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Biosensors Unit-1 PDF
Biosensors Unit-1 PDF
UNIT-1
Dr K. Chandrasekhar
NIT Warangal
Telangana
India
17-8-2018
What is Biosensor?
A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or
by an instrument.
A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a
biological response into an electrical signal.
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of
an analyte, that combines a biological component with a
physicochemical detector.
A device incorporating a biological sensing element either
intimately connected to or integrated within a transducer.
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A historical perspective
1916 ► First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorption of invertase on
activated charcoal
1922 ► First glass pH electrode.
1956 ► Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygen electrode.
1962 ► First description of a biosensor: an amperometric enzyme electrodre for
glucose (Clark).
1969 ► Guilbault and Montalvo – First potentiometric biosensor: urease
immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea.
1970 ► Bergveld – Ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET).
1975 ► Lubbers and Opitz described a fibre-optic sensor with immobilised
indicator to measure carbon dioxide or oxygen.
1975 ► First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs Instruments glucose biosensor).
1975 ► First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor.
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A historical perspective
1976 ► First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles).
1980 ► First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases (Peterson).
1982 ► First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose.
1983 ► First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor.
1984 ► First mediated amperometric biosensor: ferrocene used with glucose
oxidase for glucose detection.
1987 ► Blood-glucose biosensor launched by MediSense ExacTech.
1990 ► SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore.
1992 ► Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT
1996 ► Launching of Glucocard
1998 ► Blood glucose biosensor launch by LifeScan FastTake.
1998 ► Roche Diagnostics by Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim.
Current ► Nanoparicles, Quantom dots, nanowire, nanotube, etc.
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1. The biocatalyst must be highly specific for the purpose of the analyses,
be stable under normal storage conditions and, except in the case of
colorimetric enzyme strips and dipsticks (see later), show good
stability over a large number of assays (i.e. much greater than 100).
Bioreceptor Molecular
Analyte recognition
Basic priciple of
BIOSENSING Biosensors Transducer
PRINCIPLE
Data recognition
Measurements
and display
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Components of a Biosensor
Detector
Introduction to Biosensors: 1st and 2nd Components
Bioreceptor Transducer
Absorption
Antibody Fluorescence
Optical Interference
potentiometric
Enzyme Electrochemical amperometric
conductimetric
Dielectric properties
Electric & Permeability properties
MIP
Magnetic Voltage or Current
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(BIORECEPTORS)
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1st Components: Bioreceptors
In a biosensor, the bioreceptor is designed to interact with the
specific analyte of interest to produce an effect measurable by the
transducer.
High selectivity for the analyte among a matrix of other chemical
or biological components is a key requirement of the bioreceptor.
While the type of biomolecule used can vary widely, biosensors
can be classified according to common types of bioreceptor
interactions involving: antibody/antigen, enzymes/ligands, nucleic
acids/DNA, cellular structures/cells, or biomimetic materials.
Introduction to Biosensors: 1st and 2nd Components 28-8-2018
Bioreceptor Transducer
Absorption
Antibody Fluorescence
Optical Interference
potentiometric
Enzyme Electrochemical amperometric
conductimetric
Dielectric properties
Electric & Permeability properties
MIP
Magnetic Voltage or Current
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Types of Bioreceptors:
Antibody/antigen interactions
Artificial binding proteins
Enzymatic interactions
Affinity binding receptors
BIORECEPTORS Nucleic acid interactions
Epigenetics
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Types of Transducers
Transducer
Absorption
Fluorescence Measure changes in light intensity
Optical Interference
potentiometric
Electrochemical amperometric Measure changes in electric distribution
conductimetric
Electrochemical
potentiometric
amperometric 2. Potentiometric Biosensor
conductimetric
Mass based
3. Amperometric Biosensor
(Piezoelectric detection)
Temperature based
4. Piezo-electric Biosensor
(Calorometric detection)
Electric &
Dielectric properties
Permeability properties
5. Calorimetric Biosensor
Magnetic Voltage or Current
1. Optical Biosensor
These sensors rely on a change in the refractive index, absorbance and
fluorescence properties of analyte molecules or a chemo-optical
transducing medium.
2. Potentiometric Biosensors
In these sensors, the biological recognition element converts the
recognition process into a potential signal to provide an analytical signal.
3. Amperometric Biosensor
Amperometric sensors (AS) measure the current change resulting from
the oxidation and reduction of an electroactive species while a constant
potential is being applied.
The change in the current is related to the concentration of the species in
solution.
4. Piezo-electric Biosensor
• Piezoelectric sensors are sensitive mass-to-frequency transducers that
are of interest for potential applications in analytical chemistry.
• A piezoelectric device is sensitive to changes in the mass, density, or
viscosity of samples in contact with its active surface.
5. Calorimetric Biosensor
• The fundamental principle of a calorimetric biosensor relates to the
measurement of the changes in temperature in the reaction between the
biorecognition element and a suitable analyte.
• The calorimetric biosensors measure heat evolution (enthalpy change)
following biochemical reactions.
Main technical definitions:
1. Calibration
2. Selectivity
3. Sensitivity
4. Reproducibility
5. Detection limits
6. Response time
1. Calibration
• The first consists in measuring the biosensor response to
interfering substance addition: a calibration curve for each
interfering substance is plotted and compared to the analyte
calibration curve, under identical operating conditions.
2. Selectivity
• Selectivity is expressed as the ratio of the signal output with
the analyte alone to that with the interfering substance alone,
at the same concentration as that of the analyte.
3. Response time/Speed
• Transient response time corresponds to the time necessary for
the first derivative of the output signal to reach its maximum
value (dR/dt)max following the analyte addition.
4. Reproducibility
• Reproducibility is a measure of the scatter or the drift in a
series of observations or results performed over a period of
time.
• It is generally determined for the analyte concentrations
within the usable range.
5. Detection limit
• The limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ)
take into account the blank and the signal fluctuation (noise).
(The working concentration range, which may considerably extend the linear
concentration range, is determined by the lower and upper limits of quantification.)
6. Sensitivity
• The sensitivity of the sensor is defined as the slope of the
output characteristic curve or, more generally, the minimum
input of physical parameter that will create a detectable
output change.
(In some sensors, the sensitivity is defined as the input parameter change required to
produce a standardized output change.)
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