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Process Guidelines V3 October 2005

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Raw milling Raw milling
Preheater Preheater
Kiln Kiln
Cooler Cooler
Kiln and Cooler Filter Kiln and Cooler Filter
Kiln by-pass system Kiln By-pass system
Gas analyser Gas analyser
Coal mill Coal mill
Cement grinding Cement Gr
Weighing-dosing Weighing-dosing

05 10 05

Process guidelines - Contents -

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Process Guidelines V3 - October 2005

Best practice / To be written

recommendation

Specifications These are the figures we give to suppliers in the tender ; this column should contain the same
figures as other documents.
Alternatives In this column we describe alternatives, which could be accepted for cost reason, but also are
necessary for process reasons. Example would be cement mill specification is vertical mill,
Alternative is ball mill and in case of a existing ball mill a roller press

Operating target Operating target is the range where we want to have an equipment operated; this is not to be
given to suppliers, but we will check offers accordingly. Important value for process evaluation of
existing equipment or to calculate operation cost.

Not advisable These are choices we don’t accept. Important if suppliers send alternatives on their own

Comments
 Best Practice /
Raw milling Recommendation
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Vertical Mill with cyclone and
fan with VFD
CHOICE OF MILL SYSTEM
Closed circuit mill
High efficiency separator
Modification of existing
grinding shop
New Equipment Ball Mill with drying chamber
Mill Circuit Closed circuit
Ball mill speed 75% critical speed
Air velocity above ball
charge=1,5 to 2,2 m/s
inside the trunion: 22-25 m/s
inside partition:8-14 m/s
Ventilation ball mill
0,6 - 0,8 Nm3/kg raw mix
hood < 5m/s
drop out box < 2m/s
VFD fan
1,5 < L/D < 3,2
Mill L/D ratio First compartment length = 35 -
45% of mill total length
Specifications
Vertical Mill with cyclone and
fan with VFD
Closed circuit mill
High efficiency separator
75 % critical speed
Air velocity above ball
charge=1,5 to 2,2 m/s
VFD fan
Process guidelines - Raw Milling - Page 1 / 3
Alternatives
2 compartments closed circuit
tube mills with drying
chambers (if moisture < 7-8%)
or
Tube mills in combination with
heated hammer crushers.
High efficiency separator
or
Roller Press with Ball Mill
Roll Press in circuit with V or
VSK separator and/or dynamic
separator.
Pregrinding with two-
compartments ball mill circuit.
Modification of 1st generation
separator
Addition of external drying
drum
Partial feed to the separator
Operating target Not advisable Comments
Tube mills without drying
chamber, or without external
drying.
Autogenous Mills (only in case
of specific applications).
Roll Press in circuit with V or
VSK separator and/or dynamic
separator.
Pregrinding circuit with two-
compartments ball mill.
Air Swept mill
Central discharge mill
Open circuit
<73% or >78% critical speed
06/10/2005 - 10:58
 Best Practice /
Raw milling Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments

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Moderate lifting liners for first Classifying liners in second Duo lift Without classifying liners keep
compartment, classifying liners compartment Ripple liners a maximum of 3 - 4 ball sizes
for second compartment
Ball mill Liners

Central opening adapted to Diaphragms with material flow Slots placed radially.
the filling degree. Slots placed control
concentricly. - 8 to 12 mm slot
for central partition.
Intermediate Partition wall
- open area > 50 % by central
opening

Central opening adapted to Slots placed radially.

Outlet partition wall
Ball charge
the filling degree. Slots placed
concentricly. Partition wall slot
size + 2mm (max slot = 0,5
min ball size)
Volume Loading:
- for minimum kWh/t: 26-28%
in C1 and 28-30% in C2
- for max output: 32-34% in
C1 and 34-36% in C2

Separator Third Generation High
Efficiency
Fresh feed control to assure
constant feed to the separator. weigher), measuring elevator
Mill controled by LUCIE.
Control
Feed size 95%< 50 mm
Feed d80 feed < 20mm,
Dust load < 1kg/m3 1st or 2nd generation
Qf/Qa < 2.5 separators
Weighing rejects (belt Control mill fresh feed using Fresh feed control can be done
only one parameter (only by different ways, using
power, mill presure loss, mill rejects flowrate or only different instruments or signals
outlet temperature and elevator power , for example) (rejects flowrate, elevator
electronic ear. power, eletr. Ear, mill kW). It is
recommended to use them in
conjunction.
Precrushing, screening, The finer, the better
external drying

