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SECTION- 1
1. Title of the dissertation: Comparison between 3.0 T and 1.5 T diffusion tensor imaging in
prospective evaluation of brain tumors using fractional anisotropy index in region of interest.
AmuthaBharathi M
Senior Resident
Department of Radiodiagnosis, JIPMER
Mobile number-9629800494
Email ID-amuthabharathi.m@gmail.com
7. Name (s), Designation (s) & Addresses of the guide and co-guide (s) with mobile numbers
and email ID
Interdepartmental
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
1. Title of the dissertation: Comparison between 3.0 T and 1.5 T diffusion tensor imaging in
prospective evaluation of brain tumors using fractional anisotropy index in region of interest.
2. Introduction
A. Problem statement
Water diffusion anisotropy can be estimated by using a diffusion-tensor imaging
technique, suggested by Basser and colleagues. In white matter, water diffuses
preferentially along the directions of the fibers rather than perpendicular to them,
which causes the observed white matter water diffusion anisotropy. On the basis of
this fact, white matter water diffusion anisotropy can be used to track fibers and to
estimate structural integrity and connectivity in white matter. To estimate diffusion
anisotropy, the whole diffusion tensor has to be determined, which involves acquiring
a set of diffusion-weighted MR images with diffusion gradients applied sequentially
in at least six noncollinear directions. Fractional anisotropy (FA) is one commonly
used quantitative measure of anisotropy.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an MRI technique sensitive to the orientation of
mobility in intravoxel water molecules, and it has been widely used for studying
the dependency of water proton diffusion in the brain. In DTI, fractional anisotropy
(FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) are two of the most commonly used scalars. FA
decreases in isotropic water diffusion when water molecules move in all directions,
and increases in anisotropic water diffusion when movement of water molecules is
restricted to a specific direction. MD is equal to one-third of the diffusion tensor trace
and represents a parameter of average molecular motion.
DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING (DTI) is an MRI method that uses directionally
varying gradient fields to elucidate white matter architecture. DTI in combination with
fiber tracking enables the visualization of white matter pathways in vivo.
DTI-based parameters reflect the microstructure of tissue, and are not expected to
depend on the strength of the main magnetic field at which they are determined.
The range of clinical and research applications for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is
expanding rapidly. DTI measurements are highly sensitive to the image signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR), which presents significant challenges as either the resolution is
pushed toward smaller voxels or the diffusion weighting is increased. The noise
sensitivity of DTI may be reduced by the use of optimal DTI encoding sets and more
sensitive receiver coils; alternatively,the image SNR may be improved by scanning at
higher magnetic field strengths. The number of whole-body and head-only scanners
operating at 3.0 T and above is increasing rapidly. Consequently, it is important to
consider the effects of field strength on DTI.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is an MRI technique that takes advantage of the non
random, linear diffusion of water through certain structures in the brain and allow
imaging of white matter tract orientation and integrity not visible normally with T1 and
T2-weighted MRI sequences. One of the main DTI measurements of linear diffusion
is called fractional anisotropy (FA).
B. Rationale
Numerous reports have featured the differences in MRI at 3 T and 1.5 T, but few
investigations have focused on differences in DTI. Parallel imaging using multi-
channel head coils has now been introduced, and its advantages for DTI at higher
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
fields have been reported. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have
yet focused on differences in DTI with parallel imaging between 3T and 1.5 T.
The purpose of this study was to elucidate differences in FA and MD for whole-brain
images derived from DTI between 3 T and 1.5 T, using parallel imaging techniques.
Resolving crossing fibers within a voxel or delineating small white matter structures
in, for example, the subthalamus may be possible with the use of smaller voxels.
Furthermore, fiber-tracking methods suffer especially from the poor spatial resolution
in the section direction, which leads to missed or erroneous connections (23). Thus,
the necessity for a higher SNR exists.
DT imaging and fiber tractography are powerful tools for studying cerebral white
matter and have been applied clinically to assess brain tumors, diffuse axonal injury,
pediatric brain development and cerebral infarcts.
