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Aimee Barton

Professor Flores

Eng-1201-B53

4 April 2019

Annotated Bibliography

My essay will provide the answers to why MMRV/MMR + V and DTaP are important

childhood vaccines. I want to provide answers to common questions about vaccines. How safe

and effective vaccines are? How vaccination decline may have been affected? How

immunization laws are changing? I have provided some research below to aide in these

questions.

Casabona, Giacomo. Kolhapure, Shafi. Parikh, Raunat. Shah, Nitin. “A new combine vaccine

against Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella in India.” Indian Pediatrics. Online.

December 2017. Vol. 54 Issue 12, p1041-1046, 6p.

https://indianpediatrics.net/dec2017/dec-1041-1046.htm. A quadrivalent MMRV

(Measles, Mumps, Rubella, & Varicella) combination vaccine recently was rolled out in

India.

The MMRV is highly immunogenic, reaching seroconversion rates of 96.6 to 100% at 42

to 56 days after the second vaccine dose in unvaccinated children or those previously vaccinated

with MMR+/-V. Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella are all vaccine preventable diseases.

The diseases have the potential for significant morbidity and even mortality.
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The first MMR vaccination was rolled out in the USA in 1971 and the measles

vaccination was introduced in Indian Universal Immunization (UIP) program in 1985. After the

UIP followed the adoption of global Measles and Rubella strategy plan, it was recommended that

Rubella-containing (MR) vaccination should replace monovalent Measles vaccine for the first

and second Measles-containing vaccine (MCV) doses. However, the Indian Academy of

Pediatrics (IAP) recommends three doses of MMR, scheduled at 9 months, 15 months, and 4 to 6

years. The IAP recommends Varicella dosing as one dose at 15 months following dose two

between the ages of 4 to 6 years.

There are several potential advantages to using combination vaccinations. They can lower

the vaccination visits and administrations can be reduced. These can increase vaccination

acceptability, promoting compliance and improving the coverage rates. The combination

vaccines simplify and shorten reconstitution processes and require less storage space than single

or low valency vaccines. MMRV has been globally available for over ten years, it has only

recently been introduced in the Indian market. This review of MMRV evaluates the clinical

evidence for efficiency and safety of this combination drug.

The immunogenicity has been reviewed in randomized controlled trials involving over

3,000 children. The studies have evaluated either two MMRV doses or a single MMRV dose

after MMR with or without Varicella. The first study was two MMRV doses in the second year

of life compared with MMR + V followed by MMR. In the MMRV group it showed the

seroconversion rates against all antigens were >98.3%. The MMR + V group showed >97.5%.

Studies were also done for MMRV as a second dose of MMR vaccine. In the study of 390

children from Italy and Canada, they found all MMRV subjects seroconverted against all four

diseases.
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The efficacy and effectiveness were studied in a large European multicenter study of

5,803 children (ages 12 to 22 months). It showed the efficacy of two-dose MMRV was 94.9%

against all Varicella and 99.5% against moderate to severe Varicella compared with 65.4% and

90.7% respectively after MMR/MMR + V. It was concluded that the two-dose Varicella vaccine

administered with a short interval provided optimum protection against the disease.

Several studies had concluded that MMRV and MMR + V have comparable safety

profiles. An analysis of three large trials showed that within four days of doses one and two,

redness followed by swelling and pain were the most frequent local symptoms after MMRV,

MMR + V, and MMR vaccines. The study showed that during the first 15 to 43-days post

vaccination that fever was the most common general symptom after all MCV doses. Although,

the incidence of fever decreased after the second dose. It showed that for 43 days post MMRV

vaccination that any rash occurs in 10.8 to 19.6% of the subjects. However, it showed the

incidence of Measles, Rubella, or Varicella-like rashes was generally low and not significantly

different after MMRV or MMR + V. In very early trials they found vaccine related febrile

convulsions recorded in one (out of 732) and two (out of 371) subjects post MMRV dose one.

After a second dose of MMRV the frequency tends to be lower than post-dose one. In the phase

three study of Indian children, the most common local symptom was pain followed by redness

and swelling. There were no episodes of febrile convulsions for six weeks post vaccination. It

was a smaller trial and may not have captured the rare side effect.

Each country has their own dosing schedules of administration. By co-administering

MMRV with vaccines against other diseases, the number of appointments can be reduced, and

the acceptability of immunization schedules can be improved. MMRV is administered on

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schedule with DTaP, inactivated Polio-virus, Hepatitis B, Haemophilus Influenzae B,

Meningococcal, and Pneumococcal vaccines.

