A PROJECT REPORT

ON
AUTOMATIC P’APER CUTTING MACHINE USING GENEVA MECHANISM
Submitted To

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

ANANTHAPURAM

For the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree for

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

M.RAKESHKUMAR (16F15A0307)
S.GIRIDHAR (15F11A0327)
T.ABDUL NAYEEM (15F11A0332)
SK.NOOR ISLAM (15F11A0329)

Under The Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.M.VENKATESH, M.Tech.
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUDUR
(Affiliated to JNTU Anantapur-515001,Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Gudur, SPSR Nellore (DT), A.P. 2019

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 NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE :: GUDUR

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution, Approved by AICTE New Delhi

&Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu )
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled AUTOMATIC PAPER CUTTING

USING BY GENEVA MECHANISM that is being submitted by M.RAKESH
KUMAR, S.GIRIDHAR,T.ABDUL NAYEEM,SK.NOOR ISLAM.in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to JNTUA Ananthapuramu is
recorded to be the bonafide work carried out by him/her under my guidance
and supervision.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THEDEPARTMENT

Mr.M.VENKATESH, M.Tech Mr. B.V.KRISHNAIAH, M.Tech,(Ph.D.)

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor & HOD
Mechanical Engineering

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

An endeavor over a long period can be successful only with a device an support
many Well-wishers. We take this opportunity and appreciate all of them.
We wish to express my heart full thanks and deep sense of gratitude to the
honorable

Chairman P. NARAYANA GARU, for his encouragement and inspiration

Throughout the process.
Our special thanks to Dr. CH.V.S.PARAMESWARA RAO Garu, Principal of
Narayana Engineering College, Gudur who provided us all the required
Facilities and helped in accomplishing the project within time.
we are thankful to Mr. B.V.KRISHNAIAH Garu, Head of the department for his
constant source of inspiration and motivation.
we are thankful to our project guide Mr. M.VENKATESH, Assistant professor
for his valuable guidance and efforts throughout the project.

Finally we would like to extend our deep sense of gratitude to all the staff
members (teaching and non-teaching), friends and last but not least greatly
indebted to my parents who inspired me at all circumstances.

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 ABSTRACT

Geneva drive or Maltese cross is a indexing mechanism that converts

the continuous motion into intermittent motion. By means of this mechanism
the rotary motion of the driver wheel is converting into intermittent rotary
motion of sprocket.

The film passed over the sprocket. Due to the intermittent motion, the film
advanced frame by frame in front of lens for 1/24th second in frequency of 48
Hz. The Geneva wheel is the simplest and most widely used mechanism to
provide intermittent motion from a continuously rotating input.

However, the dynamic properties of Geneva mechanisms are not ideal, and
typically lead to step changes in acceleration. A four bar linkage with the drive
pin located at a coupler point roves to be an appealing solution to reduce
acceleration and jerk this paper proposes a highly efficient method to generate
a four bar linkage Geneva wheel drive with optimized dynamics characteristics.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Geneva Mechanism 8

2 External Geneva Mechanism 9

3 Internal Geneva Mechanism 10

4 Spherical Geneva Mechanism 10

5 Automatic paper cutting machine using 12

Geneva mechanism

6 Working Stages Of Geneva Mechanism 12

7 Dwell Period 15

8 Working Process 15

9 Intermittent Mechanism 17

10 Ball Bearing 20

11 Project Model 22

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Z No. Of Slots
R Radius of Geneva Wheel
rD Radius of driving wheel
r Radius of cam
rp radius of pin
a Centre distance between Geneva cross & thecentre of cam disc
ds Diameter Of Shaft
t Slot Width
l Slot Length
L Shaft Length
Y Angle Of Locking Section
α Semi Indexing Angle (Driven)
β Semi Indexing Angle (Driver)
€ Gear ratio
v Indexing Time Ratio
T Time
ω1 angular velocity of cam
ω2 angular velocity of driven disc

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Geneva mechanism is commonly used indexing mechanism where an

intermittent motion is required.