In quantitative terms, the calculated DTI measures are comparable, with F
distributions overlapping but showing a trend toward a small decease in FA. This is in
concurrence with previous work of Jones and Basser (4), where it was shown that at
SNR <25 the FA is overestimated. Calculating FA at a higher SNR should thus yield a
decreased FA, with a reduced overestimation.
In principle, the diffusion properties of water in biological tissues should b
independent of field strength. Field strength, however, will influence the relative SNR
in the image data, possibly leading to sources of bias and instability in the estimates
of DTI measures. The increased SNR at 3.0 T may be useful for obtaining more
accurate diffusion measurements, shortening examination times, or improving the
spatial resolution.
The authors also reported that very low SNR studies (eg, 2 mm isotropic voxels at 1.5
T) resulted in overestimations of FA in regions of isotropic diffusion (gray matter [GM]
and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]).
The reproducibility of DTI measures (FA and MD) appeared to be substantially better
at 3.0 T relative to 1.5 T, which is critical for quantitative studies.
Recent studies have shown that differences exist in the measurement of FA between
different magnetic field strength MRI imaging. This study was designed to see if
higher magnetic strength 3T MRI would have different FA measurements compared
to 1.5T MRI in patients affected with brain tumor.
This study was intended to assess whether higher magnetic field strength DTI is more
sensitive for detecting FA diffusion in the normal WM of patients affected by brain
tumors.
Novelty
This study shows, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct comparison of
single-shot spin-echo echo-planar diffusion- tensor MR imaging of the entire
brain at 1.5 and 3.0 T.
Until recently, nearly all published DTI studies in the human brain were performed at
1.5 T. There is an increasing number of reported clinical and research applications of
DTI at 3.0 T, however.
C. Expected outcome and application
The combination of high field imaging with parallel imaging methods is particularly
advantageous for improving the overall quality of DTI studies for clinical and research
applications.
3T DTI MRI detects higher FA in normal subjects and allows improved fibe
tractography. As such, 3T DTI MRI may still be instrumental in early detection and
assessment of patients
3. Research question(s)
Is there differences in FA value between 1.5 and 3.0 T diffusion tensor imaging in whitematter
tracts of brain tumor patients ?
Is Diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) is useful in assessing the brain tumor patients.
Is there difference in DTI pattern in various brain tumor ?
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
6. Review of literature
A Japanese study by Y. Fushimi et al (2007) shows that in region of interest (ROI) analysis in
thirty healthy volunteers, FA was significantly larger at 3 T than at 1.5T in the centrum
semiovale (P<0.001), middle cerebellar peduncle (P<0.001), cerebral peduncle (P¼0.006),
posterior limb of the internal capsule (P¼0.007), genu (P<0.001) and splenium (P<0.001).FA
was significantly lower at 3 T than at 1.5T in the globus pallidus (P<0.001).
A German study by Hunsche et al (2001) shows that negligible effect on mean diffusivity and
FA between diffusion- tensor MR imaging studies at 3.0 and 1.5 T. Diffusion-tensor MR
imaging at 3.0 T offers better image resolution or shorter imaging time than that at 1.5 T
because of a 40% increase in SNR.
A US study by Alexander et al (2006) showed FA value measurements appeared to be
independent of parallel imaging and field strength, with one exception. Mean FA values in
greymatter were highest for the noisiest data sets (1.5 T with ASSET) and lowest for the least
noisy data sets (3.0 T without ASSET). As greymatter diffusion is generally assumed to be
isotropic, it appears that the noisier data produced greater bias in the FA values for this
region, leading to overestimation of FA for isotropic regions with low SNR.
A Dutch study by Polders et al.(2011) shows in quantitative terms, the calculated DTI
measures are comparable, with FA distributions overlapping but showing a trend toward a
small decease in FA. It was shown that at SNR <25 the FA value is overestimated.
Calculating FA at a higher SNR should thus yield a decreased FA, with a reduced
overestimation
Another US study by Moser et al (2009) shows no statistical difference was found
between mean FA values in 1.5 and 3 Tesla DTI studies for white matter regions studied in
multiple sclerosis patients.
7. Methodology
A. Study design
Prospective Cross sectional (analytical) study
B. Study participants (human)
a. Inclusion criteria
Brain tumor patients referred from neurosurgery.