Drying compartment Moisture inlet C1 < 1.5%

Specific drying capacity
<300kg/m3

Process guidelines - Raw Milling - Page 2 / 3 06/10/2005 - 10:58

 Best Practice /
Raw milling Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments

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Equipment VRM
Vertical Roller Mill Recirculation of gas to the mill. Metal detector and extractor in Water injection facilities in the Gas speeds: Feed device with triple flap
Metal detector and extractor in the feeding line (after reject's mill housing Nozzle ring >30 m/s gate or rotary air lock valve,
the feeding line (after reject's return) Mill Body: 5 - 7 m/s heated if wet or sticky raw
return) Bed depth sensor Separator: 3 - 5 m/s materials.
Gas flow measurement after Water injection max 25 kg/t Dust Load: 600 g/m3 at mill Fan max speed typical 700 rpm
cyclone or filter Material External Recirculation outlet and >80% efficiency
Water injection system System >30% Fresh Feed
Central mill feed. Capacity
HE Separator Fan with VFD
Material External Recirculation
System >30% Fresh Feed
Capacity Fan
with VFD
Bed depth sensor

Control Constant mill exit T°

Constant mill gas flow
Mill feed a to mill deltaP

Process guidelines - Raw Milling - Page 3 / 3 06/10/2005 - 10:58

 Best practice /
Preheater Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Equipment

5 Stage Preheater - low

moisture < 5% raw materials
Low pressure drop No horizonatal inlet ; no 4 Stage Preheater - high For a 5 stage PH, 4.5 to 5.5
Cyclones See priority study Preheater
horizontal surface moisture >5% raw materials kPa (including kiln)
Bottom of cyclone
> 50° height

Top (stage 1): 100%

Dip Tube Length relative to Hurrivanes - depending on
Stage 2/3: 75%min Top (stage 1): 100% Number in % of inlet height
cyclone inlet height geometry
Stage 4/5 : 50%min

Lafarge design
cleaning devices. At least 55°
to 80° between meal pipe and
Splash box splash box >60o below C3 Splash plates See priority study Preheater
2 m from flap, pipe without
elbow
60° for kiln feed to splash box.
Pendulum flap External knife bearing

Vessel + Hot core preferred

Very specific to fuel and plant
Precalciner Residence time > 6 sec Residence time > 6 sec Riser Duct plus hot core
conditions
for petcoke, Low-Nox

Downward split design

for in-line calciner
Tertiary air duct
Damper control
Duct velocity 20 to 30 m/s

Process
Mini 12 m/s top stage
with 17 m/s bottom
(intermediate proportional)
Gas duct velocity at meal
Can install restriction
entrance
as alternative

Riser velocity 16 m/s minimum

Process guidelines - Preheater - Page 1 / 2 06/10/2005 - 10:58

 Best practice /
Preheater Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Cyclones Top cyclone efficiency > 95% Top cyclone efficiency > 95%

Considered if high volatile

cycles expected Lateral
Meal curtain
Most common on N-1 stage Consider a splitter
on kiln side

No dead zone
Smooth design (entrance in the
Kiln inlet box middle)
No turbulances
45°- 50° slope of inlet

Cooling by water sprays Water design target able to

Minimum evaporation: 4 sec provide 185 °C. Take care
Downcomer (for target at 185°C) about moisture in gas to coal
No bleed air is recommended, mill take off above water
except for start up injection

Fan Typical Max speed 990

VFD drive
rpm and efficiency >80%.
ID fan preheater Fresh air intake before
Design margin 5% volume and
the fan (fan protection)
1 kPa pressure
3
number of fans ID fan, raw mill fan & Only 2 fans
baghouse fan
Secondary Fuel
Burner preferred for Calciner
usage

Process guidelines - Preheater - Page 2 / 2 06/10/2005 - 10:58

 Best Practice /
Kiln Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Equipment
Position in center line of kiln
and aligned on kiln axis (only
MAS burner in case of regular See Lafarge Burner Design
Burner type and position Lafarge Burner if kiln is stable and burner
solid fuel and alternative fuel ; Spreadsheet
having sufficient impulse)

Solid Fuel: 25 - 35 m/s in Solid Fuel: 25 - 35 m/s in Alternative Fuel: 25 - 40 m/s

Fuel speed burner ; >25m/s in conveying burner ; >25m/s in conveying in burner ; >25m/s in
line line conveying line