The Inverse Geneva mechanism, which is a variation of the Geneva

mechanism, is used where the wheel has to rotate in the same Direction as
crank.

It requires less radial space and the locking device can be a circular segment
attached to the crank that locks by wiping against a built up rim on the
periphery of the wheel.

The design and fabricating of a conventional Geneva mechanism is gen-

erally simple and inexpensive because there is no specially curved profile on
any of the components except straight lines and circular arcs.

However, due to the discontinuity of the acceleration at the beginning and

ending positions, the short- coming of using conventional Geneva mechanism
is the large impact when the driving crank engages and disengages with the
wheel slot.

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 1.1 GENEVA MECHANISM

Fig.1. GENEVA MECHANISM

In this mechanism, for every turn of the driver wheel A, the driven
wheel B makes a quarter turn. The pin, attached to driver wheel A, moves in
the slots causing the motion of wheel B.

The contact between the lower parts of driver A with the corresponding hollow
part of wheel B retains it in position when the pin is out of the slot. Wheel A is
cut away near the pin as shown, in order to provide clearance for wheel B as it
moves.

If one of the slots is closed, A can make less than one revolution in either
direction before the pin strikes the closed slot and, stopping the motion.

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1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF GENEVA MECHANISM

1.2.1 EXTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM: In this type of mechanism, the

Geneva cross is connected with cam drive externally which is the most popular
and which is represented by the device below fig.

FIG.2. EXTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM

1.2.2 INTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM: In this type of mechanism, the

Geneva cross and cam drive are connected internally in the closed box, which
is also common and is illustrated by below fig.

Fig.3. INTERNAL GENEVA MECHANISM

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1.2.3 SPHERICAL GENEVA MECHANISM: In this type of mechanism the
Geneva cross is in spherical shape and cam drive are connected in externally,
which is extremely rare and is illustrated in below fig

Fig.4. SPHERICAL GENEVA MECHANISM

ADVANTAGES OF GENEVA MECHANISM

 Geneva mechanism may be the simplest and least Expensive of all

intermittent motion mechanisms.
 They come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from those used in
instruments, to those used in machine tools to index spindle carriers
weighing several tons.
 They have good motion curves characteristics compared to ratchets,
but exhibit more “jerk” or instantaneous change in acceleration, than
better cam systems
 Geneva maintains good control of its load at all Times, since it is
provided with locking ring surfaces.

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DISADVANTAGES OF GENEVA MECHANISM

 The Geneva is not a versatile mechanism.

 The ratio of dwell period to motion is also established Once the no of
dwells per revolution has been selected.
 All Geneva acceleration curves start and end With finite ac-
celeration & deceleration.
 This means they produce jerk.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The design and analysis of paper cutting machine based on Geneva was
analyzed by Vijay etal. , They presented a comparison of the position, velocity,
acceleration, and jerk between the classical Geneva wheel mechanism and the
proposed mechanism.

This analysis presents a kinematic study of a mechanism incorporating a

Geneva wheel and a gear train to achieve intermittent motion and was declared
as a designated analysis and succeeded largely due to its positive economic
factors.

The design and fabrication of paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism
is useful to cut papers in equal and accurate dimension. The analysis and
synthesis of Geneva mechanism with elliptical crank has been studied by Han
Jiguang Yu Kang . Hrones and Nelson , in their paper on Analysis of the Four-
Bar Linkage gives review that a 4-bar mechanism is a basic 1-DOF (degree of
freedom) mechanism.

A 4-bar is created by selecting four link lengths and joining the links with
revolute joints to form a loop. A wide variety of paths are possible by arbitrarily
choosing a point on the coupler curve. These different curves can be obtained
by constructing a physical model of the mechanism and viewing the path of
various points without detailed mathematical analysis.

In the Force analysis of the Geneva wheel and face cam in automat, Madhoo et
al., driven the automat using single motor for different operations. Here they
focus on two main parts they are Geneva wheel and Face cam which are used
for their respective operations. Geneva Wheel is used to index the drum which

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consists of 96 spindles. Due to this Geneva mechanism each of the spindles
will hold the ceramic body when the drum is being indexed.
Due to which there is a force which is generated in the Geneva wheel is in
maximum and minimum position in Cutting mechanism by giving feed through
Geneva mechanism.

