SEMINAR REPORT

STATE LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE

(RRVPNL)

FACULTY GUIDE:
Mr. Subhash swami
PREPARED BY
Hemraj Gurjar(15EAOEE013)

Department of Electrical Engineering

ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, AJMER ROAD, OMAXE CITY, JAIPUR

1
 SEMINAR REPORT
STATE LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
(RRVPNL)
Practice School-2
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree, of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
By:
Hemraj Gurjar(15EAOEE013)
Faculty Guide:
Mr. Subhash Swami

Department of Electrical Engineering

ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, AJMER ROAD, OMAXE CITY, JAIPUR

2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Practice School-2 project work entitled

“INTERNSHIP REPORT STATE LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
(RRVPNL)” submitted by HEMRAJ GURJAR(15EAOEE013), towards
the partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electrical Engineering of ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLY AND MANAGEMENT, Jaipur is
the record of work carried out by them under my supervision
and guidance. In my opinion, the submitted work has reached a
level required for being accepted for Practice School-2
examination.

Subhash swami
Guide and Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering
Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, Jaipur

Date of Submission:-

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is a matter of great pleasure and privilege for us to present this report of

60 days based on theoretical knowledge gained by us during practical
training at STATE LOAD DISPATCH CENTER (SLDC), RRVPNL, JAIPUR
(Rajasthan) during session 2017-2018.

We with full pleasure converge our heartiest thanks to our faculty guide Mr.
Subhash Swami, Faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Arya Institute of Engineering Technology And Management, Jaipur.

We are also grateful to Mr. Anubhav (Junior Engineer, Maintenance,

SLDC) to support us
at each and every step of our training schedule. We attribute heartiest
thanks to all engineering department and engineers for their ample
guidance during our training period.

Sincerely yours,
Hemraj Gurjar (15EAOEE013)

4
 ABSTRACT

A practical training and comprehensive study of the State Load

Dispatch Centre (SLDC), RRVPNL, Jaipur (Rajasthan) was carried out. It
was a great opportunity to learn all the functionalities and operations of
SLDC. We gained quite immense theoretical knowledge about SCADA,
RTU’s, Backup System, Load Shedding, Tariff fixation etc. we have learned
how and why the data is monitored and the use for various communication
system regarding power transmission like PLCC etc.

The Load Despatch Department is the nerve centre for the operation,
planning, monitoring and control of the power system. Electricity cannot be
stored and must be produced when it is needed. It is therefore essential
that power system is planned and operated optimally & economically.

5
Contents
CERTIFICATE 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4
ABSTRACT 5
LIST OF FIGURES 8
LIST OF TABLES 8
1. INTRODUCTION 9
1.1. STATE LOAD DISPATCH CENTER (SLDC) 9
1.2. FUNCTIONS OF SLDC 10
2. EXISTING POWER SYSTEM AND LOAD DESPATCH FACILITY 11
2.1. GENERATION CAPACITY WITHIN STATE 11
2.2. INTER-STATE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 12
2.3. LOAD DESPATCH FACILITY 12
3. SUBSTATION AUTOMATION 15
3.1. NEED FOR AUTOMATION 15
3.2. EARLIER METHODS USED TO ACQUIRE DATA 15
3.3. LIMITATIONS OF OLD METHODS 15
3.4. SCADA 15
3.5. WORKING OF SCADA SYSTEM 16
3.6. NEW CHALLENGES 17
4. RTU (REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT) 18
4.1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RTU AND PLC 19
5. WORKING OF SLDC 21
5.1. THE DIRECT BENEFITS OF A MODERN SCADA SYSTEM ARE: 21
6. CURRENT BLACK START AND SYSTEM RESTORATION PROCEDURES 23
6.1. OVERVIEW 23
6.2. NORTHERN REGIONAL GRID –SYSTEM RESTORATION PROCEDURE
OERVIEW 23
6.3. GENERAL GUIDELINES & PRECAUTIONS IN SYSTEM RESTORATION 24
6.4. SYSTEM SECURITY ASPECTS 25
7. DEMAND ESTIMATION AND CONTROL 26

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 7.1. OVERVIEW 26
7.2. DEMAND ESTIMATION 26
7.3. DEMAND CONTROL 27
7.4. LOAD CRASH 29
8. INTRA – STATE AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF (ABT) 30
8.1. OVERVIEW 30
8.2. NEED FOR ABT 31
8.3. WHAT IS ABT? 31
8.4. PARTICIPANTS IN INTER-STATE ABT 32
8.5. BENEFITS OF ABT 33
8.6. UNSCHEDULED INTER-CHANGE (UI) CHARGES 33
9. FUTURE SCENARIO 35
9.1. OVERVIEW 35
9.2. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY OF RTU’S 36
9.3. IRTU OFFERINGS 37
REFERENCES 39

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List of Figures
Figure 1 Grid Diagram of Rajasthan………………………………………………………..14

Figure 2 Substation Automation ……………………………………………………………16

Figure 3 Remote Terminal Unit …………………………………………………………......18

Figure 4 Working of SLDC …………………………………………………………………..21

Figure 5 Future Scenario ……………………………………………………………………35

Figure 6 Intelligent RTU……………………………………………………………………...37

List of Tables
Table- 1 Capacity of Power Plants in Rajasthan

Table-2 UI TARIFF STRUCTURE

8
 CHAPTER-1
1.1. INTRODUCTION:-
Rajasthan State Power System is the part of Northern Regional Grid which
operates in synchronous with Eastern, Western & Northern Eastern Grid.
Northern Regional Grid System consists of power systems of constituent
States of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand,
Himachal-Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of
Chandigarh. It includes Inter-State Generating Stations of NTPC, NHPC,
Nuclear Power Corporation (NPC), Partnership projects, IPP’s, other
generating companies, Inter-State Transmission System of PGCIL and
transmission system of BBMB.

Rajasthan State Power System consists of generating stations of RVUN,

Captive Power Stations, IPPs, other generating companies, partnership
projects, ISGS located within state, distribution network of three Discoms
namely JVVNL, AVVNL and JdVVNL.