< 15% primary air (as low as

Total primary air <12% with coal / petcoke possible when firing
alternative fuels)
Liquid (main fuel) > 25 cSt
Swirl Design: 0,15
Final design criteria to be
Impulse Design: >2,2
worked out.
0,6 to 1 m from nosering as Double flat bar
Retaining rings
single ring, triangulkar shape Maggoteaux system

Kiln slope 3 - 3,5 % 4%

>10,5 for preca (> 15 is

required when designing for
L/D
alternaitve fuels)
> 15 for preheater

From kiln hood From kiln hood

Take off velocity 5-6 m/s
Tertiary air
throat and tertiary air and 25
m/s in the duct
Shell cooling fans 12 to 18 m/s at shell
Take off velocity 5-6 m/s
Settling chamber Heat shield IKN not proven
throat and tertiary air and 25
m/s in the duct
Fan should be below kiln so
Supplied that air flow comes up on
both sides.

Process guidelines - Kiln - Page 1 / 2 06/10/2005 - 10:58

 Best Practice /
Kiln Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Process

Limit for refractory.

< 5 MW/m² (kiln cross
Thermal load < 5 MW/m² < 6.5 MW/m² Some wet and big kilns can
section)
overpass the limit

Kiln hood velocity < 6 m/s

Kiln load <4,5 t/d/m³

Production 24 m/s hearth velocity pc kiln <28 m/s

With > 0,025% of Cl input

Clinker bypass (related to clinker) consider a
bypass

For off specification clinker, 8

Clinker storage hour separate storage
considered

Process guidelines - Kiln - Page 2 / 2 06/10/2005 - 10:58

 Best practice /
Cooler Recommendation
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Equipment
Equipment Selection Cross Bar or Walking Floor
Design
Grate load < 45 t/m² d
Variable speed fans All on 1st grate
Fix inlet rows 5 to 8 (1.5 - 2.5 m)
Max 15 degree angle
Refractory Horseshoe
Air Cannons
Crusher Roller crusher intermediate
or at the end
Grate slope 0°
Evacuation hoppers Simple gate and sensor level
Process
Air flow design Not < 2,1 Nm3/kg
First fans pressure
Optimal bed depth
Air velocity above clinker 5 to 7 m/s
Clinker transport design Min. 1,5 x nominal capacity
steel conveyor
Specifications
Cross Bar or Walking Floor
Design
< 45 t/m² d
Variable speed on all on 1st
grate fans. 2nd grate fans can
be with variable inlet vanes
dampers
> 2.1 Nm³/kg ck
> 1.7 Nm³/m²/s on first fans, 2
Nm³/m²/s for KIDS
> 10 kPa (100 mbar) for KIDS
Min. 1,5 x nominal capacity
steel conveyor
Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
Fan dampers (inlet radial) Flap max speed typical 1500 rpm,
Efficiency > 80%. Normally 20-
30% pressure reserve.
Hammer Hammer crusher can be the
Crusher first choice if no need for very
effective cooling
3° maximum
Double gate mechanically
activated
Lowest stroke permitted with
20% reserve on fans
(6-8 st/min for properly
designed cooler)
Process guidelines - Cooler - Page 1 / 1 06/10/2005 - 10:59
 Best practice /
Kiln filter Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Equipment
BH sizing must maintain
Max dP< allowed by fan
High Pressure Pulse Jet (HPPJ) Off line cleaning is not operating pressure drop within
Low Pressure Pulse Jet Bag Low Pressure Pulse Jet (LPPJ) capacity at end of bag life.
Equipment Selection Bag Filter (6bar/100psi), acceptable due to the the limits of the ID fan and the
Filter ( 2,5 bars) Bag Filter ( 2,5 bars) Limit cleaning cycles to obtain
Electrostatic precipitator potential damage to the bags. pulse jet filter ability to clean
target bag life.
bag on line.