These vaccines have been available in the market in India for several years and

quadrivalent MMRV, which simultaneously protects against all four viruses, has recently

become available. As MMRV is indicated for children 12 months and older, the vaccine will

predominately be administered as second MCV. Therefore, it allows one or two MMRV doses to

be introduced into the Indian immunization schedule to offer broad disease protection and

provide general advantages of combination vaccines to patients, parents, and physicians.

This is an academic article and is targeting Indian residence with information on the

combination vaccination MMRV. This article gives the reader background and studies on the

vaccine MMRV. It shows the reader the risks and benefits of this vaccine.

This academic article is available on EBSCOhost. The source of the article was from

Indian Pediatrics. Dec 2017, Vol. 54 Issue 12, p1041 – 1046, 6p. The article was written by

Giacomo Casabona, Shafi Kolhapure, Raunat Parikh, and Nitin Shah. Giacomo Casabona is from

GSK (, Wavre, Belgium. Shafi Kolhapure and Raunat Parikh are from GSK, Mumbai, India.

Nitin Shah is from PD. Hinduja National Hospital. This is a reliable source as it was straight

from the Sinclair library. It’s a recent article. The authors are doctors and work for

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) which is a pharmaceutical company.

I plan to use this article when discussing the topic of MMRV vaccines. I will be

discussing the efficacy and effectiveness of MMRV.

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Conniff, Richard. “A Forgotten Pioneer of Vaccines.” The New York Times. Online. 6 May

2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/health/maurice-hilleman-mmr-vaccines-

forgotten-hero.html.

America lives in an epidemiological bubble and are quite blissfully unaware. The

childhood diseases that were prevalent and hazardous now seem like ancient history. At one time

in history every mother could identify Measles in a heartbeat. Now doctors must verify with their

eldest staff to confirm what it is.

Many people owe our health to the labors of one man and to the events that took place

over 50 years ago. On March 21, 1963 at 1 a.m. an event happened that would change

everyone’s lives. A scientist with Merck named Maurice R. Hilleman was woke up by his 5-

year-old daughter Jeryl Lynn. Dr. Hilleman examined her and saw telltale signs of Mumps. All

he could do was tuck her back into bed as treatment was not available at the time.

For most Mumps was just a nuisance disease that exhibited signs or symptoms of painful

swelling of the salivary glands. However, the doctor knew that it could leave a child deaf or

otherwise permanently impaired. This event led the doctor to get dressed and go to his laboratory

for proper sampling equipment. He woke up his daughter to swab the back of her throat than

immersed the specimen in a nutrient broth. He than stored it in the lab freezer.

Dr. Maurice Hilleman may not ring a bell for most but 95% of American children receive

the MMR. This is the vaccine for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella that Dr. Hilleman invented. It

all started with the Mumps strain he collected from his daughter.

In 2005 Dr. Hilleman passed away. Other scientists have credited Dr. Hilleman with

having saved more lives than any other scientist in the 20th century. Dr. Hilleman helped to
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substantially improve more than 25 vaccines, including 9 of the 14 now routinely recommended

for children. To think in the early years of his life he only intended on becoming a JC Penny

manager. After he decided that he didn’t have the perfect retail personality he went on to obtain

his Ph.D. in microbiology at the University of Chicago. He spent most of his career as a scientist

for Merck.

Vaccines are merely tools for coaxing an immune response to resist disease without

producing actual symptoms. Making a vaccine was as much an art as a science. General practices

were to isolate a disease, keep it alive in the lab, then weakening it until it could no longer

reproduce in humans but could still elicit the immune response. Other steps eventually pursued

for Dr. Hilleman, who obsessed with safety and stripping away unwanted side effects.

In 1963 the FDA granted the first license against Measles. Lots of pressure from health

officials to stop the disease that at the time killed more than 500 American children every year.

Dr. Hilleman and Dr. Joseph Stokes (Pediatrician), made a way to minimize the side effects by

giving gamma globulin shot in one arm and the Measles vaccine in the other. This was the

beginning of the end of Measles in this country.

In 1971 Dr. Hilleman put the vaccines for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella together to

make MMR. This replaced a series of six shots with just two. Than in 1978 Dr. Hilleman asked

Dr. Stanley Plotkin if he could use Dr. Plotkin’s Rubella vaccine and place that version into the

MMR. In 1998 an article was placed into the Lancet and released an article alleging that MMR

caused autism. Dr. Andrew Wakefield became a media celebrity, and this led parents to balk at

having their children immunized. The MMR’s success had made parents forget just how

devastating Measles, Mumps, and Rubella could be. This uproar caused hate mail and death

threats to Dr. Hilleman.