1.2. STATE LOAD DISPATCH CENTER (SLDC)

The State Load Despatch Centre is the apex body to ensure integrated
operation of the power system in a State as per section 32 of EA 2003.

The State Load Despatch Centre is responsible for -

(i) optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity within State, in
accordance with the contracts entered with the licensees or the
generating companies operating in the State;
(ii) monitor grid operations;
(iii) keep accounts of quantity of electricity transmitted through the
state;
(iv) exercise supervision and control over the intra-state
transmission system;
(v) be responsible for carrying out real time operations for grid
control and despatch of electricity within the State through
secure and economic operations of the state grid in accordance
with the Grid Standards and the Grid Code (s).

Also, the State Load Despatch Centre which is responsible for

coordinating the scheduling of a generating station is also responsible for

(i) real- time monitoring of the station’s operation,

(ii) checking that there is no gaming in its availability declaration,
(iii) revision of availability declaration and injection schedule,
(iv) switching instructions,
(v) metering and energy accounting, 9
 (vi) issuance of UI accounts,
(vii) collections/disbursement of UI payments,
(viii) outage planning, etc.

Role of SLDC towards open access suppliers and open access consumers
shall be as under: -
(i) Facilitating transactions of power under short term and long term
intra-state open access as approved by STU.
(ii) Issuing No Objection Certificate/Standing Clearance for inter-state
open access transactions and facilitating the same consequent upon
the approval from Nodal RLDC.

1.3. Functions of SLDC

(i) The State Load Despatch Centre shall be the apex body to ensure
integrated operation of the power system in a State.
(ii) The State Load Despatch Centre shall--
a) be responsible for optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity
within a State, in accordance with the contracts entered into with
the licensees or the generating companies operating in that State;
b) monitor grid operations;
c) keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted through
the State grid
d) exercise supervision and control over the intra-State transmission
system; and
e) be responsible for carrying out real time operations for grid control
and despatch of electricity within the State through secure and
economic operation of the State grid in accordance with the Grid
Standards and the State Grid Code.

(iii) The State Load Despatch Centre may levy and collect such fee and
charges from the generating companies and licensees engaged in
intra-State transmission of electricity as may be specified by the
State Commission.

10
 CHAPTER-2

2.1. EXISTING POWER SYSTEM AND LOAD

DESPATCH FACILITY

2.2. Generation Capacity within State

S.NO. Name of generating Total capacity

station Unit Ratings & MW
Nos
(A) RVUN
1 Kota Super Thermal Power 2 x 110 MW 1045 MW
Station(KSTPS) 3 x 210 MW
1 x 195 MW
2 Suratgarh Super Thermal Power 6 x 250 MW 1500 MW
Station(SSTPS)
3 Ramgarh Gas Thermal Power 1 x 3.0 MW 113.5 MW
Station(RGTPS) 1 x 35.5 MW
2 x 37.5 MW
4 Giral LTPS 1 x 125 MW 125 MW
5 Dholpur CCPP 3 x 110 MW 330 MW
6 Mahi Hydel Power Station-I (Mahi-PH-I) 2 x 25 MW 50 MW
7 Mahi Hydel Power Station-II (Mahi-PH-II) 2 x 45 MW 90 MW
(B) RVPN – Partnership Projects in state
1 Ranapratap Sagar Hydel Power 4 x 3 MW 172 MW
Station(RPS)
2 Jawahar Sagar Hydel Power Station(JS) 3 x 33 MW 99 MW
(C) NTPC Projects in State
1 Anta Gas Power Station(Anta GPS) 3 x 88.71 MW 419.3 MW
1 x 153.2 MW
(D) NPC Projects in State
1 Rajasthan Atomic Power Station-A 1 x 100 MW 300 MW
(RAPS-A) 1 x 200 MW
2 Rajasthan Atomic Power Station-B 2 x 220 MW 440 MW
(RAPS-B)
Table-1: Capacity of Power Plants In Rajasthan

Note: -
RPS and JS power stations are part of Chambal-Satpura Project in
partnership between Rajasthan & M.P. Rajasthan’s share is 50% in
hydel projects and 40% in Satpura TPS-stage-I. RPS and JS power 11
stations are owned by RVPN but operated and maintained by RVUN
and two other power stations of partnership projects viz. Gandhisagar
Hydro power station (5x23 MW) and Satpura TPS -stage-I (5x62.5
MW) are owned, operated and maintained by MP.

2.3. Inter-State Transmission System

Rajasthan Power System is inter-connected with Inter-State
Transmission System through following tie lines/ICT’s:-
i) 400 kV Bassi- Heerapura- I & II
ii) 220 kV Badarpur- Alwar
iii) 220 kV Bharatpur -Agra
iv) 220 kV Dadri- Khetri- I & II
v) 220 kV Hissar- Khetri
vi) 220 kV Kota-Badod
vii) 220 kV Modak- Badod
viii) 132 kV RPS-Gandhi Sagar I&II
ix) 2 Nos. 315 MVA, 400/220 kV ICTs At 400 kV GSS Bassi
x) 2 Nos. 315 MVA, 400/220 kV ICTs At 400 kV GSS Bhiwadi

2.4. Load Despatch Facility

The State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) of Rajasthan is functioning

at Heerapura (Jaipur). The SLDC has communication links with
NRLDC, all major generating stations and important sub-stations for
system operation and load despatch function. Basic data, necessary
for System Operation, are available in the LD Control Room through
the existing ULDC system. PLCC is main communication channel
between Sub LDC and RTU stations. Microwave has been used as
data communication link between Sub-LDCs and SLDC at
Heerapura. At few locations OFC links, have also been provided for
data transfer. The communication link between SLDC and NRLDC is
through optical fibre cable. The on-line flow of MW, MVAR of the
inter-state tie lines, generating stations, 220 kV/132 kV Grid Substations
etc. is being monitored at the SLDC Heerapura around the
clock. On line data are displayed on screen of operator consoles in
the LD Control Room. ULDC has facility for displaying the MW, MVAR
flows on single-line diagram of respective stations along with digital
status of breakers and isolators etc. These online screens displaying
data and single line diagrams can be modified/ reprogrammed if
required. The RTU’s are time synchronized by GPS installed at SLDC
Heerapura and Sub-Load despatch centres at Kota, Ratangarh &
Bhilwara. 12
 The various data such as MW and MVAR of various sub-stations,
lines are being transmitted to the SLDC at Heerapura through 73
Nos. RTUs functioning at various stations. As per the scheme, under
System Co-ordination & Control – Northern Region Project four sub
Load Despatch Centres at Heerapura, Kota, Ratangarh and SLDC at
Heerapura were established for on-line transmission of electrical
data of various 400 /220/132 kV GSS and genera ting stations falling
under each of Sub Load Despatch Centre. As per scheme, following
RTUs have been installed at various SSs/Generating stations and
integrated with the Sub Load Despatch Centres.

