training
of animals without first securing from the Bureau of Animal Industry a certificate of
registration. Therefore this state shall be issued upon proof that the facilities of such
establishment for animals are adequate, clean and sanitary and will not be used for nor
cause pain and or suffering to the animals.
Synthesis
It indicates that Zoo tourism can be a tool in promoting biodiversity conservation,
especially through education and interpretation. And also, its advantage for the young
one’s most especially for Kids. It will help to develop their valuable skills and obtain
priceless knowledge. A day at the zoo also encourages a healthy living while bringing
family and friends together. It discusses the challenges and constraints faced by zoos in
meeting their conservation role while at the same time providing opportunities for the
public to learn more about and enjoy nature, albeit in artificial conditions. Zoos help
protect and do a lot for their animals. Hard-working zoologists understand the needs of
their animals and provide the right food and care for them.
Justification of the Study
The researcher conducted the study not only to understand the temporary closure of
Manila Zoo but also to know the effects of it to the livelihood of the local residents in
Adriatico, Manila. Livelihood as in means of knowing a living it encompasses people’s
capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities of life. Since
the Manila Zoo has been closed, no one knows how this order will influence the outcome
of their livelihood. In this study, the researcher will gather information towards the effect of
the temporarily closure to the local resident’s livelihood by hearing out their voices and
convictions. Through this, the governing sector of Manila Zoo will be mindful about the
effects of it in the livelihood in the locale.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the research design and methodology, including sampling
procedures, as well as the research respondents, locale and duration, data collection
instruments, statistical treatment, and data gathering procedure that the researchers will
execute to come up with significant results.
Research Design
The descriptive method will be used in gathering the needed information of this
study. This is an indirect method because they don’t have direct contact with the
respondents. Specifically, the researchers will utilize a questionnaire type of descriptive
research method which enables the researchers to gather information from the
respondents without having any difficulties in answering the questions required for the
obtaining information within a short period of time. As this method provides convenience
and isn’t time consuming.
Research Respondents, Locale and Duration
The research respondents of the study will be the tourism officials, barangay officials,
some selected zoo employees and local residents because they will give reliable and
accurate information for the data gathering about effects of the temporary closure of
Manila Zoo in their livelihood.
The locale of this study is in Brgy. Adriatico, Malate, Manila.The study will be
done in the year 2020.
Sampling Technique
The researchers used a purposive sampling technique since it is a non-probability
sampling method in which the researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing
members of population to participate in the study. The researchers also use quota
sampling technique because it allows the researchers to sample a sub group that has a
great interest in the study.
The researchers calculated sample size of 100 respondents that include tourism
officials, barangay officials, selected zoo employees and local residents in Brgy.
Adriatico, Malate, Manila.
Research Instrument
The research instrument that the researchers will use is a Likert Scale type of
survey questionnaire. The questionnaire is structure in such a way that the respondents
will be able to answer it easily and quickly and will lessen their difficulties in answering
the questions. Thus, the set of questionnaire was created using the Likert format with a
five-point response scale.
A Likert scale is a rating scale that requires the subject to indicate his or her
degree of agreement or disagreement to a statement. In this type of questionnaire, the
respondents were given five responses choices. These options serve as the
quantification of respondents’ agreement or disagreement on each question item.
The survey questionnaires will be answered by putting a check on the
corresponding space to know the feedback of the respective respondents regarding to
the questions.
Statistical Treatment
To determine the answer to the problem of statement number one, what are the
existing livelihoods present before the temporary closure of Manila Zoo, weighted mean
will be used.
To answer the problem statement number two, how does the temporary closure of
Manila Zoo affect the local residents’ livelihood as their means of living, weighted mean
will be used.
To answer the problem statement number three, how willing are the local residents
to change their job/livelihood prior to the temporary closure, weighted mean will be used.
To answer the problem statement number four, what could be the local residents’
contingency strategy in case the temporary turn out into a permanent closure, weighted
mean will be used.
Data Gathering Procedure
This shows the step-by-step process of data gathering procedure. The following
are the steps that the researchers had execute to gather data.
1. The researchers created a self-made questionnaire using the objectives of the
study as the guide.
2. Prior to collection of data, a letter of permission to conduct the study will be given
by the researchers to the professors’ in-charge to secure permission.
3. The approved questionnaire will be checked by an expert for validation.
4. After the validation of the instrument, the survey form will be submitted to the
research adviser and research professor in National College of Science and
Technology.
5. The researchers will start to conduct the survey among their respective
respondents.
6. The gathered data will be collected and analyzed and proceed to tabulation,
analysis, interpretation, and presentation of the data.
7. The last procedure, the researchers summarize the findings, make a conclusion
and the recommendations.

The Effects of the Temporary Closure of Manila Zoo on the Livelihood of Local Residents

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The Effects of the Temporary Closure of Manila Zoo on the Livelihood of Local Residents

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NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Amafel Building, Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114

THE EFFECTS OFTEMPORARY CLOSURE OF MANILA ZOO

TO THE LIVELIHOOD OF LOCAL RESIDENTS IN

Presented to the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management

National College of Science and Technology

Amafel Building, Aguinaldo Highway

Dasmariñas City, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

Prieto, Hannah Camile D.

Cabesada, Imee Isabel B.

Del Rosario, Lhaime

Nicol, John Rowell

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

include their earlier incarnations as simple menageries (Huxley, 2016).

A zoo can be named as a zoological park, zoological garden, or menagerie, a

exceeds 1,000, with 80% of them found in cities. (Nussbaum, 2004)

1 in Region V, 4 in Region VI, 10 in Region VII, 1 in Region VIII, 1 in Region X, and 3 in

Region XI (Manalastas, 2012).

for visitors, visitor’s area and souvenir stores.

Background of the Problem

tagged it as a “major pollutant of Manila Bay” as it was found dumping untreated

Objective of the Study

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

such a serious issue happening to Manila Zoo:

into a permanent closure?

during the formation and ongoing management of protected areas.

relate and depend their livelihood in the community’s natural resources.

Based on Shackley, (1996) indicated that a major role of zoo is to provide

educational experiences. Shackley claimed that a zoo’s educational appeal is particularly

the animals, then the animals have to be brought to the tourists.

provide educational experiencesand to understand the local residents of Adriatico, Manila

as their source of living.

characterized as the process of gaining knowledge about animals species. Broad

by Mason, when he claimed that zoos could be viewed as significant ecotourism

As regards to Beardsworth (2001),a major role of zoo is to provide educational

unable to succeed in conservation and preservation of wild parks.

Pertaining to Stephen Fuller (1940), zoos generate significant economic benefits

jobs and support local communities.

Effect of temporary closure

Figure 1.The Conceptual Framework of the study

will get an answer for the specific problems statements asked.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

The study will be a significant endeavor to determinethe aftermath of the

livelihood situation in line with the temporary closure of Manila Zoo.

contingency plan for the affected local residents.

adapt the rules of the school while conducting the study.

up with sudden changes that would greatly affect the livelihood.

can be their guide.

Aftermath- the consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event.

Discern- to recognize or distinguish something.

Menagerie- a collection of wild animals kept in captivity for exhibition.

Resiliency- is the capacity/ability to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.

Wildlife Tourism- is an element of many nations' travel industry centered on observation

REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

studies, synthesis and justification of the study.

As stated by Douglas Falk, (2017) Keeping wild animals in zoos, or zoological

have a full-time staff of animal health professionals, including veterinarians and

occasionally need the assistance of a specialist, such as a veterinary dentist,

without people realizing

of efforts to conserve endangered animals. Modern zoos aim to promote animal