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Multiple studies would prove there was and is no link between MMR and autism. Dr.

Wakefield’s work would become widely discredited. British Medical authorities stripped him of

his right to practice medicine in 2010. The Lancet would retract his article in 1998. We would

see an increase in Measles outbreaks because of Dr. Wakefield’s work.

In America, the strain of Measles Dr. Hilleman collected in 1963 from his daughter, has

reduced the incidence of Mumps to fewer than 1,000 cases per year, from 186,000.

This is a news article posted online in the New York Times. The target audience is

Americans regarding vaccines. This news source provides detailed information on the creator of

the MMR vaccine. It gives insight on MMR and other vaccines the creator provided to our

nation.

This news source is available on the New York Times website. The source of the article

was from the health section of the New York Times. May 6, 2013. It was written by Richard

Conniff. Richard Conniff has written books and magazines. His writing has earned him a

National Magazine Award. He has also written and presented television shows for the National

Geographic Channel, TBS, and the BBC. The article isn’t as recent in time, but this doesn’t

change the reliability. This is because this article includes pieces of history which can’t be

changed. It is reliable information with credible sources from doctors, scientists, and researchers.

I plan to use this article when discussing the MMR vaccine. I want to implement the

works of Dr. Hilleman’s success on the MMR vaccine. Also, how the vaccine came about and

how it changed America.

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Fischetti, Mark. Tulp, Jan. “Safer by Kindergarten.” Scientific American. Online. 1 November

2017. Vol. 317 Issue 5, p84-84, 1p 2 graphs.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/school-immunization-laws-are-making-

kindergarteners-safer/. Information showing the vaccine coverage among children 19 to

35 months has been stabilized during 2011 to 2015 in the U.S. but coverage among

children entering kindergarten has declined slightly.

The amount of U.S. children fully vaccinated against preventable diseases such as

Diphtheria and Measles has declined before 2011. The rates for kindergartners have become

noticeably higher than for children 19 to 35 months old. This is due to state laws requiring them

to have full series of inoculations before they enter school. The cause of this could be because

laws in some states don’t require the entire series of recommended doses or allow parents to

obtain exemptions easily. Many young parents seek to opt out because they don’t believe the

diseases are serious and may have not been educated on them in middle or high school health

classes. The school’s health classes tend to focus on subjects such as sexual activity and drug

use.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends four doses of DTaP and

one dose of MMR by 19 to 35 months old. They recommend five doses of DTaP and two doses

of MMR by the ages of 4 to 6. This is what most states require to enter school. Certain parents

are determined to get past kindergarten immunization laws, which can lead to pulling down a

states average. California ended their exemptions on a parents religious or philosophical belief in

2016. This led to medical exemptions, which are authorized by doctors or forged in their names,

tripling compared to the 2015 rates.

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This is an academic article and is targeting parents with school aged children. This article

provides the reader with information on school immunization laws and rates of vaccination.

This academic article is available on the website Scientific American. November 1, 2017.

Vol. 317 Issue 5, p84, 1p 2 graphs. This online article was written by Mark Fischetti and Jan

Tulp. Mark Fischetti is a senior editor for Scientific American and oversees coverage topics of

energy and the environment. Jan Tulp is a data experience designer and helps create custom data

visualizations. This source is reliable as it’s from the Sinclair library. It is a recent source

providing accurate information relevant to vaccine topic information.

I plan to use this online article in my essay to discuss further on MMR. I will use pieces

of this article to provide information on MMR, immunization laws, and possible reasons of

vaccine decline.

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus,

Pertussis) VIS. Online. 24 August 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-

statements/dtap.html. The Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) and what you need to

know about DTaP.

DTaP can help protect against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis. Diphtheria can cause

implications such as breathing problems, paralysis, and heart failure. Before vaccines were

created, Diphtheria killed tens of thousands of children every year in America. Tetanus can cause

implications such as painful tightening of the jaw muscles. It can cause a condition referred to as

lock jaw to where you can’t open your mouth or swallow. Around 1 out of 5 who get Tetanus

dies from the disease. Pertussis is also known as whooping cough. This disease can cause

coughing spells so bad that it’s difficult for infants or children to eat, drink, or breathe. Other
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implications include Pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and death. Most who are vaccinated

with DTaP are protected from the diseases. If we were to stop vaccinating many children would

get these preventable diseases.