i) 26 RTUs at Sub LDC, Heerapura

ii) 11 RTUs at Sub LDC, Kota
iii) 12 RTUs at Sub LDC, Ratangarh
iv) 24 RTUs at Sub LDC, Bhilwara

In the present set-up, line flows on various important transmission lines

with the Northern Grid, generation data from major power stations as well
as mimic diagrams of 400 kV and several 220 kV Sub-Stations are available
on the monitors which also display the scheduled drawl from NR Grid visa-
vis actual load flows on 400/220 kV lines. This enables monitoring of
deviations in injection and drawl with respect to schedule and estimates of
energy in to the grid, which is essential to enable the SLDC to regulate the
generation of various SGS or load of Discoms.

In addition to this, important on-line data of Central sector generating

stations & BBMB stations, relevant to RVPN, are being received from
NRLDC. The ULDC Scheme has provision of remote control operation of
circuit breakers etc. from SLDC/NRLDC Control Room but the operation
thereof has not been activated. Additionally, EMS function, Contingency
Analysis, Scheduling and weather based
load forecasting are available under ULDC Scheme which are also yet to be
activated.

13
Figure-1: Grid Diagram Of Rajasthan

14
 CHAPTER-3

3.1. SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

3.2. Need for automation

Improve information availability and better visibility
Reduction of Fault Restoration times and adequate response to
customer query
Real time and historical data for network analysis

3.3. Earlier methods used to acquire data

PLCC network
Wireless VHF sets
P&T /FWP telephones
Load pattern obtained in writing
PTW Book etc...

3.4. Limitations of old methods

Outage of telephone / PLCC network
Non-clarity of speech
Human factor
No control on operations
Huge time required to collect data
No check on improper compliance of instructions
Huge time required to pass instructions

3.5. SCADA
SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It
generally refers to an industrial control system: a computer system
monitoring and controlling a process.

Benefits: -
Reduced quantities of equipment, networks implemented with fibreoptic
cable, industry standard interface technology – Ethernet, Data
management, Metadata management, designing toward a seamless
architecture, Integration of digital information and functionality, Gradual
displacement of analog devices, new digital equipment capabilities and
Station HMI consoles 15
 Substation automation benefits the utility staff, Maintenance staff,
Planner, Asset management personnel, Operators and operational
planners, Protection engineers, Operations engineers, Data
administrators.
Control centre operations, SCADA/EMS systems, Contingency analysis
(security analysis), and intelligent alarm processing, Emergency
response etc.

3.6. Working of SCADA system

Figure-2: Substation Automation

SCADA software receives the information from remote terminal units

(RTUs), which in turn receive their information from the sensors or inputted
values which we have given manually. SCADA in a power system is used to
collect, analyse and monitor the data effectively, which will reduce the
waste potentially and improve the efficiency of the entire system by saving
money and time.

As the power system deals with power generation, transmission and

distribution sectors, monitoring is the main aspect in all these areas. Thus,
the SCADA implementation of power system improves the overall efficiency
of the system for optimizing, supervising and controlling the generation and
transmission systems. SCADA function in the power system network
provides greater system reliability and stability for integrated grid
operation.

16
3.7. New challenges

SCADA systems have traditionally played a vital role by providing utilities

with valuable knowledge and capabilities that are key to a primary business
function - delivering power in a reliable and safe manner. A quality SCADA
solution is central to effective operation of a utility's most critical and costly
distribution, transmission, and generation assets.

The challenging issues for SCADA systems and projects today are not the
same as they were a few years ago, today, there is much more importance
placed on integration, use of new communication and network
technologies, access to information by more users, and other purposes.

Today’s SCADA systems, in response to changing business needs, have

added new functionalities and are aids for strategic advancements towards
interactive, self-healing smart grids of the future. A modern SCADA system
is also a strategic investment which is a must-have for utilities of all sizes
facing the challenges of the competitive market and increased levels of real
time data exchange that comes with it (independent market operator,
regional transmission operator, major C&I establishments, etc.). A well
planned and implemented SCADA system not only helps utilities deliver
power reliably and safely to their customers but also helps to lower costs
and achieve higher customer satisfaction and retention. Modern SCADA
systems are already contributing and playing a key role at many utilities
towards achieving:

New levels in electric grid reliability – increased revenue

Proactive problem detection and resolution – higher reliability
Meeting the mandated power quality requirements – increased customer
satisfaction
Real time strategic decision making – cost reductions and increased
revenue

Business case justification is stronger now than ever before even for lower
density substations. The costs are declining with commercial off-the-shelf
(COTS) products built to international standards as opposed to legacy
proprietary solutions. Today, a utility can quickly gain these benefits by
implementing a low cost SCADA system and evolving it as its business
needs change

17
 CHAPTER- 4

4.1. RTU (Remote Terminal Unit)

A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a multipurpose device used for remote
monitoring and control of various devices and systems for automation. It
is typically deployed in an industrial environment and serves a similar
purpose to programmable logic circuits (PLCs) but to a higher degree. An
RTU is considered a self-contained computer as it has all the basic parts

Figure-3: Remote Terminal Unit

that, together, define a computer: a processor, memory, and storage.

Because of this, it can be used as an intelligent controller or master
controller for other devices that, together, automate a process such as a
portion of an assembly line.

Remote terminal units are also known as remote tele control units.