Age group > 18 years.
Primary / secondary brain tumors.
Postoperative / post chemo / post RT brain tumor patients.
b. Exclusion criteria
Age less than 18.
Patients who have contraindication for MRI like those with pacemakers, cochlear
implants.
Claustrophobic patients.
Sedated / uncooperative patients.
c. Withdrawal criteria, if any (trial-related therapy, follow-up and documentation are
terminated prematurely as it is indicated to ensure safety of the participants)
Not applicable.
d. Rescue criteria, if applicable (starting symptomatic therapy either to control
symptoms of disease or to overcome lack of adequate efficacy of the study drug
or placebo)
Not applicable. :
e. Number of groups to be studied, identify groups with definition
2 group
1.5 T and 3 T
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
C. Sampling
a. Sampling population
All brain tumor pateints referred from neurosurgery who fulfills the inclusion
criteria will be enrolled into the study.
b. Samplesize calculation
c. Sampling technique
Convenient sampling.All patients referred from neurosurgery who fulfills the
inclusion and exclusion criteria will be considered for the study.
D. Randomization details (for interventional studies)- Intervention details with
standardization techniques (drugs / devices / invasive procedures / noninvasive
procedures / others)
Not applicable
E. Study procedure
Brain tumor patients referred from the Neurosurgrey department will be screened for
recruitment based on inclusion and exclusion criteria as mentioned above. The informed
consent will be taken from all the patients.
FA values in the region of internal capsule, corona radiate, cerebral peduncles, pons,
medullary pyramids, superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, Inferior occipitofronto
fasciculus, Uncinate fasciculus, corpus callosum genu and splenium, medial lemniscus,
greymatter and optic radiation are measured in both 1.5 T and 3 T MRI.
All subjects underwent both 3 T and 1.5 T DTI consecutively in random order on the
same day, with a whole-body 3-T MR scanner (Magnetom Trio; Siemens,
Erlangen, Germany) and a 1.5 T MR scanner (Magnetom Symphony; Siemens). All
underwent both 3 T and 1.5 T MRI with an interval of less than 1 h. DTI was performed
using an integrated parallel acquisition technique and a receiver-only eight-channel
phased-array head coil for both MR units. DTI sequences for both 3 Tand 1.5 T used
the same single-shot spin echo echo planar sequences. The generalized autocalibrating
partially parallel acquisitions algorithm was applied with a reduction factor of 2
to shorten the TE: TR, 5200 ms; TE, 79 ms; field of view, 220 mm; matrix, 128_128; 3mm
thickness without interslice gap (matrix size, 1.7mm_1.7mm_3 mm); and four times
repetition. Motion-probing gradients were applied along 12 different non-colinear
directions with a b factor of 700 s/mm2. A total of 40 slices covered the entire brain
including brainstem and cerebellum. Scan time for both 3 T and 1.5 T DTI was 7 minutes
40 seconds.
Diffusion-tensor imaging was performed by using a diffusion-weighted single-shot spin-
echo echo-planar MR imaging sequence. Acquisition parameters were repetition time
msec/echo time msec of 8,000/90, a matrix size of 128 x 128, and a field of view of 240 x
240 mm2. For comparison of different voxel sizes, we used a section thickness of 2 and
5 mm. Two b values, 0 and 900 sec/mm2, were used. All parameters were kept identical
for both imaging units to ensure comparability.
The time delay between 3.0- and 1.5-T MR imaging was less than 1 hour for all subjects.
Both MR units were equipped with integrated parallel acquisition capability and a receive-
only eight-channel phased-array head coil. Both the 3.0-T and the 1.5-T DT imaging
examinations involved the use of single-shot spin-echo echo-planar sequences and
nearly identical parameters: 5200/79 (repetition time msec/ echo time msec), a 220-mm
field of view, a 128x 128 matrix, 3-mm section thickness without intersection gaps
(matrix size, 1.7 x 1.7 x 3.0 mm), and four repetitions.