Children typically get 5 doses of the DTaP vaccine. One dose at 2 months, 4 months, 6

months, 15 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years. This vaccine can be given at the same time as other

vaccines. It is possible to receive DTaP together with one or more other vaccines in a single shot.

There are reasons some children shouldn’t receive DTaP or wait to get it. DTaP is intended for

children younger than 7 years old. When appropriate a small number of children should receive a

different vaccine that consists of Diphtheria and Tetanus instead of DTaP.

It is important to notify the health care provider if the child has had an allergic reaction

occur after a previous DTaP vaccination, or has any severe, life-threating allergies, has had a

coma or long repeated seizures within 7 days of DTaP, has seizures or other nervous system

problems, has the condition known as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, or has had severe pain or

swelling after DTaP or DT vaccine. Any children with minor illnesses such as a cold can still be

vaccinated. Any child that is moderately or severely ill should wait until recovered to have DTaP

administered.

Risks of DTaP reaction include redness, soreness, swelling and tenderness at injection

site are common. Fever, fussiness, tiredness, poor appetite, and vomiting may occur 1 to 3 days

after vaccination. Serious reactions that can occur can be seizures, non-stop crying for 3 hours or

more, or high fever of over 105 degrees Fahrenheit. These serious reactions occur much less

often. Rarely does it cause swelling of the entire arm or leg, especially in older children who are

on the fourth or fifth dose of DTaP. Extremely rare reactions are long term seizures, coma,

lowered consciousness, or permanent brain damage.

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There is a small chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious

injury, or death just like any other medicine. If a serious reaction should occur, it should be

reported to Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) at 1-800-822-7967.

This is an informational website made possible by the CDC. Its target audience is parents

wanting information regarding DTaP. The CDC provides only scientific research and hard facts.

The DTaP information is available online and the CDC updates their website with

information frequently. This is to provide the most UpToDate information. August 24, 2018.

This Vaccine Information Sheet on DTaP is provided by the National Center for Immunization

and Respiratory Diseases. This is a reliable source as its information is current and accurate. The

sources are from government agencies who study and gather data regarding vaccines.

I plan to implement the VIS on DTaP into my essay by providing valid information in my

DTaP discussion topic.

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Infant Immunizations FAQs.

Online. 1 March 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/parent-questions.html.

Information regarding infant immunization and commonly asked vaccine questions.

Many parents have questions about their children’s vaccines. There are answers to

common questions to learn about vaccine safety, the recommended immunization schedule, how

vaccines protect your child from 14 diseases by age two, and more. The CDC does regular

updates to said document to ensure that frequently asked questions from parents are answered

with the most accurate and current information.

Are immunizations safe? Yes, immunizations are safe. The United States’ long-standing

vaccine safety system sees to it that vaccines are as safe as feasible. Currently, the USA has the
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safest vaccine stock in its history. Millions of children are safely given vaccines each year.

Common side effects are typically mild, such as pain or swelling at the injection site.

What are possible side effects of vaccines? How can they be treated? Just like any other

medication administered, vaccines can cause side effects. Most of these side effects are minor.

These include soreness where the shot was given, fussiness, or low-grade fever. The listed side

effects typically only last a couple days and are treatable. Serious allergic reactions are very rare.

What are the possible risks and benefits of vaccines? Vaccines can prevent highly

infectious diseases that once caused death or harm to many infants, children, and adults. If

vaccines aren’t administered your child is at risk for becoming seriously ill and suffering pain,

disability, and death. From preventable diseases like Measles and Whooping Cough. The risks

that come with any vaccine are possible side effects. These side effects are mild such as redness

and swelling at injection site. These typically go away within a few days. Some serious side

effects, such as a severe allergic reaction, are very rare and medical professionals are trained to

handle such cases. The disease-prevention benefits outweigh the possible side effects.

Exceptions are a child with serious chronic medical conditions like cancer or diseases that

weaken the immune system or has had a severe allergic reaction to a previous vaccine dose.

Has a link been found between vaccines and autism? No, there is no link between

vaccines and autism. Scientific research continues to show there is no relationship between

vaccines and autism. Certain people have suggested that thimerosal (a compound containing

mercury) in vaccines given to infants and young children might be the cause of autism. However,

numerous scientists have studied and continue to study the MMR vaccine and thimerosal relation

to autism. Still no links between the MMR or thimerosal or autism.