Remote terminal units are more advanced versions of PLCs, which can only
follow specific programming called ladder logic. An RTU is sophisticated and
intelligent enough to control multiple processes without requiring user
intervention or input from a more intelligent controller or master controller.
Because of this capability, the purpose of the RTU is to interface with
distributed control systems (DCS) and supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems by sending telemetry data to these systems.
But in most cases, even intelligent RTUs are connected to a moresophisticated control
system such as an actual computer, which makes their 18
reprogramming, monitoring and control of the entire system easier for a user.

An RTU can also monitor a field's analog and digital parameters through
sensors and data received from connected devices and systems; it then
sends these data to the central monitoring station, as is the case in many
industrial facilities like power, oil and water distribution facilities. An RTU
includes a setup software that connects input and data output streams; the
software can define protocols and even troubleshoot installation problems.

Depending on the manufacturer, purpose and model, an RTU may be

expandable and custom fitted with different circuit cards including
communication interfaces, additional storage, backup power and various
analog and digital I/O interfaces for different systems. Because of their
widely varying applications, RTUs come in vastly different hardware and
software configurations and may not even be remotely compatible with
each other. For example, RTUs used in telecommunication automation may
not be usable at all for oil and gas applications as the processes and
hardware systems used would be completely different.

4.2. Difference between RTU and PLC

“RTU” stands for “Remote Terminal Units.” They are also referred to as
“Remote Telemetry Units.” An RTU is an electronic device which is
controlled by a microprocessor. The main function of an RTU is to interface
the SCADA to the objects present physically. “SCADA” stands for
“supervisory control and data acquisition.” The interface between objects
and SCADA takes place by using supervisory system messages to control
all the objects connected and by transmitting to the system all the
telemetry data.

The RTU does not support control loops and control algorithms. The
functionality of RTUs and PLCs has started overlapping because of cheaper
hardware, and thus the industry standardized the language for programs
on which RTUs run.

“PLC” stands for “programmable logic controller.” PLCs are digital

computers. They are used mainly for automating the electromechanical
processes, for example, assembly lines in factories, light fixtures,
amusement rides, etc. They are specially designed for output arrangements
and multiple inputs. They have electrical noise immunity, vibration and
impact resistance, varied temperature ranges, etc.

Some of the functions of PLCs are; process control, relay control, motion
control, networking, etc. They have started matching the desktop
computers in storing, processing, communicating, and handling data.

19
 RTU is different from a PLC because it is considered more suitable as it
uses wireless communication and is suited to a wider geographical
telemetry whereas PLCs are better with local controls, for example,
production lines or plants, etc. In plants and production lines, the system
is more based on physical media.

20
 CHAPTER-5
5.1. WORKING OF SLDC
There are multiple agencies within a state engaged in generation,
transmission, and distribution of electricity. State Load Dispatch Centre
monitors these operations and keeps the account of quantity of electricity
transmitted through the state grid. SCADA is a part of it. Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) is a high-tech computer
system with associated communication network that enables supervision
and control of power system network. SCADA is the technology that enables
a user to collect data from one or more distant operator to stay or visit
frequently to the work locations. It includes the man machine interface. It
allows an operator to make set point changes on distant process controllers,
to open or close valve or switches, to monitor alarms to collect
measurement information SCADA is best applicable to processes that are
spread over large areas and it is suitable for

1. groups of small hydroelectric generating stations that are turned on and

off.
2. oil and production facilities, pipelines for gas, oil, chemicals, water which
are located at far distances
3. electric transmission systems irrigation system etc.

Figure-4: Working of SLDC

5.2. The direct benefits of a modern SCADA system are:

Constant access to Real Time picture of entire network showing power
system voltage, frequency, MW, MVAR, etc. Supervision, monitoring and
control of power in Real Time. Optimal operation of power system, i.e.

21
generation and associated resources. Minimum of outage and faster
restoration of the system in the event of Grid disturbances. Improvement
in the quality of supply through better control of frequency, voltage and
other parameters. Less dependence on basic telephone system. When it
comes into existence.

Day by day the technology is changing, new trends are emerging which are
beneficial for utility side, power players and consumers too. In early days’
communication was done by the telephones only. All the changes,
information transfer, fault data, generation and demand side requirement
and all other data transfer depends upon the means which were not
adequate but somehow it was very difficult to keep the records of all the
above said things second to second as in many cases some information
may get lost. Hence a new technique named SCADA originates which
helping the power sector a lot by taking the form of load dispatch centre.
A real-time expert system now degrowing considerable fault case for
restoration guidance. The progress so far indicates a hopeful future for a
quick and accurate fault restoration support system. The system will
continue to be thoroughly tested in the field until it can be introduced into
practical service. Also, automation in communication process gives quick
information and response and all this happens at Load dispatch centre.

22
 CHAPTER-6

6.1. CURRENT BLACK START AND SYSTEM

RESTORATION PROCEDURES
6.2. Overview

A 'Grid Disturbance' denotes the situation under which a set of

generating units/transmission elements trip in an abrupt and
unplanned manner affecting the power supply in a large area and/or
causing the system parameters to deviate from the normal values in
a wide range. In the event of a grid disturbance, utmost priority is to
be accorded to early restoration/revival of the system. It is possible
that during such a situation the system may have to be operated with
reduced security standards and suspension of all commercial
incentives/penalties.

This chapter is based on System Restoration Procedures for Northern

Regional Grid brought out by NRLDC. This chapter describes the
existing system restoration procedure for Rajasthan system and
general guidelines and precautions for system revival.

6.3. Northern Regional Grid –System Restoration Procedure

Overview

The Rajasthan Power System is the part of Northern Regional Grid

and therefore Northern Regional Grid restoration procedure applies
for Rajasthan System as well.

The Northern Region consists of a large network. In the event of a

total blackout, extending start-up power from one end of the region
to the other end is rather impractical. The restoration of the system
back to normal must be achieved in a sectionalized manner.
Accordingly, the Northern Region has been divided into 4 subsystems
for system restoration process so that in the event of total grid
failure, initially each subsystem is to be restored independently and
once the subsystems separately built-up, these can be synchronised
in stages to integrate into a complete system.