A bandwidth of 1502 Hz per pixel was used for 3.0-T imaging, and a bandwidth
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
of 1056 Hz per pixel was used for 1.5-T imaging. Motion-probing gradients were applied
along 12 noncolinear directions with a b factor of 700 sec/ mm2 after one non–diffusion-
weighted image (b _ 0 sec/mm2) was obtained. A total of 40 sections encompassed the
entire cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem. The imaging times for 3.0- and 1.5-T D
imaging were almost the same—about 7.5 minutes.
Not applicable
H. Are the drugs/devices to be used approved for these indications by Drug Controller
General of India (DCG-I)? (Enclose the approval letter for the drug/device from DCG-I for
trial on humans or give undertaking to get the approval from DCGI; For all drugs and
devices submit documents showing DCGI approval for the proposed indication of the
study)
Not applicable
a. Independent variables
1.5 T or 3 T
Type of brain tumor
b. Outcome variables- Fractional Anisotropy values
c. Confounding and interacting variables-Age, gender
10. Enclosures
C. Questionnaires
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
SECTION – 2
(For Institute Ethics Committee (IEC)-Human Studies)
Proforma to be submitted to the JIPMER Institute Ethics Committee (Human Studies) for
MD/MS/MSc/DM/M.Ch/Fellowship/MPH Students (for Thesis or Dissertation)
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
6. Do you intend to co-enroll participants from other studies where the guide or co-guide are the principal
investigator or co-investigator? Yes / No
7. If co-enrollment will be done, details of the other projects should be given as following:
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
14. We, the undersigned, have read and understood this protocol and hereby agree to conduct the
study in accordance with this protocol and to comply with all requirements of the ICMR guidelines
(2017)
Note: The proforma must be accompanied by Informed Consent Document (ICD) in English and
Tamil. Informed Consent Document should comprise Patient Information Sheet and the consent form.
The investigator must provide information to the subjects in a simple language, and it should address
the subjects, in a dialogue format. Studies involving children below 7 years should include parent /
LAR consent form, while studies involving children above 7 years and below 18 years of age should
also include written assent form for children 12-18 years of age and verbal assent for children 7-12
years to be mentioned in parent/LAR consent form, in addition to parent / LAR consent form
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
DECLARATION
Title of the Study:
I take full responsibility and accountability for planning, execution and adverse events occurring
during the study. The data collected and records will be retained by me for a period of three years.
Signature. of Guide
(Name & designation of guide)
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
Instructions - This is the patient information sheet. It should address the participant of this study.
Depending upon the nature of the individual project, the details provided to the participant may vary. A
separate consent form for the patient/test group and control (drug/procedure or placebo) should be
provided as applicable. While formulating this sheet, the investigator must provide the following
information as applicable in a simple language in English and Tamil which can be understood
by the participant. (Do not copy & paste from the study protocol). Do not use technical terms
in the PIS. If participants are children, the participant information sheet should address the
parents/LAR of the children and should be worded accordingly.
Place:
Date :
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
Participant’s name:
Address:
The details of the study have been provided to me in writing and explained to me in my own
language. I confirm that I have understood the above study and had the opportunity to ask questions.
I confirm that I have understood about the compensation and the risks and benefits involved in this
research. I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at
any time without giving any reason, and without my routine medical care in this hospital being
affected. I understand that confidentiality of my identity will be maintained during the research period,
after its completion as well as during publication of the results. Only investigator, ethics committee,
institutional or regulatory authorities may have access to my information when required.
I have been given a copy of information sheet giving details of the study. I volunteer to participate in
the above mentioned study.
(I also consent/ do not consent to use of my stored biological samples or related data for future
scientific purposes, if applicable)
(I also consent / do not consent to be contacted over telephone for study purposes/ knowing the
results – if applicable)
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
CONSENT FORM (for participants less than 18 years of age and for patients who cannot
consent)
Parent/LAR’ s name:
The details of the study have been provided to me in writing and explained to me in my own
language. I confirm that I have understood the above study and had the opportunity to ask questions.
I confirm that I have understood about the compensation and the risks and benefits involved in this
research. I understand that my child’s/ward’s participation in the study is voluntary and that I am free
to withdraw at any time without giving any reason, and without my child’s/ward’s routine medical care
in this hospital being affected. I understand that confidentiality of my child’s/ward’s identity will be
maintained during the research period, after its completion as well as during publication of the results.