P. Kali sindhur :-
This report provide to designed a bekdrive with the help of
Geneva mechanism used for giving feed and gives smooth operation and
movement of the feed at required time interval.

Han Jiguang Yu :-
The both inner and outer Geneva mechanim. The
kinematics coefficient of the Geneva mechanim is a stable if the groove number
of the Geneva wheel is contant. The elliptic crank using as the drive crank of
the Geneva wheel is equal to the mechanim which has a variable length and
speed along the elliptical moving crank.

David B.Dooner :-
This paper is about kinematic study of a mechanim
incorporating a Geneva wheel and a gear train to achieve intermittent motion.
The goal of this mechanism is to eradicate the acceleration jump at the
beginning and end of the Geneva wheel motion

N.Sarnbath kumar :-
This paper is to optimalize the meauring height of work piece.
Generally the plug gauges are used to measure the components. As an
alternative of using manual inspection, automatic system by means of
pneumatic con-parators i used.

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The manual inspection is not so capable. So, few improvement is needed in this
measuring device. In this device the dimensions are measured by using the
comparator setup.

Controf Brown S.C :-

Large, outdoor Belt Conveyor Systems for mass materials are major
sources of industrial noise and often beconle an environmental emisions
problem for many existing and proposed plants. Deficiency in the industry 's
understanding of the complex, underlying conveyor noise generate mechanisms
has meant there are relatively few practical and cost-effective noise
management strategies.

Konakalla Naga Sri Ananth I :-

Bek conveyor is the moving of material from one location to another.
Bek conveyor has high weight carrying capacity, huge length of conveying path,
easy design and maintenance and high reliability of operation. Belt Conveyor
system is also used in material movement in foundry shop like deliver and
distribution of moulding sand, molds and elimination of waste.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODS AND METHODOLOGY

In the four slot Geneva stop, both wheels are the same size. In Geneva drives
with different numbers of slots a little geometry soon reveals the relative sizes
of the wheel.
For example, in the six-slot design, left, the slots are sixty degrees apart. The
drive pin needs to enter the top of the slot at an angle of ninety degrees. With
the angles fixed, working out the dimensions is straight forward. In the six slot
example, construct a right angled triangle with one the angles being sixty
degrees.

The radii (radiuses?) of the two wheels are the lengths to the two shortest sides
of the triangle and the wheels are separated by the length of the longest side.
The Geneva drive is named after the city of its invention where it was used in
the construction of clocks. Originally the Geneva mechanism was used as a
way of preventing springs from being wound too tight. One of the slots would
be blanked off so the winder
could only be turned a fixed number of turns.

Fig.5. GEOMETRY OF PAPER CUTTING

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In the most common arrangement, the driven wheel has four slots and thus
ad- vances for each rotation of the driver wheel by one step of 90° If the driven
wheel has n slots, it advances by 360°/n per full rotation of the drive wheel.

Fig.6. WORKING STAGES OF GENEVA MECHANISM

FOUR BAR CHAIN MECHANISM

The crank and lever mechanism is a four bar mechanism. A four bar
mechanism consists of four rigid link which are linked in the form of
quadrilateral by four pin joints. A link that makes complete revolution is called
crank, the link opposite to the fixed link is the coupler and forth link is a lever
or rocker if oscillates or another crank if rotates. This four bar mechanism has
three inversions.

Here the crank rocker or crank lever mechanism is used. In a four bar linkage,
if the shorter side link revolves and the other rocks (i.e., oscillates), it is called a
crank-rocker mechanism.

The crank is a rotating element which is used to transmit the power. The crank
and lever mechanism is used to transform rotational motion into translational

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motion by means of a rotating driving beam, a connection rod and a sliding
body. A flexible body is used for the connection rod. The sliding mass is not
allowed to rotate.