1. Restoration of Eastern UP Sub-system

2. Restoration of North Central Sub-system
3. Restoration of Rajasthan Sub-system
4. Restoration of Western UP Uttrakhand Sub-system

23
6.4. General guidelines & precautions in system restoration

The general guidelines and precautions to be followed during system

revival are mentioned below:
a. SLDC shall at all time have the latest amended copy of this
document available in the Control Room.
b. The Shift In charge, SLDC shall inform the Head of SLDC about the
situation and request assistance in the restoration process.
c. During total grid collapse/ failure of supply at the GSS, the Incharge
of the shift will inform about grid failure to the XEN/ AEN Incharge
of the GSS and also to SLDC control room and wait for the
instructions from SLDC control room. The shift In-charge will get all
the incoming (if no power is available) & outgoing feeders including
circuit breakers controlling main power transformers opened
immediately. On load tap changers (OLTCs) of the transformers
would be brought down to normal tap position by local manual
control. This should be completed within 10 minutes of the
grid failure by each Shift Duty In charge. The In-charge of
the GSS shall reach the Control room as soon as the
information regarding disturbance is conveyed to him.
d. During total grid collapse/failure of supply at any power station the
in-charge of the shift will inform about grid failure to the in charge
of the power station and also to SLDC control room, Heerapura and
wait for the instructions from SLDC control room.
e. During revival of the system, In-charge of sub stations, power
stations and SLDC would remain present in control rooms of
substations so as to expedite restoration of the system.
f. In order to maintain a balance between load - generation at the time
of grid contingency the list of generating stations with black start
facility, interstate/inter-regional ties, synchronizing points and
essential loads to be restored on priority, should be prepared and
updated regularly and must be available at all times in SLDC.
g. While building up the system, it would be ensured that the voltage
at the charging end remains within limits. Before switching next
section, essential load of substation shall be connected to enable
charging of battery, shunt reactor shall be connected and a small
load may be switched on at each sub-station to ensure charging end
voltage. However, the ultimate objective, viz. building up of the
network should not be lost sight of, while connecting the loads and
large loads shall not be switched on. If charging end voltage dips at
any substation, non-essential load or shunt reactor at intermediate
stations may be switched off.
h. Security of the network being built up would be strengthened at the
earliest by closing the parallel lines available in the restoration path.

24
i. Priority would be accorded for extending supplies to railway traction
and installations where safety is of paramount importance such as
nuclear power stations.
j. All switching instructions for a system must emanate from SLDC,
Heerapura. For synchronization of two systems, NRLDC would be
the coordinating agency.
k. In line with Clause 5.8(e) of IEGC, during system revival all
communication channels required for restoration process shall be
used for operational communication only, till grid normalcy is
restored.
l. Synchronizing facility should be available at following grid
substations to have maximum flexibility in choosing the point of
synchronization.

6.5. System Security Aspects

While restoring the system, load generation balance is to be

maintained in each subsystem and all efforts to be carried out
by all the users to maintain the parameters within the
subsystem near nominal values for security of operation of the
restored subsystem as well as for ease of synchronization.

25
 CHAPTER-7

7.1. DEMAND ESTIMATION AND CONTROL

7.2. Overview

Demand estimation plays a very important role in system operation.

In the long term, it constitutes important input for generation and
transmission network planning. In the medium term, say one year, it
constitutes an important input for outage planning of generating units
and transmission lines and short term bilateral agreements for power
purchase. In the short
term, it is an important input for generation and drawl scheduling,
load shedding & bilateral power purchase agreements. Variation in
demand in real time operation from the estimated values could either
be absorbed by
the grid or affect it adversely. Even if the estimates are accurate, the
generation could vary from scheduled values adversely affecting the
grid. Demand control thus play an important role in arresting these
adverse effects on the grid.

Demand estimation and control is essentially the responsibility of

SLDCs and NRLDC would generally not have a major role in this area.
NRLDC would give instructions to SLDCs on demand control whenever
the same has a bearing on the security of the regional grid & such
instructions would have to be complied forthwith by all SLDCs.

7.3. Demand estimation

SLDC shall be responsible for assessing the availability and

requirement in kW, kWH & kVAr for one year on monthly basis. The
SLDCs would forecast demand (MW peak & energy in MWh) on an
annual, quarterly, monthly, weekly and ultimately on daily basis,
which would be used in the day-ahead scheduling. SLDC will maintain
a historical database for the purpose and be equipped with the stateof-
the-art tools such as Energy Management System (EMS) for
demand forecasting. Ideally, the forecasts should be on hourly basis
(8760, 720 & 168 values respectively in the annual, monthly and
weekly forecasts) rather than mentioning only the peak MW and
energy requirements for the period.

Discoms shall submit its power requirement to SLDC for the ensuing
year by 31st October on monthly basis as per their entitlement and
share in generating stations and contract signed with the generating
companies and the traders. 26
Discoms shall provide to SLDC estimates of load that may be shed
when required, in discrete blocks with the details of arrangements of
such load shedding.

Discoms shall also furnish realistic category-wise demand and energy

requirement for their respective companies along with details of
essential loads, supply hours to be maintained in rural areas, details
of power cuts imposed or to be imposed and specific requirements, if
any.

The above demand estimation covers only active power. It is also

important that, the reactive power requirements are also forecasted
right from substation level by each SLDC. The reactive power
planning exercise and programme for installation of reactive
compensation equipment’s should take care of these requirements
also and would be carried out by STU in consultation with NRPC and
Discoms.

The SLDC would forecast the demand (in MW as well as MWh) on

quarterly, monthly, weekly and ultimately on daily basis on the basis
of requirement received from Discoms, which would be used in the
day ahead scheduling of Rajasthan as a whole.

Attention shall also be paid by SLDC in demand forecasting for special

days such as important festivals and National Holidays having
different crests and troughs in the daily load-curve as compared to
normal weather conditions & days, The Discoms may negotiate short
term & spot power purchase as per their requirement.

SLDC shall furnish data for and participate in deliberations of load

generation balance, Annual Demand, ‘availability’ and shunt
capacitors requirement studies of NRPC. It shall take into
consideration their reports for demand estimation.