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Haven’t we gotten rid of the diseases in this country that are on the vaccine schedule?

Vaccine preventable diseases such as Pertussis and Chickenpox remain common in the USA.

Other diseases that vaccines prevent are no longer a commonality in America because of

vaccines. If we were to stop vaccinations the few cases we do have in the USA could very

quickly turn to tens or hundreds of thousands of cases. It is people who travel to other countries

than come back to the USA that could spread diseases.

What ingredients are in vaccines and what do they do? Vaccines have ingredients that

help the body to develop immunity. They also contain small amounts of other ingredients. These

ingredients help in making the vaccine or in ensuring that the final product is safe and effective.

This is an informational website made possible by the CDC. Its target audience is parents

wanting infant immunization facts, answers, and questions. The CDC provides only scientific

research and hard facts.

The infant immunization FAQs are available online and the CDC updates their website

with information frequently. This is to provide the most UpToDate information. March 1, 2019.

The infant immunization FAQs are provided by the National Center for Immunization and

Respiratory Diseases. This is a reliable source as its information is current and accurate. The

sources are from government agencies who study and gather data regarding vaccines.

I plan to implement this into my essay by answering some of the most commonly asked

questions regarding vaccines.

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Making the Vaccine Decision.

Online. 18 March 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/vaccine-

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decision/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2

Fparents%2Fvaccine-decision%2Fingredients.html. Information to help you make the

vaccine decision.

As parents we want to protect our little ones from danger. Before making that decision,

you may want to know more about how vaccines work, how vaccines work with baby’s immune

system, vaccine side effects and risks, vaccine ingredients, and vaccine safety. Vaccines work by

reducing a child’s risk of infection by working with their body’s natural defenses. This helps

them safely develop immunity to the disease. When germs invade the body, they attack and

multiply. Once invaded this is called an infection and the infection is what causes an illness. Our

immune system then must fight it off. After it puts up a fight, the body sends a supply of cells

that recognize and fight that disease in the future. This supply of cells is referred to as antibodies.

Vaccines help by developing immunity. They do this by imitating an infection, but this

imitation doesn’t cause an illness. Instead it illicit an immune response so that the body can

recognize and fight the vaccine preventable disease in the future. At times a vaccine can cause

minor symptoms such as fever. All the recommended vaccines add up to protection against 14

infectious diseases.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is a group of medical and

public health experts that develops the recommendations of how to use vaccines to control

diseases in the USA. They have designed the vaccination schedule to protect young children

before they are exposed to potentially serious diseases when they are most vulnerable to serious

infections.
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Vaccines can have the potential to cause side effects just like other medications. Many

side effects are mild. However, many vaccine preventable disease symptoms can be very serious

or have the potential to led to death. Many of these diseases still occur around the world and for

people who travel they have the potential to bring diseases back into the USA. This puts the

unvaccinated children at risk. Common side effects are minor such as redness and swelling

where the vaccine was given. Serious side effects such as a severe allergic reaction are rare.

Vaccines contain ingredients referred to as antigens and this helps the body build

immunity. They also contain small amounts of other ingredients. All the ingredients put into

vaccines are to help make the vaccine safe and effective. These other ingredients could be a

preservative called thimerosal (only in multidose vials of flu vaccine), aluminum salts, sugars

and gelatins, egg protein, and formaldehyde. Thimerosal is used to prevent any contamination.

Aluminum salts are to help stimulate a response to the antigens. Sugars and gelatin help keep the

vaccine potent during transportation and storage. Egg protein is used to grow enough of the virus

or bacteria to make a vaccine. Formaldehyde is a residual inactivating ingredient that is used to

help kill viruses or inactive the toxins during manufacturing process. The only vaccine that

contains thimerosal in the USA today is multidose flu vaccines.

This is an informational website made possible by the CDC. Its target audience is parents

who are making the vaccine decision. The CDC provides only scientific research and hard facts.

Making the vaccine decision is available online and the CDC updates their website with

information frequently. This is to provide the most UpToDate information. March 18, 2019.

Making the vaccine decision is provided by the National Center for Immunization and

Respiratory Diseases. This is a reliable source as its information is current and accurate. The

sources are from government agencies who study and gather data regarding vaccines.
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I plan to implement this topic to provide information and assist my main argument on

why vaccines are important and to assist in making the vaccine decision.

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella,

& Varicella) VIS. Online. Issue Date of VIS: 12 February 2018. Page Updated: 11 July

2018. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmrv.html. The Vaccine

Information Statement (VIS) and what you need to know about MMRV.

Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella are all viral diseases that can led to serious

complications. Before vaccines were available, these diseases were common in the USA amongst

children. These diseases are still prevalent in many parts of the world. Measles can cause

symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes, that can be followed by a rash

that covers the entire body. It can lead to ear infections, diarrhea, and a lung infection commonly

known as pneumonia. It’s rare for Measles to cause brain damage or death. Mumps can cause

fever, headache, muscles aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, and swollen and tender salivary

glands under the ears on one or both sides. Mumps may lead to deafness, swelling of the brain

and/or spinal cord covering (also known as encephalitis or meningitis), painful swelling of the

testicles or ovaries, and very rarely leads to death. Rubella may cause fever, sore throat, rash,

headache, and eye irritation. The disease may cause arthritis in up to half of teenage and adult

women. Should a woman get Rubella while pregnant, there is the possibility of miscarriage or

the baby could be born with serious birth defects. Varicella which is also commonly known as

the Chickenpox may cause an itchy rash that typically lasts a around a week, in addition to fever,

tiredness, loss of appetite, and headache. The disease can lead to skin infections, pneumonia,

inflammation of blood vessels, encephalitis or meningitis, and infections of the blood, bones, or

joints. Rarely does Chickenpox cause death. There is the possibility that those who get
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Chickenpox get a painful rash referred to as shingles (this is also known as herpes zoster) years

later.

Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella can easily be spread from person to person. The

Measles doesn’t require personal contact. Measles can merely be obtained by entering a room

that a person infected with Measles left up to two hours before. We have made these diseases

less common in the USA with the available vaccines.

MMRV can be given to children 12 months through 12 years of age. There are typically

two doses recommended. The first dose is given 12 through 15 months of age and the second

dose 4 through 6 years of age. A third dose of MMR may be recommended in an outbreak

situation. No known risks have been found when getting the MMRV vaccine at the same time as

other vaccines. The MMRV can be given as separate shots. Instead children 12 months to 12

years of age may get the MMR and the Varicella shot. MMRV is not suited for the ages of 13

and up.

You may not want this vaccine administered if you have had the following: any severe

life threatening allergies, a weakened immune system, a history of seizures (or family history of

seizures), a family history of immune system problems, have a condition that makes the patient

bruise or bleed easily, is pregnant or possibility of pregnancy, is taking salicylates (aspirin), has

had a recent blood transfusion or received blood products, has tuberculosis, has received other

vaccines in the past 4 weeks, and is not feeling well.

There are possible risks with any vaccine reaction. The benefits outweigh the risks when

given a vaccine. The reactions are typically mild and go away on their own, but a serious

reaction is possible. Having the MMRV administered is safer than getting Measles, Mumps,
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Rubella, or Varicella. Some possible minor events that could occur after MMRV vaccination are:

sore arm from injection site, fever, redness or rash at the injection site, swelling of glands in the

cheeks or neck. Should these events occur, they typically begin within 2 weeks after vaccination.

These events occur less often after the second dosing is administered.

There are moderate events that occur such as: seizures, typically febrile seizures (from

high fever), temporary low platelet count, pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis, or rash occurring

all over the body. Should a child get a rash after vaccination it’s possibly related to the Varicella

component in the MMRV. It’s possible that if a rash is developed after MMRV that one might be

able to spread the Varicella vaccine virus to an unprotected person. This event happens rarely but

a child who develops a rash should stay away from individuals with weakened immune systems

and unvaccinated infants until the rash goes away.

Possible severe events which rarely have been reported following MMR/MMRV

vaccination can include: deafness, long-term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and brain

damage. The other possibilities that can happen after MMRV are: fainting after medical

procedures and this includes vaccination, shoulder pain can be more severe or longer lasting than

routine soreness that follows injections, any medication can have side effects including allergic

reaction. These severe allergic reactions to vaccines are estimated to be about 1 in a million

doses and happen a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccine is administered.

This is an informational website made possible by the CDC. Its target audience is parents

wanting information regarding the MMRV vaccine. The CDC provides only scientific research

and hard facts.

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The MMRV information is available online and the CDC updates their website with

information frequently. This is to provide the most UpToDate information. July 11, 2018. This

Vaccine Information Sheet on MMRV is provided by the National Center for Immunization and

Respiratory Diseases. This is a reliable source as its information is current and accurate. The

sources are from government agencies who study and gather data regarding vaccines.

I plan to implement the VIS on MMRV to provide valid information towards my topic.