Figure. FOUR BAR CHAIN MECHANISM

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LIST OF COMPONENTS

 DRIVER GEAR
 CAM & PIN
 GENEVA GEAR OR MALTESE CROSS
 SPROCKET
 SHAFT
 ROLLER CHAIN
 PAPER CUTTER
 COIL SPRING
 PAPER ROLLER
 BEARINGS

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 1. COMPONENTS

 DRIVER GEAR
The input is given manually by handle through this
Driver gear. It’s a one type of continuous motion

Fig. DRIVER GEAR

 CAM & PIN

It’s main part of this mechanism. Because it

converts The continuous rotary motion into intermittent motion by guiding
the Geneva cross along its circular path. Then it converts this motion as
require for the movement of film frame.

Fig. CAM & PIN

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  Geneva Wheel

In Geneva wheel, the driven wheel has four slots

and thus advances by one step of 90 degrees for each rotation of the drive
wheel. If the driven wheel has n slots, it advances by 360°/n per full rotation of
the drive wheel.

Figure . Geneva Mechanism

The drive wheel is connected to the sprocket which rotates by the roller
chain. The Geneva wheel is connected to the shaft which has the paper roller.
This paper roller is kept to feed the paper.

The driver sprocket drives the pin to rotate in the sprocket axis. When pin
mesh with the Geneva, it rotates the Geneva wheel by sliding in between the
slots given. The Geneva is the driven wheel which moves with an intermittent
motion. Hence the power is transmitted to the roller with a given interval of
time.

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  Sprocket

A sprocket or sprocket-wheels a profiled wheel with teeth,

cogs, or even sprockets that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or
indented material.
The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which
radial projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear
in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley
in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.
f

Figure. Sprocket

 Shaft

A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from

one place to another.
The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the
resultant torque (or twisting moment) set up within the shaft permits the power
to be transferred to various machines linked up to the shaft.

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 Figure. Shaft

 Roller Chain
Roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for
transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and
agricultural machinery, including conveyors, wire and tube-drawing machines,
printing presses, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles.

It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side

links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket. It is a simple, reliable,
and efficient means of power transmission.

Figure 8. Roller Chain

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 The roller chain design reduces friction compared to simpler
designs, resulting in higher efficiency and less wear.
The original power transmission chain varieties lacked rollers and
bushings, with both the inner and outer plates held by pins which directly
contacted the sprocket teeth; however this configuration exhibited extremely
rapid wear of both the sprocket teeth, and the plates where they pivoted on the
pins.
This problem was partially solved by the development of
bushed chains, with the pins holding the outer plates passing through
bushings or sleeves connecting the inner plates.

 Paper Cutter
A paper cutter is a tool, designed to cut a large set of paper at
once with a straight edge. Paper cutters vary in size. The surface will usually
have a grid either painted or inscribed on it, often in half-inch increments, and
may have a ruler across the top. At the very least, it must have a flat edge
against which the user may line up the paper at right-angles before passing it
under the blade. It is usually relatively heavy, so that it will remain steady
while in use.

Figure. scissor

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 On the right-hand edge is a long, curved steel blade, often referred to
as a knife, attached to the base at one corner. Larger versions have a
strong compression coil spring as part of the attachment mechanism
that pulls the knife against the stationary edge as the knife is drawn
down to cut the paper. The other end of the knife unit is a handle.

 Paper Roller

Paper roller is an element which is used to roll the paper while

the intermittent motion. The paper roller used here is a shaft. A shaft is used to
roll the paper. A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit
power from one place to another. There are two types of shaft which are
transmission shaft and machine shaft.

Figure 9. Paper Roller

The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the
resultant torque (or twisting moment) set up within the shaft permits the power
to be transferred to various machines linked up to the shaft. In order to
transfer the power from one shaft to another, the various members such as
pulleys gears etc., are mounted on it. These members along with the forces
exerted upon them causes the shaft to bending. In other words, we may say
that a shaft is used for the transmission of torque and bending moment.