7.4. Demand control

Primarily the need for demand control would arise on account of the
following conditions: -
• Variations in demand from the estimated or forecasted values,
which cannot be absorbed by the grid, and
• Unforeseen generation / transmission outages resulting in reduced
power
availability, and
• Heavy reactive power demand causing low voltages, and
• Commercial reasons.

27
SLDC shall match the consolidated demand with the consolidated
generation availability from SGS, ISGS, IPP/CPP and other sources and
shall exercise the Demand Control such that there is a balance between
the energy availability and the Discoms demand plus losses plus the
required reserve.

As per section 6.4.8 of the IEGC, the SLDC shall regularly carryout the
necessary exercises regarding short-term demand estimation to plan in
advance as to how the load would be met without overdrawing from the
grid. The following deviations from the schedule and other violations
would be controlled by the SLDC.
• Over drawls/ under injection at frequencies below 49.2 Hz.
• Under drawls/ over injection at frequencies above 50.3 Hz.
• Reactive power drawls/injections causing low/high voltage
respectively.
If the demand estimation and generation availability figures published
by the SLDC indicate a significant shortfall or demand gap, in any
Discom then that Discom shall work out a plan to meet the shortfall. If
the shortfall is not met out, a manual load shedding program shall be
announced by the Discom well in advance.

SLDC shall advice the STU to plan Automatic Load Shedding Schemes
and rotational load shedding by installing Under Frequency Relays.

The guidelines for under frequency load shedding shall be prepared by

the Technical Committee, and approved by the SPC. A copy of the
approved guidelines can be made available on demand and on payment
as may be decided by the SPC.

The details of feeders or group of feeders at a particular EHV sub-station

scheduled to be tripped through under-frequency load shedding scheme
whether manually or automatic on rotational basis or otherwise shall be
displayed on the Notice Board and at the sub-station for the information
of consumer(s).

NRPC Secretariat formulates under frequency load shedding scheme for

the Northern Region in consultation with all the constituents and
NRLDC. The scheme considers the largest single credible contingency
occurring in the system and load shedding is based on tripping by fixed
under frequency as well as fixed frequency and rate of change of
frequency relays.

Demand control so exercised under these conditions by the SLDC, could

be done manually or through the under-frequency relays including those
working on rotational / sequential basis or through direct circuit breaker
tripping effected from SLDC/ Sub LDC using RTUs on under frequency 28
detection by SLDC/Sub-LDC computer or through telephonic
instructions.

Each user shall endeavour to restrict their drawl within their drawl
schedule or entitlement whenever the system frequency is below 49.5
Hz.
When the frequency falls below 49.2 Hz. requisite load shedding
(manual) shall be done by the concerned Discom/user to curtail the
over- drawl.

During the demand control by manual disconnection of loads by

staggering among different groups, the changeover from one group to
another shall be carried out in a gradual and scientific manner so as to
avoid excursions in the system parameters.

The SLDC would also identify feeders drawing heavy quantum of

reactive power and disconnect the same under low voltage conditions.
Necessary metering arrangements/transducers for identifying such
feeders shall be provided by the RVPN.

Sudden reduction in generator output by more than one hundred (100)

MW unless under an emergency condition or to prevent an imminent
damage to the equipment, shall be avoided, particularly when frequency
is falling below 49.2Hz.
Sudden increase in load by more than 100 MW by any SLDC, particularly
when frequency is falling below 49.2Hz and reduction in load by such
quantum when frequency is rising above 50.3 Hz. Shall be avoided.

No demand shed by operation of under frequency relays shall be

restored without specific directions from SLDC.

7.5. Load Crash

In the event of load crash in the system due to weather disturbance or

any other reasons, the situation would be controlled by the SLDC by the
following methods:
(i) Back down or close down of generating units of SGS except CPP &
non-conventional sources commensurate with system frequency &
transmission constraints by giving SLDC Code.
(ii) Lifting of the load restrictions, if any. While implementing the above,
it shall be ensured that the provisions in frequency control under
clause 6.8 shall not be violated. Further, in case of Hydel generation
linked with irrigation requirements, the actual back down or close
down of such Hydel units shall be subject to limitations on such
account & to avoid spillage of water.

29
 CHAPTER-8

8.1 INTRA – STATE AVAILABILITY BASED

TARIFF (ABT)
8.2. Overview

Availability Based Tariff (ABT) is a frequency based pricing mechanism

applicable in India for unscheduled electric power transactions. The ABT
falls under electricity market mechanisms to charge and regulate power to
achieve short term and long term network stability as well as incentives
and dis-incentives to grid participants against deviations in committed
supplies as the case may be.

Through this scheme, the Central Electricity Regulatory

Commission (CERC) looks forward to improve the quality of power and
curtail the following disruptive trends in power sector:
Unacceptably rapid and high frequency deviations (from 50 Hz) causing
damage and disruption to large scale industrial consumers
Frequent grid disturbances resulting in generators tripping, power
outages and power grid disintegration.

The ABT scheme has now been expanded to cover the Intrastate systems
as well. The power generation or grid capacity has increased substantially
in last fifteen years particularly after the Electricity Act 2003 by
introduction of competition and unbundling of vertically integrated utilities
(SEBs) into separate entities in charge of electricity generation, electricity
transmission, and electricity distribution. Deregulation and competition has
facilitated participation of private sector on large scale in electricity
generation, transmission and distribution. Of late, Indian electricity
sector is transforming from perennial deficit to surplus electricity
availability. The volume of purchased electricity that could not be
transmitted to the buyers due to transmission lines congestion is only 0.3%
of the total electricity consumed in the financial year 2013-14. It means
that the actual power deficit in India is less than 1% excluding underpriced
electricity demand. ABT/DSM mechanism needs improvements to address
the requirements of all stake holders (including final electricity consumers)
for encouraging least cost electricity generation / tariff based on demand
verses availability in the grid. There is a need of well represented Electric
Reliability Organization to involve all the grid participants for framing
guidelines for power system operation and accreditation which is presently
looked after by the CEA.