Only investigator, ethics committee, institutional or regulatory authorities may have access to my
child’s/ward’s information when required.
I have been given a copy of information sheet giving details of the study. I volunteer my child/ward to
participate in the above mentioned study.
(I also consent/ do not consent to use of my child’s/ward’s stored biological samples or related data
for future scientific purposes, if applicable)
(I also consent / do not consent to be contacted over telephone for study purposes/ knowing the
results – if applicable)
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
ASSENT FORM
The details of the study have been provided to me in writing and explained to me in my own
language. I confirm that I have understood the above study and had the opportunity to ask questions.
I confirm that I have understood about the compensation and the risks and benefits involved in this
research. I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at
any time, without giving any reason, without the medical care that will normally be provided by the
hospital being affected. I agree not to restrict the use of any data or results that arise from this study
provided such a use is only for scientific purpose(s). I understand that following completion of study as
well as during publication of the results, confidentiality of my identity will be maintained. I have been
given an information sheet giving details of the study. I fully assent to participate in the above study.
(Assent form should be accompanied by patient / participant information sheet for children in a simple
language comprehensible to a child from12-18 years; Verbal assent to be recorded in LAR consent
form for children 7-12 years of age and written assent form for children from 12-18 years of age.
Language used should be simpler for children in the age group 7-12 years compared to children in the
age group >12-18 years)
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
Annexure-1
2. Department:
3. Title of project:
Please tick the reason(s) for requesting waiver (Please refer the back of this annexure for
criteria that will be used by IEC to consider waiver of consent).
Statement assuring that the rights of the participants are not violated :
State the measures described in the Protocol for protecting confidentiality of data and privacy
of research participant :
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
Annexure-2
___________________________________________________
Date______________
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
Reasons______________________________________________
Discussion at full board
Signature of the Member Secretary: __________________________
Date _______________
Final Decision:
Exemption
Cannot be exempted
Reasons___________________________________________________________
Date _______________
Date _______________
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
CHECK LIST
(To be filled and duly signed by the Student Researcher and Guide)
6b DCGI approval for the mentioned indication in the study (for drugs, devices, cosmetics etc)
7 Adequate justification for exemption from obtaining informed consent given (if applicable).
8 Details regarding co-enrollment of research participants (if applicable)
9 Informed Consent Document in both English and Tamil attached as per JIPMER SOP format.
10 Information to the participant/ parent/guardian in layman (simple) language.
Validated questionnaire both in Tamil and English attached
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(if study involves interview/ questioning)
Signature of all investigators (Principal & Co-investigator) and Head of corresponding
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department obtained with date
13 Compensation mentioned as per JIPMER guidelines in consent form part 1
14a Confidentiality mentioned as per JIPMER guidelines in consent form part 1
14b Separate consent form for subjects < 7 yrs attached (if applicable)
15 Separate assent form for subjects > 7 yrs < 18 yrs attached (if applicable)
16 Separate consent form for cases and controls attached (if applicable)
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
SECTION – 3
FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH FUND COMMITTEE
BUDGET DETAILS
4. Budget requirement:
a. Consumable (Provide the list of items required with all relevant details)
c. Enclose copy of UC, SOE and progress report of last intramural grant:
f. Enclose copy of UC, SOE and progress report of last extramural grant:
b. Study course:
h. Enclose copy of UC, SOE and progress report of last intramural grant:
Declaration:
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JIPMER IEC Application Form Version 3.0 & ICD Version 3.0 dated 27th July 2018
A) I/we declare that the infrastructure necessary for carrying out the above mentioned research
scheme are available with me/us.
B) I/we agree to submit within, one month of termination of the scheme a final report on the work and
an annual report within one month of expiry of a year if the project goes for more than one year.
Extension of the project will be subject to approval of the report by the expert committee.
C) The faculty members those who have not submitted the final reports in respect of earlier projects
granted by the Institute, are not entitled for the Institute Grant in future till they submit the report.
Co-Investigator (S)
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