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  Coil Spring
A coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a
mechanical device, which is typically used to store energy due to resilience and
subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between
contacting surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the shape
of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded
.

Figure 10. Coil Spring

One type of coil spring is a torsion spring: the material of

the spring acts in torsion when the spring is compressed or extended. The
quality of spring is judged from the energy it can absorb. The spring which is
capable of absorbing the greatest amount of energy for the given stress is the
best one. Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped
former - a cylinder is used to form cylindrical coil springs.

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  BEARINGS

Generally speaking, a bearing is a device that is used to

enable rotational or linear movement, while reducing friction and handling
stress. Resembling wheels, bearings literally enable devices to roll, which
reduces the friction between the surface of the bearing and the surface it’s
rolling over. It’s significantly easier to move, both in a rotary or linear fashion,
when friction is reduced—this also enhances speed and efficiency.

 Types of Bearings

There are numerous different kinds of bearings that are designed to handle
radial load, thrust load, or some combination of the two. Because different
applications require bearings that are designed to handle a specific kind of load
and different amounts of weight, the differences between types of bearings
concern load type and ability to handle weight.

 Ball Bearings

Ball bearings are extremely common because they can handle

both radial and thrust loads, but can only handle a small amount of weight.
They are found in a wide array of applications, such as roller blades and even
hard drives, but are prone to deforming if they are overloaded.

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  ROLLER BEARINGS

Roller bearings are designed to carry heavy loads—the

primary roller is a cylinder, which means the load is distributed over a larger
area, enabling the bearing to handle larger amounts of weight. This structure,
however, means the bearing can handle primarily radial loads, but is not suited
to thrust loads. For applications where space is an issue, a needle bearing can
be used. Needle bearings work with small diameter cylinders, so they are easier
to fit in smaller applications.

 BALL THRUST BEARINGS

These kinds of bearings are designed to handle almost

exclusively thrust loads in low-speed low-weight applications. Bar stools, for
example, make use of ball thrust bearings to support the seat.

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 MOTOR
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple
electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic
field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will
experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the
strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from
playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities
attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel.
The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the
magnetic interaction between a current carrying conductor and an
external magnetic field to generate rotational motion. The specification of
motor used is 12 Volts, 4.5 Amps with 30 rpm.

Figure. MOTOR

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  POWER SUPPLY

The ac voltage, typically 12V, is connected to a battery,

which steps that dc voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A
rectifier then provides a voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor
filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple
or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains
the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to
the output dc voltage changes.

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1. MATERIALS

 Geneva wheel ---------> M S plate

 Shaft --------------------> M S rod
 Bearings ----------------> deep groove ball bearing
 Cam drive --------------> aluminium alloy plate
 Geneva cross ----------> steel plate
 Sprockets ---------------> acrylic fibre
 Pressure roller ----------> polymers
 Base, stand --------------> steel

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 CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL WORKS

This model parts are Geneva mechanism, motor, chain

sprocket, roller, cutter and spring. Two rollers are mounted according to the
required distance the belt is mounted on the rollers on which the paper is
placed. The rollers shaft is coupled with the Geneva drive.

The Geneva drives shaft is coupled with the motor shaft hence when
power is supplied to the motor rollers rotate with a certain time delay according
to the Geneva drive and the chain drive moves along the rollers.

Motor connecting to the chain sprocket and sprocket connecting to the

Geneva mechanism. Motor has been on to rolling the Geneva so that start to
the paper roll. One roller has fixed on the try another roller connecting in
Geneva wheel. Cutter fixed to the spring connecting to cutter.

Motor shaft connect to cutter wire motor has been rotating cutter is upon
down motion then cutting to the paper this is the automatic paper cutting
machine by using Geneva mechanism. The following steps are followed for
conduction.