Bulk power purchasers can buy electricity on daily basis for short, medium
30
and long term duration from reverse e-auction facility. In reverse e-auction,
availability based tariff is applied to settle the failed commitments
by the electricity sellers or buyers. The electricity prices transacted under
reverse e-auction facility are far less than the prices agreed under bilateral
agreements.

8.3. Need for ABT

Prior to the introduction of Availability Based Tariff, the regional grids were
operating in a very undisciplined and unsystematic manner. There were
large deviations in frequency from the rated frequency of 50 cycles per
second (Hz) leading to low and high frequency situations. The low
frequency situations resulted due to a higher consumer load than the total
generation available in the grid and high frequency resulted as a result of
insufficient backing down of generation when the total consumer load fell
during off-peak hours. This continued functioning at non-standard
frequency resulted in long-term damages to both generation and end use
equipment resulting in hidden costs that ultimately had to be borne by the
end consumers.

Apart from this, the earlier regime did not provide any incentive for either
backing down generation during off-peak hours or for reducing consumer
load/enhancing generation during peak-load hours. The reasons for the
same were that the full fixed charges were payable at achieving a PLF of
68.49% and an incentive was payable for each unit of electricity generated
above this PLF which made it profitable to go on generating at a high level
even when the consumer demand had come down. Further, if a beneficiary
decided not to draw any energy, he could escape payment of the fixed
charges, which were paid by the person drawing energy. Also, there was
no provision of penalizing any consumer who was overdrawing power. The
new increased cost of electricity was covered by other beneficiaries.

8.4. What is ABT?

The term Availability Based Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands
for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on
an availability basis. It is a performance based tariff structure for the supply
of electricity by generators owned and controlled by the central government
that provides for a new system of scheduling and dispatch which mandates
the generators and beneficiaries to commit to day ahead schedules
through a system of reward and penalty. The defaulters are liable to pay
a penalty which entails payment of prescribed charges, non-payment of
which will call for appropriate action under sections 44 and 45 of the ERC
Act. The most significant aspect of ABT is the splitting of the existing rigid
energy charges into three components viz. capacity charges/ fixed charges,

31
variable charges and a third charge viz. the unscheduled interchange (UI)
charges.

Capacity charges/ fixed charges: The fixed charge (FC) in case of

ABT is payable every month by each beneficiary to the generator for
making generation capacity available for use. However, it is not the
same for each beneficiary and varies with the share of a beneficiary
in a generators capacity. It also vary with the level of availability
achieved by a generator. As per the ABT mechanism, FCs excluding
RoE is payable on a proportionate basis for 30% availability. Pro-rated
RoE is payable from 30- 70% availability and beyond this level, an
incentive is payable to generating station at 0.4% of equity for each
percentage increase in availability in the 70- 85% range. Thereafter
the incentive falls to 0.3% in order to discourage generating facility
from overloading the units at the cost of maintenance and equipment
life. It is a function of ex-bus MW capability of the power plant for the
day declared in advance, paid by beneficiaries proportionate to their
respective % share in the plant.

Variable charges: It is the energy charge per kwh of energy supplied

as per a pre-committed schedule of supply drawn upon a daily basis
by LDCs. Under the earlier regime, fixed and variable charges were
bundled together and payable in proportion to the actual energy
drawn by the consumer. The splitting under the new regime will
promote power trading which is discussed later on in this
paper. Energy charges are calculated as:
Energy Charge = MWh for the day as per drawl schedule for the
beneficiary finalized in advance x Energy Charge rate for the
plant (OR) Energy Charge = Scheduled Energy X Energy Rate

Unscheduled Interchange: Under the earlier regime, no penalty

was applicable for deviation from generating/drawal schedule by an
entity. An attempt has been made to do away with this drawback
under the ABT regime through introduction of UI charge. Here, for
any withdrawal of power other than the schedule, the beneficiary has
to pay an unscheduled interchange (UI) charge for deviation from the
day ahead schedule which is linked to the frequency. The relationship
between the UI rate and grid frequency, for the inter-state system,
is specified by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission. UI charges
are calculated using the following relationship:
A generator generates more/less than the schedule causing grid
frequency to deviate upwards/ downwards. 32
 Beneficiary draws more/ less than the schedule causing grid
frequency to deviate downwards/upwards.

8.5. Participants in Inter-state ABT

Interstate generating station (ISGS) from generating side

SEB/ State/ Union territory from load side
Other regions for import and export
Regional grid for transmission

8.6. Benefits of ABT

Rational recovery of fixed costs from beneficiaries.

It provides a fiscal mechanism to encourage high availability of plants
to meet the peak demand.
Merit order and most economic generation is encouraged as a result
of which low cost power gets a priority in generation.
Rationalization of the contractual demand between the SEB’s and the
generators.
Fiscal disincentives for over drawl during low frequency conditions and
under drawl during high frequency conditions.

8.7. UNSCHEDULED INTER-CHANGE (UI) CHARGES

The UI for a Generating Station shall be equal to its actual generation minus
its scheduled generation. UI for States shall be equal to its total actual
drawl minus its total scheduled drawl.

UI shall be worked out for each 15 minutes’ time block. Charges for all UI
transactions are based on average frequency of the time block.

The UI Tariff structure w.e.f., 07/01/2008 is as under.

The rates are decided by using the formula:

UIS = UIR / (1-L)

33
Average Frequency of time-block UI Rate (p/kwh)
50.5 Hz and above 0.00
Below 50.50 Hz and upto 50.48 Hz 8.00
Below 49.82 Hz and upto 49.80 Hz 280.00
Below 49.04 Hz and upto 49.02 Hz 982.00
Below 49.02 Hz 1000.00
Between 50.50 Hz and 49.80 Hz Linear in .02 Hz steps @ 8
p/kwh for each step
Below 49.80 Hz Linear in 0.02 Hz steps @ 18
p/kwh for each step
Table-2: UI Tariff Structure

Where, UIS is Intra State ABT rate for a frequency step

UIR is UI rate applicable for Northern Region for that frequency step

L is the Inter-State transmission losses of NR in per unit

34
 CHAPTER-9

9.1. FUTURE SCENARIO

9.2. Overview

The main things are make load dispatch centre operations more complex
than earlier years are changes in system network, growth in consumer
population, mix of fuel used etc. also problems related to security,
integration of various grids, forces the load dispatcher to attain new
dimensions. Load dispatch centre has to handle and face no. of problems
regarding the electricity changes. In earlier days the methods used to
communicate oral instruction and manual intervention were somewhat
unreliable in critical situations. And this thing make necessary to adopt the
new methods

1) techniques like automatic control on generating units as well as

important load centres. This is for effective and timely control to avoid the
major occurrences of black out. This aspect will also require the fool proof
arrangement of reliable interlocks and back up protection to ensure safe
grid working.
2) Also the transmission switchyard will be properly equipped and no
interference of local staff except the experts.
3) Control actions taken by load dispatcher cannot be bypassed.
4) The remote control of generation should be done through the
governor controls to improve generation. In recent years, the automatic
governor control does it.

