Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS With (Oundary-Value Problemsa Zill Cullen
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS With (Oundary-Value Problemsa Zill Cullen
Notes: 01
(Entry-2016)
Basic Concepts Introduction (and Motivation); System and Surroundings; Zeroth Law
(Temperature); Volume; Pressure; Heat; Work; SI Units; Working Fluid, Process and State;
Reversibility; Thermodynamic Cycle.
First Law of Thermodynamics Definition, Non-Flow Energy Equation (Internal Energy), Steady
Flow Energy Equation (Enthalpy).
Pure Substances Formation of Steam; 𝑝𝜈-Phase Diagram; Wet Vapor; Use of Steam Tables and
the hs-Chart; Perfect Gas: Equation of State, Specific Heats, Joule’s Law and Enthalpy, Ratio of
Specific Heats.
Reversible Non-Flow Processes Constant Volume, Constant Pressure, Constant Temperature,
Constant Entropy, and Polytropic Process.
Second Law of Thermodynamics Definitions; Heat Engine: Examples of Open and Closed Cycles;
Efficiency; Entropy; Ts-Diagram for Vapor and Perfect Gas, Processes on Ts-Diagram.
Gas Power Cycles Carnot Cycle; Absolute Temperature Scale; Constant Pressure Cycle; Air-
Standard Cycles: Otto, Diesel, Duel-Combustion; Mean Effective Pressure; Stirling and Ericsson
Cycles.
Vapor Power Cycles Rankine Cycle; Cycle Analysis; Performance Metrics; Rankine Cycle with
Superheat.
2. Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, By Rayner Joel, 5 th Edition, © Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1996.
4. Thermodynamics, 3 rd Edition, SI version, By William Z. Black and James G. Hartley, © HarperCollins College
Publishers, 1996.
5. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, By M. J. Moran and H. O. Shapiro, John Wiley & Sons,
7. Thermal Physics, 2 nd Edition, By C. Kittel and H. Kroemer, © W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980.
• This process increases the intrinsic energy of the gas. Since the
cylinder is insulated, no heat can get into or out of the system (gas).
Therefore, increase in the intrinsic energy of the system has been
caused by the work done by the piston on the gas.
• Consider now a gas contained in a rigid cylinder and heated
(fig-1.6b). Since boundary of the system is fixed, no work is done
on or by the system. The pressure and temperature, again, are
observed to increase.
• This will increase the intrinsic energy of the gas. This increase in
intrinsic energy has been caused, in this case, by the heat added
to the system.
• In fig-1.6a and fig-1.6b, each case, system interacts with the
surroundings as work is done on the system or heat is added to it.
• In both cases, the final condition of the system is different from its
initial condition. The state of the system has changed.
• The paddle wheel is another example of work done on the
system (Fig-1.7).
• For a suitably insulated container, all the work input using
the paddle wheel goes to increasing the intrinsic energy of
the system.
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics defines temperature as follows:
When two bodies have equality of temperature with a third body,
they have equality of temperature with each other. This law is also
known as ‘equality of temperature law’.
• System state is the condition of the system at any instant as defined by its
properties.
Property Pressure Temperature Specific volume Specific internal energy Specific enthalpy Specific entropy
Attribute directly measurable directly measurable directly measurable calculated calculated calculated
Unit (SI)
• For any pure working fluid, only two independent properties are necessary
to define completely the state of the fluid.
• The integral in this case is again area under the process curve (note the line arrow).