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  When cam pin is in extreme right position i.e. engage position, the crank
shaft will be at extreme bottom position. Hence the cutter is in full open
position.
 When cam pin is in extreme bottom position i.e. disengage position, the
crank shaft will be at extreme left position. Hence the cutter is in partial
cutting position.
 When cam pin is in extreme left position i.e. disengage position, the
crank shaft will be at extreme top position. Hence the cutter is in full
cutting position.
 When cam pin is in extreme top position i.e. disengage position, the
crank shaft will be at extreme right position.
Hence the paper cutting is achieved by above four process of Geneva
and cutter.

Fig. GENEVA MECHANISM

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Intermittent or Geneva mechanism

The intermittent mechanism can be constructed in

different ways. For smaller gauge projectors (8 mm and 16 mm), a pawl
mechanism engages the film's sprocket hole one side, or holes on each side.
This pawl advances only when the film is to be moved to the next image. As the
pawl retreats for the next cycle it is drawn back and does not engage the film.
This is similar to the claw mechanism in a motion picture camera.

In 35 mm and 70 mm projectors, there usually is a special

sprocket immediately underneath the pressure plate, known as the
intermittent sprocket. Unlike all the other sprockets in the projector, which run
continuously, the in- termittent sprocket operates in tandem with the shutter,
and only moves while the shutter is blocking the lamp, so that the motion of
the film cannot be seen. The intermittent movement in these projectors is
usually provided by a Geneva drive, also known as the Maltese cross
mechanism.

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  METHODOLGY
Two rollers are mounted according to the required
distance the belt is mounted on the rollers on which the paper is placed. The
rollers shaft is coupled with the Geneva drive. The Geneva drives shaft is
coupled with the motor shaft hence when power is supplied to the motor rollers
rotate with a certain time delay according to the Geneva drive and the chain
drive moves along the rollers.
Motor connecting to the chain sprocket and sprocket
connecting to the Geneva mechanism. Motor has been on to rolling the Geneva
so that start to the paper roll. One roller has fixed on the try another roller
connecting in Geneva wheel.
Cutter fixed to the spring connecting to cutter. Motor shaft
connect to cutter wire motor has been rotating cutter is upon down motion
then cutting to the paper this is the automatic paper cutting machine by using
Geneva mechanism.

Fig. DWELL PERIOD FOR MECHANISM

Fig. DWELL PERIOD FOR MECHANISM

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 DESIGN CALCULATION

1. SPECIFICATIONS

 Number of Slots, Z= 4
 Radius of Geneva wheel, R = 40 mm
 Distance between centres of Geneva Wheel &driven
wheel a= 56.5 mm
 Radius of driving Wheel, rd= 60 mm
 Radius of cam, r= 40mm
 Radius of pin, rp=2.5mm

DESIGN CALCULATION FOR CAM DRIVE

o Angle of locking section, γ= π/2 (Z+2) =270˚

o Semi-indexing angle(driven) α= π/Z = 45˚
o Semi-indexing angle (driver) β= π(Z-2)/(2Z) =45˚
o Gear ratio є=1 for Z=4
o Radius ratio, µ= R/r =1.000
o ndexing time ratio, ν= β/π =0.2500

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DESIGN CALCULATION FOR BEARING & GENEVA CROSS

FOR GENEVA CROSS:

Slot width, t = 5 mm
Length of Slot, l= 25 mm
Shaft diameter, ds= 15 mm
Thickness, b = 5m
FOR BEARINGS:

Here we used ball bearings.

Bearing of basic design no. (SKF) = 6000

Inner diameter of bearing, d = 10 mm

Outer diameter of bearing, D = 26 mm

Static capacity, Co= 19 KN

Dynamic capacity, C = 36 KN

Assume :

Time T=0.166 sec

Speed N=360 rpm (N=60/T)