Now a-days, as we have seen SCADA is in use to control and monitor all
the things Which is the most effective communication media. Also, a regular
and timely communication about power supply schedule and generation

Figure-5:Future Scenario

35
schedule is the heart of healthy power system and this happens only when
there is a proper communication.

9.3. Advanced Technology of RTU’s

By leveraging the powerful embedded technology, RTU can be integrated

increasingly functionality and become a new intelligent iRTU to fulfil the
application in IoT (Internet of Things) Era. It can not only replace the PLC
to complete the local tasks faithfully, but also communicate with the centre
master through the available channels with the pre-designed behaviour.
Face the big data application, iRTU can also help on the data pretreatment,
not only reduce the loading of cloud but also reduce the
communication bandwidth. Self-awareness is also a very important
improvement as an intelligent remote terminal. As key element of IoT
solution, iRTU is usually used to master all the conditions in the field site.
However, the most important is the health status of iRTU itself, this factor
related to the system stability directly.

With the evolution of the era of big data, IoT technology is being more and
more used and its architecture includes cloud computing and intelligent
terminals which are dispersed geographically over a wide regional area.
Examples are traffic monitoring networks as well as industrial applications
in the oil, gas, and water industry. In all cases, intelligent RTUs are
distributed across the area (oil wells, water pumping stations, gas
pipelines). Their main task is to ensure a constant delivery process (of
water, oil or gas) and safe and cost efficient plant operation to perform,
optimize and monitor these tasks, relevant (big) data must be collected
and in some cases pre-processed by the terminals and RTUs respectively.
The information is then sent to the cloud through wireless communication
using Wi-Fi / 3G/ZigBee technologies. Major advantages are:

Plant efficiency: Rapid integration of information in the cloud allows to

remotely monitor the production process, data reporting, online planning,
equipment diagnosis and so on, effectively improving efficiency and
reducing costs.

System reliability: Intelligent RTUs are responsible for collecting and

analyzing local data, reducing the load of centre handling data, working
with the other devices, taking the initiative to report data, status and
provide alarms. iRTU can also communicate with each other, quickly handle
I/O correlation and collaborate on emergencies to reduce the loss. All is
contributing to an overall increased system reliability and availability.

36
Rapid and cost efficient maintenance: In the remote and wide ranging
oil, gas and water applications site maintenance and updating procedures
are extremely costly. Intelligent RTU can perform remote monitoring,
operation, maintenance, and updates via the Internet. iRTU’s can perform
update, complete delivery tasks at the site, and upload data to the cloud
the cloud server is used to accumulate the huge amount of data and
conduct high-speed parallel computing to generate important operation and
– if required - preventive strategies and solutions. This may include
improvement of production efficiency, monitoring machine operation and
distribution state or localizing pipeline leaks. In the past, workers were
needed to supervise plant operation. The use of intelligent terminal units
can help to install unmanned supervision and control concepts and greatly
reduce costs.

9.4. iRTU OFFERINGS

iRTU is an intelligent device, mainly used in the oil, gas, and water
industries. Intelligent network nodes in the IoT can control the downstream
field devices to complete delivery tasks, transfer data to upstream devices
wired or wirelessly. It is the key to connecting devices to the Internet of
Things architecture. The ADAM-3600 has a high performance but low power
processor, adopts 20 local I/O points and provides wired and wireless
communication. Users can collect, process and distribute the local
information. ADAM-3600 has a built-in real-time operating system and a
real-time database, providing customers with an open interface and
supports diverse programming languages. It can be used for outdoor
control cabinets and therefore must be able to withstand the heat of
summer and the cold of winter.

Figure-6: Intelligent RTU: ADAM-3600-C2G

37
The ADAM-3600 supports an operating temperature range of - 40℃ to
+70℃. The selected components are industrial grade, and have been tested
with the strictest environmental control, to ensure that the products have
a long life and, stable working in harsh environments. The ADAM-3600
contains a variety of I/O ports and different models provide different local
I/O functions. It can provide four expansion slots for multipoint I/O
applications and lets users have more rapid and flexible I/O solutions.
Important features include:

Wide array of on-board I/O and flexible expansion I/O modules supporting
different acquisition requirements and providing cost efficiency
Powerful communication:
o Wireless: Wi-Fi/ 3G/ GPRS/ ZigBee
o Wired: Ethernet / RS 232 / RS 485
Support for Modbus RTU/TCP and DNP3 protocol
-40° to +70°C operating temperature for use in harsh environments
USB drive and SD card allow to update the firmware without computer
and configuration program
Intelligent Connectivity Diagnosis Manager (iCD Manager) to remotely
monitor the serial and Ethernet ports status and send alarm information to
prevent the loss of important data.
 38
REFERENCES
Load_dispatch_manual
NRREPORT201711
DISCOMENERGY201711
scadasubstationautomation-120908161924-phpapp02 (1)
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1033/remote-terminal-unit-rtu
http://www.ijcaonline.org/journal/number7/pxc387276.pdf
www.srldc.org/Roles%20And%20Functions%20Of%20NLDC.aspx
https://www.sldcguj.com/aboutus/Functions.asp
http://www.factorysystemes.fr/media/siteV2/brochures/M2M/Intelligent-
RTU-advantech-livre-blanc.pdf
39