PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF MULTY STORY

BUILDING

Abstract:-

Pushover analysis is a static, nonlinear procedure using simplified nonlinear technique to

estimate seismic structural deformations. It is an incremental static analysis used to determine
the force-displacement relationship, or the capacity curve, for a structure or structural
element. The analysis involves applying horizontal loads, in a prescribed pattern, to the
structure incrementally, i.e. pushing the structure and plotting the total applied shear force
and associated lateral displacement at each increment, until the structure or collapse
condition. In technique a computer model of the building is subjected to a lateral load of a
certain shape (i.e., inverted triangular or uniform). The intensity of the lateral load is slowly
increased and the sequence of cracks, yielding, plastic hinge formation, and failure of various
structural components is recorded. Pushover analysis can provide a significant insight into the
weak links in seismic performance of a structure. The performance criteria for pushover
analysis are generally established as the desired state of the building given roof-top or
spectral displacement amplitude. The seismic response of RC building frame in terms of
performance point and the effect of earthquake forces on multi story building frame with the
help of pushover analysis is carried out in this paper. In the present study a building frame is
designed as per Indian standard i.e. IS 456:2000 and IS 1893:2002. The main objective of this
study is to check the kind of performance a building can give when designed as per Indian
Standards. The pushover analysis of the building frame is carried out by using structural
analysis and design software ETABS.
1. INTRODUCTION

When structures (buildings/bridges) are subjected to strong earthquake ground

motions, they exhibit inelastic behaviour, which cannot be assessed using an elastic analysis.
A nonlinear analysis to evaluate the seismic performance of structures considering the post-
elastic behaviour is needed, to predict the vulnerability of the structures, and their
survivability under severe earthquake ground motions. Various simplified nonlinear analysis
methods to estimate the maximum inelastic displacement demand of structures are proposed
in literature. The nonlinear static analysis or pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time-
history analysis have been carried out in this study.
Pushover analysis is an approximate analysis method in which the structure is
subjected to monotonically increasing lateral forces with an invariant height-wise distribution
until a target displacement is reached. Pushover analysis consists of a series of sequential
elastic analysis, superimposed to approximate a force-displacement curve of the overall
structure. A two or three dimensional model which includes bilinear or tri-linear load-
deformation diagrams of all lateral force resisting elements is first created and gravity loads
are applied initially. A predefined lateral load pattern which is distributed along the building
height is then applied. The lateral forces are increased until some members yield. The
structural model is modified to account for the reduced stiffness of yielded members and
lateral forces are again increased until additional members yield. The process is continued
until a control displacement at the top of building reaches a certain level of deformation or
structure becomes unstable. The roof displacement is plotted with base shear to get the global
capacity curve.
Pushover analysis can be performed as force-controlled or displacement-controlled. In
force- controlled pushover procedure, full load combination is applied as specified, that is,
force- controlled procedure should be used when the load is known. Also, in force-controlled
pushover procedure some numerical .Problems that affect the accuracy of results occur since
target displacement may be associated with a very small positive or even a negative lateral
stiffness because of the development of mechanisms and P-delta effects.
Pushover analysis is the preferred tool for seismic performance evaluation of
structures by the major rehabilitation guidelines and codes because it is conceptually and
computationally simple. Pushover analysis allows tracing the sequence of yielding and failure
on member and structural level as well as the progress of overall capacity curve of the
structure.
1.1 PURPOSE OF DOING PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
The pushover is expected to provide information on many response characteristics
that cannot be obtained from an elastic static or dynamic analysis. The following are the
examples of such response characteristics:
 Identification of the critical regions in which the deformation demands are expected to
be high and that have to become the focus through detailing.
 Consequences of the strength deterioration of individual elements on behaviour of the
structural system.
 Estimates of the deformations demands for elements that have to form in-elastically in
order to dissipate the energy imparted to the structure.
 The realistic force demands on potentially brittle elements, such as axial force
demands on columns, force demands on brace connections, moment demands on
beam to column connections, shear force demands in reinforced concrete beams, etc.

2. BASIC CONFIGURATION OF BUILDING

 Base dimensions of building : L(x) = 20.0 m
L(y) = 12.0 m
Storey Bays length Height of floor Bays in x-direction Bays in y-direction
(m)
G+6 5 3 5 4

Fig 1.1 PLAN AND 3-D VIEW OF BUILDING

 Column Size (Base and Plinth) : 400 × 600
 Column Size (Other floors) : 400 × 500
 Beam Size : 230 × 500
 Slab : 125mm (Two-way)

2.1 DESIGN LOADS

Design loads are taken according accordance with IS: 875 (Part 1) and (Part 2).
TABLE 1.1 DESIGN LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
LIVE LOAD
LEVEL ROOM INTENSITY (KN/m²)
1) TERRACE ACCESSIBLE TERRACE 1.5
2) TERRACE -1 TO FIRST KITCHEN 2
FLOOR
LIVING ROOM 2
TOILET 2
PASSAGE 3
BALCONY 3
STAIRS 3
SDEAD
LEVEL ROOM INTENSITY (KN/m²)
TERRACE ACCESSIBLE TERRACE 3
OTHER FLOORS KITCHEN 1.5
LIVING 1.5
PASSAGE 1.5
DEAD LOAD INTENSITY (KN/m³)
CONCRETE 25
WALL 20

3. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
The following steps are included in the pushover analysis steps 1 to 4 are to create the
computer model, step 5 runs the analysis and steps 6 to 9 review the pushover analysis
results.
1) Create the basic computer model. Assign sectional properties & apply all type of loads on
the structure.
2) Define properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges. The program includes
several built‐in default hinges that are based on average values from ATC‐40 for concrete
members and average values from FEMA‐273 for steel members. In this analysis, PMM have
been defined at both the column ends and M3 hinges have been defined at both the ends of all
the beams.
3) Locate the pushover hinges on the models by selecting all the frames members and
assigning them one or more hinge properties and hinge locations as shown in figure 1.2 &1.3.

Fig 1.2 ASSIGNMENTS OF HINGES FOR COLUMN

Fig 1.3 ASSIGNMENTS OF HINGES FOR BEAM

4) Define the pushover load case. In ETABS more than one pushover load cases can be run in
the same analysis. Typically the first pushover load case was used to apply gravity load and
subsequent lateral pushover load cases were specified to start from the final condition of
gravity pushover. Pushover load cases can be force controlled, i.e. pushed to a certain defined
force level, or they can be displacement controlled, i.e. pushed to a specified displacement
controlled.

Fig 1.4 PUSHDOWN GRAVITY LOAD CASE

Fig 1.5 PUSH2 LATERAL LOAD CASE

5) Run the basic static analysis. Then run the static nonlinear pushover analysis. The
pushover curve was made for control nodes at each level. This was done by defining a
number of pushover cases in the same analysis and displacement was monitored for a
different node at each case.
6) A table was obtained which gives the coordinates of each step of pushover curve and
summarizes the number of hinges in each state.

Fig 1.6 PUSHOVER CURVE

STEP DISPLACEMENT BASE A-B B- IO- LS- CP- C- D- >E TOTAL

FORCE IO LS CP C D E
0 0 0 1310 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1312
1 0.0228 856.4867 1215 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 1312
2 0.0356 1195.9969 1151 161 0 0 0 0 0 0 1312
3 0.0604 1546.7191 1100 212 0 0 0 0 0 0 1312
4 0.078 1654.713 1060 182 70 0 0 0 0 0 1312
5 0.1221 1786.2322 1056 47 107 102 0 0 0 0 1312
6 0.2209 1926.2644 1036 36 32 208 0 0 0 0 1312
7 0.33 2068.1433 1036 29 39 199 0 0 0 0 1312
8 0.3411 2073.3123 1036 23 39 192 0 0 0 0 1312
9 0.3394 1904.662 1312 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1312
Fig 1.7 PUSHOVER CURVE TABLE
7) The capacity spectrum curve obtained is shown in figure . The performance point for
given set of values is defined by intersection of capacity curve and the single demand
spectrum curve. Also, a table was generated which shows the coordinates of capacity curve
and the demand curve as well as other information used to convert the pushover curve to
Acceleration displacement response spectrum format.

Fig 1.8 CAPACITY SPECTRUM CURVE

8) The pushover displaced shape and sequence of hinge information on a step by step basis
was obtained and is shown in the figures 1.9 to 1.18.
9) Output for the pushover analysis can be printed in a tabular form for the entire model or
for selected of the model. The types of output available in this form include joint
displacements at each step of the pushover, and hinge force, displacement and state at each
steps of the pushover.
Fig 1.9 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 0

Fig 1.10 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 1

Fig 1.11 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 2

Fig 1.12 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 3

 Fig 1.13 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 4

Fig 1.14 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 5

Fig 1.15 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 6

Fig 1.16 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 7

Fig 1.17 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 8

Fig 1.18 DEFORMED SHAPE AT STEP 9

4. RESULT INTERPRETATION
Base shear force at performance point is 1788.575 KN which is of close value of Base
shear force at step no 5. Hence it is required to see hinge formation at step 5. From Fig 1.14
and pushover curve table it becomes clear that hinges formed in beams and columns are not
below immediate occupation level. For a structure to be safe to use it requires no hinge
formation in or above immediate occupation level in governing step.

TABLE 1.2 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE LEVEL

SR NO. PERFORMANCE LEVEL
1 Immediate Occupancy (IO)
2 Life Safety (LS)
3 Collapse prevention (CP)
DESCRIPTION
Minimal damage occurs. Minor inelastic response
may occur. Damage is restricted to narrow
flexural cracking in concrete and permanent
deformations are not apparent.
Some structural damage occurs. Concrete
cracking, reinforcement yield, and minor spalling
of the cover concrete is evident due to the
inelastic response. Limited damage such that the
structure can be essentially restored to its pre-
earthquake condition.
Significant damage occurs. Concrete cracking,
reinforcement yield, and major spalling may
require closure for repair. Permanent offsets may
occur. Partial or complete replacement may be
required.