Angular velocity of driving crank

ω1= 2πN/60 =37.7rad/sec

Angular velocity of driven disc

ω2 =λ/ (1-λ) ω =91.012rad/sec

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 MATERIAL SELECTION

Sr.No. Part Name Material No. of

Material

1 Geneva wheel Mild steel 1

2 Sprockets Cast iron 2

3 Roller chain Stainless steel 1

4 Paper cutter Steel 1

5 Paper roller Mild steel 1

6 Coil spring Steel alloy 2

7 Shaft Mild steel 3

8 Frame and base Mild steel 1

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 COST ESTIMATION

Sr.No. Part Name Cost

1 Geneva wheel 1200

2 Sprockets 1400

3 Roller chain 360

4 Paper cutter 150

5 Paper roller 250

6 Coil spring 350

7 Shaft 1800

8 Frame, base and other materials 2500

9 Service charge 3000

TOTAL 11010

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Page | 39
 CHAPTER 5
FABRICATING PROCEDURE

GENEVA WHEEL DESIGN

The basic design criteria of a Geneva wheel is that the centrelines of the
slot and crank are mutually perpendicular at engagement and at
Disengagement. The crank, which usually rotates at a uniform angular Velocity
carries a roller to engage with the slots.

During one revolution of the crank the Geneva wheel ro- tates a
fractional part of the revolution, the amount of which is dependent upon the
number of slots.

The Circular segment attached to the crank effectively locks the wheel
Against rotation when the roller is not in engagement and also positions the
wheel for correct engagement of the roller with the next slot.

The design of the Geneva mechanism is initiated by specifying the Crank

radius, the roller diameter and the number of slots.

At least 3 slots Are neces- sary but most problems can be solved with
wheels having from 4 to 12 slots. The angle (β) is half the angle subtended by
adjacent slots I.e. where n is the number of slots in the wheel.

Then, defining r2 as the crank radius we have, Where c is the centre

distance. Note that the actual Geneva wheel radius is more than that which
would be obtained by a zero-diameter roller.

This is due to the difference between the sin and the tangent of the
angle subtended by the roller, measured from the wheel centre.

The final step in the design process is to choose a convenient radius

for the circular pert of the Geneva wheel, which meshes with the input wheel
lock- ing the Geneva wheel.

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 Fig.11. GENEVA WHEEL DESIGN

A ball bearing used for fix the shaft on stand on base. The bearing se-
lected according to the diameter of the shaft.

The shaft was threaded on its both ends. The driver gear And cam are
inserted to the shaft on threaded end.

Then the Maltese cross also fitted with sprockets on its end. Sprockets
are designed according to the film frame width. Pressure rollers are provided
for regular movement of film frame.

A handle is fitted to the driver gear manual input. Fi- nally all these
arrangements are fit on the base.

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  Fabricating process

The Geneva Wheel Mechanism, which was manufactured, had 9 parts.

They were the two Geneva wheel pieces, two circular locking slots, a Crank Pin,
a spacer plate, two Shaft Pins to carry the Geneva wheel and the input shaft
and a Base plate.

The Geneva wheel was manufactured by turning a 10 mm thick MS Plate

to the external dimensions. Then the profile was punch marked on the plate.
The plate was put in a indexing milling machine and the Profile was milled to
the required dimensions including the cutting of slots.

The locking wheel was also punch marked and milled to the required di-
mensions. The crank pin was made by gas cutting the required shape and the
roller pin was fitted at the required distance of 50 mm from the crank centre.
All the other components were turned to the required dimensions. The Base
plate as cut out of a 4 mm thick transparent acrylic plate. The holes for
carrying the shafts were then drilled by using a 16mm drill taking care of the
distance be- tween the centres.

 Geneva wheel analysis

The Analysis of Geneva wheel is done by drawing the position of the pin
and the Geneva wheel at the required position.

The position of the Geneva wheel is given by, Differentiating this with
respect to time we get, Differentiat- ing again with respect time we get, These
equations are valid only in the region – (90-b) to (90-b) of the input crank
angle.

At all other angles the Geneva wheel is stationary and hence both angular
velocity and acceleration are zero. Both the angular and acceleration are
plotted as a function of input angle in the accom- panying plot for an input
angular velocity of 1 rad/sec.

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 APPLICATIONS & USES

 STEPPER
 MECHANICAL WATCHES
 PLOTTERS
 CNC MACHINE
 IRON RING CLOCK

 Modern film projectors may also use an electronically controlled index-

ing mechanism or stepper motor, which allows for fast-forwarding the
film.