Gross Air to clothe ratio: Gross Air to clothe ratio:

Equipment Sizing 1m/min average 1m/min average
1.3 m/min max (upset cond) 1.3 m/min max (upset cond)

Fabric with PTFE membrane

Adequate temperature control Other bag materials that are
and fiberglass structure. Bag quality and workmanship
Design temperature 230°C P84 bags of suitable to prevent teflon and SGT not proven.
Bag quality Known suppliers: Gore, BHA, are critical. Bag to cage fit is
Peak temperature 260°C construction. evaporation and bag damage. If using P84 verify the risk of
Tetratec working critical.
working at 180°C- 230°C max hydrolysis.
at 180°C- 230°C max

Scale model to ensure good

Airflow Distribution airflow distribution and correct
fan sizing before purchase

Prevent moisture condensation

Air coolers can be acceptable Use air dryers (dessicant) for
Compressed Air Supply in the bag during the No oil in cleaning air.
for LPPJ. HPPJ (-30deg C due point).
compressed air pulse.

Fan Typical Max speed 990

Exhaust Fan VFD VFD rpm and efficiency >80%.
Design margin 15% volume

Direct < 30% Preheater Gases

False Air Compound < 50% Preheater
Gases

Process guidelines - Kiln and Cooler Filter - Page 1 / 2 06/10/2005 - 12:08

 Best practice /
Kiln filter Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
Back to table of contents
COOLER FILTER
Exhaust system capacity to
Common baghouse for
handle normal operation and Gas flow in BH hopper must
Air to air heat exchanger to Air to air heat exchanger to RM/kiln and cooler
Equipment Selection to provide sufficient capacity not cause abrasion of filter
get 130°C at exit get 130°C at exit ESP when all cooler gas used
for push conditions for the full bags due ro high velocities.
for raw materials drying
length of the bag life.

Exhaust gas flow from the Gas velocity at heat

cooler straight entry and exchanger's inlet in normal Water injection in the exhaust
oriented downwards through conditions: <10 m/s pipe
heat exchanger

Cooling fan are VFD speed

Fan Typical Max speed 990

Exhaust Fan VFD VFD rpm and efficiency >80%.
Design Margin 15% volume

Design upset conditions 450 C Design upset conditions 450 C

System Sizing exhaust gas temp. Design exhaust gas temp. Design
flow 1.7 nm3/kg clinker flow 1.7 nm3/kg clinker

Process guidelines - Kiln and Cooler Filter - Page 2 / 2 06/10/2005 - 12:08

 Best practice /
Kiln By-pass system Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Equipment
Wet scrubber may be a
Dedusting Bag filters (240°C) ESP solution when cement Cl is a
limitation
As short as possible
Dust transport Air transport if Cl < 10%
Mechanical
Addition to cooler only if
As small as possible, Direct dust addition to cooler clinker storage does not
Storage intermediate storage
with mechanical extraction filter or heat exchanger promote segregation (quality -
dust separation in pile)

Process
On top of the smoke box, on
the kiln side
Location take-off
Distant from C3 discharge to
avoid dust mixing

Dilution with kiln feed if > Cl control using cyclone system

Level of chlorine in dust
10% Cl with bypass (Taiheyo)

Air quenching as close as

possible to the take out, either Air to air cooler as second
Quenching directly to 200°C or at least to cooling step to minimize the
400°C gas quantity

Raw mill or main stack if SO2 is

acceptable, dioxins still a
To cooler fans to avoid
Exhaust air threat. Detached plume also a Separate stack
SO2/Dioxins
potential issue if organics in
raw mix
Clinker (limiting factor for Cl)
Cement (limiting factor forCl Dust Washing with heavy
Dust management Dust wasting
as allowed by local standard) metal recovery, for low limit of
Cl in cement

Higher concentration
Target level of chlorine in kiln
1,00% acceptable if possible for build-
back-end mat
ups

Process guidelines - Kiln By-pass system - Page 1 / 1 06/10/2005 - 10:59

 Best practice /
Gas analyser Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Kiln inlet
Kiln inlet
Probe long enough to enter
the kiln, retractable,
motorised
Oil cooled
Probe Dry probe required
In-situ
Water cooled jacket
Same probe for all gases
Back flush (clean, dry air)
Mandatory
CO Type: IR
Scale: 0-20000 ppm
Mandatory
Type IR
NOx
No NO2 converter needed
Scale: 0-20000 ppm
Mandatory
O2 Type: Paramagnetic
0-10%
Required if Total SO3 input >
1.2% on clinker basis or
S/A ratio > 1.2
SO2 IR (on separated line)
Type UV
Quartz cells
0-20000ppm

Heated line (>180°C)

2 cooler dryer 1 for SO2 and 1
Gas treatment
for other gases
For other gases H2O2 injection

Suspension preheater kiln - no PC

Exit of preheater tower Mandatory for O2 and CO

Exit of Precalciner
Precalciner
Probe at Bottom cyclone exit
retractable,
Dry probe required
Probe
Water cooled jacket
Same probe for all gases
Back flush (clean, dry air)

Process guidelines - Gas analyser - Page 1 / 2 06/10/2005 - 11:02

 Best practice /
Gas analyser Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
Back to table of contents
Mandatory
CO Type: IR
Scale: 0-20000 ppm
Mandatory
Type IR
NOx
No NO2 converter needed
Scale: 0-20000 ppm
Mandatory
O2 Type: Paramagnetic
0-10%
Heated line (>180°C)
2 cooler dryer 1 for SO2 and 1
Gas treatment for other gases
For other gases H2O2 injection
3 other in line O2 last

CEM (stack)
Location Follow local regulation
Dust Scattered light system
In-situ system (Zircon)
O2
0-10%
Optical in-situ system IR
H2O
0-10%
Optical in-situ system IR Extractive with heated probe
CO
0-2000 mg/Nm3 and line (>180°C) + FTIR
Optical in-situ system-UV Extractive with heated probe
NOx
0-2000 mg/Nm3 and line (>180°C) + FTIR
Optical in-situ system-UV Extractive with heated probe
SO2
0-500 mg/Nm3 and line (>180°C) + FTIR
Optical in-situ system-IR Extractive with heated probe
HCl
0-100mg/Nm3 and line (>180°C) + FTIR
Extractive FID
COV
0-200mg/Nm3
CO Protection with ESP
Use precalciner exit CO with
Precalciner Kiln
preheater exit CO as back up

Use kiln exit CO with

Suspension preheater kiln
preheater exit CO as back up

Process guidelines - Gas analyser - Page 2 / 2 06/10/2005 - 11:02

 Best practice /
Coal Mill Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Equipment
Ball mills are better suited for
very hard fuels and certain
Ball mill ,
Central discharge mills cokes. Also need to consider
Equipment Selection Vertical mill Vertical mill Ring roller mills
"deep bowl" mills turndown ratios if AF is
Pendulum mills
significant - need VFD or
something appropriate.
Process Gas
Hot gas from pre heater with Hot gas from pre heater with
Direct or semi direct firing
de dusting de dusting

CO analysers:
- Raw Coal Bin
Sensors - Mill Filter Exit
- Each Pulverised Fuel Bin

O2 analysers:
- Preheater Exit
- Before Mill
- Mill Filter Exit

Temperature sensors Differential temperature across

- Raw coal hopper/silo separator for ball mill
- Before mill
- After mill
- Hot gas duct
- Filter bottom
- Coal dust after filter
- PF silo bottom ( In banks of
four around cone)
- Differential temperature
across filter
Load Cells
- Raw Coal Bin
- Pulverised Coal Bins
Pressure indication
- Before mill
- After mill
- Mill differential pressure
- Filter differential pressure

Dust monitor
- Coal bag filter main stack

Process guidelines - Coal mill - Page 1 / 2 06/10/2005 - 11:00

 Best practice /
Coal Mill Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
Back to table of contents

2Kg/m3 of volume of the Bottle CO2 systems can be

system coal mill, filter, silos and considered if local conditions
Fire suppression system Bulk system C02 ducts and enough for 2 or regulations do not allow
complete discharges (X3 for bulk or if delivery time is
remote locations) excessive.

Study fuel - need to have

temperature limit at mill inlet
and mill outlet appropriate for
Safety for mill and feeding See Safety Equipment in Model See Safety Equipment in Model fuel. Favor high gas volume so
system Plant Plant it can be run cooler. High
volatile O2<12%. Moderate
volatile 21% O2 is OK if
temperature < 70C

Install a dynamic 3rd

generation separator
See Combustion manual for
Pet coke grinding According to Combustion BP Open circuit
fineness vs. volatile
the fineness should be less 0.1
% rejects on 200µ

Process guidelines - Coal mill - Page 2 / 2 06/10/2005 - 11:00

 Best practice /
Cement Grinding Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
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Equipment

Roller Press
Pregrinding circuit with two-
compartment ball mill Ring roller mills,
Equipment Selection Vertical Mill Vertical Mill
circuit.CKP with 2 central discharge mills
compartment mill,
Ball mill

Closed circuit mill with

Ball Mill Circuit separate filter for mill
ventilation and separator

Single compartment with

lifting and classifying liners*
2,8 < L / D <3,2
Ball mill * 27% <Length first
Compartment< 35% mill
effective length.
1st comp: 8 - 10 kWh/t