 Geneva wheels having the form of the driven wheel were also used in
mechanical watches, but not in a drive, rather to limit the tension of the
spring, such that it would operate only in the range where its elastic force
is nearly linear.

 Geneva drive include the pen change mechanism in plotters, automated

sampling devices.

 Indexing tables in assembly lines, tool changers for CNC machines, and
so on.

 The Iron Ring Clock uses a Geneva mechanism to provide intermittent

motion to one of its rings.

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 MERITS

 The sequence of slides can be altered to meet specific needs.

 May be adopted to group or to individual user
 One can control the length of time each one is shown to allow for
expla- nation, questions from the audience, or discussion of the
problem at hand.
 The audience will focus its attention on the one slide being shown.
 Easily handled, stored and rearranged for various uses.
 The room need not be extremely dark for projection.

 DEMERITS

 The fixed sequence does not permit easy flexibility.

 Can get out of sequence and be projected incorrectly if slides are
handled individually use of the never automatic projectors will
alleviate this problem as the sequence can be worked out and
loaded into the special car bridge before presentation.

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

1. The design and fabrication of paper cutting machine using the Geneva
mechanism is will be very useful in small scale industries.
2. There are many machines based on paper cutting but it has some
demerits like large in size, costly, need skilled people to operate and it
needs electrical input.
3. But our machine will overcome these demerits by compact in size, less
cost, no need for skilled people and there is no need for electrical input.
4. The only need is slight manual input to rotate the handle. The design
procedure is done for fabricating the Geneva wheel and other elements
of this machine. The paper feed is adjusted by changing the
circumference of the roller.
5. Thus the paper cutting in accurate dimensions without marking the
paper is achieved by getting the intermittent motion by Geneva
mechanism.
6. This intermittent motion is used to feed the paper between the cutting
periods of the crank and lever mechanism.
7. The crank and lever mechanism helps in cutting the paper.
8. This mechanism actuates the cutter when the Geneva is in disengaged
position.
9. Thus the required intermittent motion is achieved. Hence the paper is
feed and cut by crank and lever mechanism.
10. The main aim for the mechanism is to reduce timing for paper
cutting and neglect the time for marking the paper, this aim is achieved
in our paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 C.Y. Cheng, Y. Lin, Improving dynamic performance of the Geneva

mechanism using non-linear spring elements, Mecha- nism and Machine
Theory 30(1995) 119–129.

 E.A. Dijksman, Jerk-free Geneva wheel driving, Journal of Mechanisms 1

(1966) 235–283.

 E.A. Fenton, Geneva mechanisms connected in series, ASME Journal of

Engineering for Industry 97 (1975) 603–608.

 E.A. Sadek, J.L. Lloyd, M.R. Smith, A new design of Geneva drive to
reduce shock loading, Mechanism and Machine Theory 25 (1990) 589–
595.

 F.L. Litvinov, Gear Geometry and Applied Theory, Prentice- Hall, New
Jersey, 1994.Fig. 12. Embodiment of the design and operation sequence.

 F.L. Litvinov, Theory of Gearing, NASA, Washington, DC, 1989.

 G. Figliolini, J. Angeles, Synthesis of conjugate Geneva mecha- nisms

with curved slots, Mechanism and Machine Theory 37 (2002) 1043–
1061.

 H.P. Lee, Design of a Geneva mechanism with curved slots us- ing
parametric polynomials, Mechanism and Machine Theory 33 (3) (1998)
321–329.

 J.J. Lee, K.F. Huang, Geometry analysis and optimal design of Geneva
mechanisms with curved slots, Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Science, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechani- cal Engineers, Part C
218 (4) (2004) 449–4540–45.

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FUTURE SCOPE :

 Design Opetimization Of a Geneva Mechanism For Internal Combustion

Engine Application.

 Bottle Indexing and Filling Mechanism.

 It Can be Used in Pen Changed Mechanism In Plotters.

 It has a great scope in automated sampling industries

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