Ball mill speed 75% of the critical speed 75% of the critical speed <73% Critical speed >78%

Basket variable tip speed

3rd generation high efficiency 10 to 30 m/s, Static separator for pregrinding
1st generation separators, De
Separator separators, radial process air velocity 3 to circuits,
dusting by cyclones
de dusting by filters 5 m/s, fines to separator

By-pass 5 to 10 %
Imperfection < 0.30

Rosin Rammler specification

Acuity <= 15 µm
value to be provided

Air velocity above ball

>1.5% moisture at mill Static separators for separation
charge:1.4 - 2.2 m/s
inlet(Pozzolanic materials of mill dust to final product for
Ventilation ball mill Inside the trunion: < 22m/s
should be dried before open circuit mills and mills
Inside partition:<12m/s
feeding) with old dynamic separators
VFD fan

Process guidelines - Cement grinding - Page 1 / 2 06/10/2005 - 11:28

 Best practice /
Cement Grinding Recommendation
Back to table of contents
Separator Qf/Qa:1.8 kg/m³,
Ventilation separator VFD fan for HES,
The circulating load 200%
Reverse step liners for first
Ball mill internals compartment, classifying liners
for second compartment
central opening adapted to the
filling degree
Intermediate Partition wall
*Material transport capacity
500t/m2/h
central opening adapted to the
filling degree
Outlet partition wall
*Material transport capacity
500t/m2/h
Nominal ball charge loading
28-30% for both
Ball charge compartments,
(installed power on 32%
filling)
Process
Pre requisites for Lucie - Fresh
feed variation through
weighing of separator rejects,
Control
feed accuracy with in +/- 1%,
electronic ear to detect filling
of first compartment.
Feed size passing on
Feed 100% <30mm,
95% < 25mm
Cement temp range:
Temperature control
90-110 deg C
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments
Separator Qf/Qa range: 1.8-
Separator Qf/Qa:1.8 kg/m³,
2.5 kg/m3(200% C.L), Cement
VFD fan for HES, Final product load<0,8 kg/m3
temp 90-110 deg ,
The circulating load 200%
VFD for fan
Reverse step liners in first
compartment with lifting ht Duo lift
range: 70-75mm. Classifying Ripple liners
liners in second compartment
* 6 to 8 mm slot
* Central screen open area 60
Single plate, slots
% minimum
on reverse side of diaphragm
*Provision of Flow control
liners
gates to regulate material
flow
Intermediate partition wall slot
size+2mm,
Higher filling causes higher
specific energy, problems for
>32% ball charge cooling. Ball charge with
pregrinder needs to be
modified
Elevator power
Belt weigher for rejects
Precrushing, drying of wet
additives
Water injection from partition
Cement cooler
wall if required
Process guidelines - Cement grinding - Page 2 / 2 06/10/2005 - 11:28
 Best Practice /
Weighing Dosing Recommendation
Specifications Alternatives Operating target Not advisable Comments

Back to table of contents

Pulverised Coal
Old Pfister > 40 m. Actual limit
is back pressure. Long distance
means more backpressure but
Small bins close to the burning Small bins close to the burning can be compensated for by
point <50 m point <50 m proper design. Schenk Star
New systems of Pfister and
Equipment Selection on cells for calibration on cells for calibration feeder with high pressure
Pfister Coriolis > 50 m
Schenck Coriolis, Schenck Coriolis, transport line not
Variation < 0,5 % (short term) Variation < 0,5 % (short term) recommended (low tolerance).
Schenk Coriolis + Bremer
Screw + FK pump for long
distance is very good.
Minimum number of elbows Minimum number of elbows
Velocity
velocity >= 25 m/s velocity >= 25 m/s
Solid concentration 4-6 kg/nm3 4-6 kg/nm3 > 7 kg/nm3
Raw meal

Both still recommend level bin

ahead of scale to minimize silo
Equipment Schenk Coriolis Pfister flushes. Using airlift pressure to
Weigh Feeder calculate flow can be
sufficiently accurate.

Effective weighing Variation < 0,5 % (short term) Variation < 0,5 % (short term) Accuracy < 0,5 % (short term)

Transport Elevator Elevator Air-lift

Process guidelines - Weighing-dosing - Page 1 / 1 06/10/2005 - 11:05